Article(id=1239231265946267890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706112000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773385357605, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385357605, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385357605, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385357605, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239231265254207730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='8', pageStart='1285', pageEnd='1462', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385357440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385579800, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239232197937393857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239231265254207730, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1285, endPage=1292, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239231266277617910, articleId=1239231265946267890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Research progress on applicability of microbial limit test for drugs, columnId=1239231266206314741, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Review & Monograph, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article focuses on the key experimental operations in the study about the applicability of microbial limit testing methods for drugs,summarizing literature and experience from the preparation of test solution,design of methods for microbial counting and control bacteria inspection,operation of microbial recovery test,bacterial liquid concentration counting,and operational methods for controlling bacterial & fungal purity. Emphasis was placed on the preparation methods of water-soluble test samples with strong antibacterial effects,non-oil and fat test samples that were not easily soluble and dispersed,and the test solution for oil and fat test samples. Detailed introduction of the sequential experimental plan for methods of aerobic bacterial count,mold & yeast count,and control bacterial inspection were introduced. Four operational methods for adding bacteria about membrane filtration were explained,and the impact of different ways of adding bacteria on the results of the method was analyzed. Summarized three counting methods for bacterial & fungal concentrations. Detailed sharing of operational experience on controlling the purity of bacterial solution. Summarized the current status about research on the applicability of microbial limit testing methods of drugs. Four suggestions for the future development of research on the applicability of microbial limit testing methods for drugs have been proposed:(1) Unify the operation about bacteria adding method in membrane filtration,scientific and reasonable;(2)Strengthen supervision of pharmaceutical production enterprises and review of microbial limit testing methods for drugs;(3)Unify the microbial limit testing methods for the drugs of the national sampling plan,and gradually collect and bind into a book;(4)Strengthen the research on the applicability of microbial limit testing methods for excipients.

, correspAuthors=Kang-lian LIU, Wen-yan FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yun-juan PANG, Kang-lian LIU, Xiao-ling LIANG, Fu-xi LAI, De-hua ZHOU, Xiang-chao LI, Qiang LI, Wen-yan FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239231267032592643, articleId=1239231265946267890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=药品微生物限度检查方法适用性的研究进展*, columnId=1206272756753166684, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=综述专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文针对药品微生物限度检查方法适用性研究的关键实验操作,从供试品溶液的制备、微生物计数方法和控制菌检查方法适用性试验的方法设计、加菌回收试验操作、菌液计数、菌液纯度控制等方面进行文献和经验的总结。重点介绍了具有较强抑菌作用的水溶性供试品、不易溶解分散的非油脂类供试品、油脂类供试品的供试品溶液制备方法,详细介绍了需氧菌总数计数、霉菌酵母菌总数计数、控制菌检查方法的循序实验方案;阐述了关于薄膜过滤法加菌操作的4种方式并分析其对方法结果的影响,总结了3种菌液计数的方法;详细分享了关于菌液纯度控制的操作经验,总结了药品微生物限度检查方法适用性研究的现状。提出了关于药品微生物限度检查方法适用性研究未来发展的4点建议:对薄膜过滤法加菌操作进行科学、合理的统一;加强对药品生产企业的监管和对药品微生物限度检查方法的复核;对国抽品种开展统一其微生物限度检查方法的研究并逐步收载成册;加强药用辅料微生物限度检查方法适用性试验的研究。

, correspAuthors=刘康连, 樊文研, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 樊文研 Tel:(0775)2827042;E-mail:
刘康连 Tel:(0775)2293721;E-mail:
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Tel:(0775)2380553;E-mail:

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药品微生物限度检查方法适用性的研究进展*
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庞云娟 , 刘康连 ** , 梁晓玲 , 赖馥茜 , 周德华 , 李翔朝 , 黎强 , 樊文研 **
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024,44(8): 1285-1292
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2024, 44(8): 1285-1292
药品微生物限度检查方法适用性的研究进展*
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庞云娟 , 刘康连** , 梁晓玲, 赖馥茜, 周德华, 李翔朝, 黎强, 樊文研**
作者信息
  • 玉林市食品药品检验检测中心 玉林市中药材(含香辛料)质量监测与评价工程技术研究中心,玉林 537000
  • Tel:(0775)2380553;E-mail:

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** 樊文研 Tel:(0775)2827042;E-mail:
刘康连 Tel:(0775)2293721;E-mail:
Research progress on applicability of microbial limit test for drugs
Yun-juan PANG , Kang-lian LIU** , Xiao-ling LIANG, Fu-xi LAI, De-hua ZHOU, Xiang-chao LI, Qiang LI, Wen-yan FAN**
Affiliations
  • Yulin Center for Food and Drug Control,Yulin Engineering Technology Research Center for Quality Monitoring and Evaluation of Chinese Medicinal Materials(Including Spices),Yulin 537000,China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0060
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本文针对药品微生物限度检查方法适用性研究的关键实验操作,从供试品溶液的制备、微生物计数方法和控制菌检查方法适用性试验的方法设计、加菌回收试验操作、菌液计数、菌液纯度控制等方面进行文献和经验的总结。重点介绍了具有较强抑菌作用的水溶性供试品、不易溶解分散的非油脂类供试品、油脂类供试品的供试品溶液制备方法,详细介绍了需氧菌总数计数、霉菌酵母菌总数计数、控制菌检查方法的循序实验方案;阐述了关于薄膜过滤法加菌操作的4种方式并分析其对方法结果的影响,总结了3种菌液计数的方法;详细分享了关于菌液纯度控制的操作经验,总结了药品微生物限度检查方法适用性研究的现状。提出了关于药品微生物限度检查方法适用性研究未来发展的4点建议:对薄膜过滤法加菌操作进行科学、合理的统一;加强对药品生产企业的监管和对药品微生物限度检查方法的复核;对国抽品种开展统一其微生物限度检查方法的研究并逐步收载成册;加强药用辅料微生物限度检查方法适用性试验的研究。

微生物限度  /  方法适用性  /  供试品溶液的制备  /  微生物计数  /  控制菌检查  /  菌液计数  /  菌液纯度控制  /  平皿倾注法  /  薄膜过滤法

This article focuses on the key experimental operations in the study about the applicability of microbial limit testing methods for drugs,summarizing literature and experience from the preparation of test solution,design of methods for microbial counting and control bacteria inspection,operation of microbial recovery test,bacterial liquid concentration counting,and operational methods for controlling bacterial & fungal purity. Emphasis was placed on the preparation methods of water-soluble test samples with strong antibacterial effects,non-oil and fat test samples that were not easily soluble and dispersed,and the test solution for oil and fat test samples. Detailed introduction of the sequential experimental plan for methods of aerobic bacterial count,mold & yeast count,and control bacterial inspection were introduced. Four operational methods for adding bacteria about membrane filtration were explained,and the impact of different ways of adding bacteria on the results of the method was analyzed. Summarized three counting methods for bacterial & fungal concentrations. Detailed sharing of operational experience on controlling the purity of bacterial solution. Summarized the current status about research on the applicability of microbial limit testing methods of drugs. Four suggestions for the future development of research on the applicability of microbial limit testing methods for drugs have been proposed:(1) Unify the operation about bacteria adding method in membrane filtration,scientific and reasonable;(2)Strengthen supervision of pharmaceutical production enterprises and review of microbial limit testing methods for drugs;(3)Unify the microbial limit testing methods for the drugs of the national sampling plan,and gradually collect and bind into a book;(4)Strengthen the research on the applicability of microbial limit testing methods for excipients.

microbial limit  /  method applicability  /  preparation of test solution  /  microbial count  /  control bacteria inspection  /  bacterial liquid concentration count  /  operational method for controlling bacterial & fungal purity  /  petri dish pouring method  /  membrane filtration method
庞云娟, 刘康连, 梁晓玲, 赖馥茜, 周德华, 李翔朝, 黎强, 樊文研. 药品微生物限度检查方法适用性的研究进展*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1285 -1292 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0060
Yun-juan PANG, Kang-lian LIU, Xiao-ling LIANG, Fu-xi LAI, De-hua ZHOU, Xiang-chao LI, Qiang LI, Wen-yan FAN. Research progress on applicability of microbial limit test for drugs[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (8) : 1285 -1292 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0060
2015年版《中华人民共和国药典》(简称《中国药典》)四部通则对微生物限度检验中的实验环境、培养系统、微生物限度验证方法做出了重大修订,提出了非无菌产品微生物计数法和控制菌检查法的适用性试验要求[1-2],2020年版《中国药典》四部通则增加了中药饮片的微生物限度检查,在整体要求上与2015年版《中国药典》基本保持一致[3]。本文通过查阅文献,结合笔者的工作经历和思考,总结《中国药典》做出重大修订9年以来的关于药品微生物限度检查方法适用性研究的实施情况并提出建议。
一般水溶性的片剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂、栓剂、丸剂、膏剂等样品,都是以pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液或0.9%无菌氯化钠溶液为稀释液,需要检查耐胆盐革兰阴性菌的供试品溶液制备统一用胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(TSB)[4-7]。40~45 ℃水浴振摇可以加速常温下不易溶解样品的溶胀、分散、混匀[7-10]
包含水溶性抗生素类制剂、酒剂、抗菌消炎的洗剂或栓剂、有抑菌组分的中成药制剂等。
对具有较强抑菌活性的抗生素药物或化学药物,对其处方分析可为微生物限度检查方法适用性研究提供方向。蔡素芬等[11]、刘文等[12]对甲癣涂剂进行处方分析,发现处方中含有大比例的醋酸和游离碘,采用硫代硫酸钠和碘发生氧化还原反应的方法中和碘、pH 7.2的磷酸盐缓冲液中和醋酸的方法进行甲癣涂剂供试品溶液的制备[11-12]。潘震宇等[13]试验了硫酸锰、硫代硫酸钠、硫酸镁对硝酸布康唑的中和实验,最终在培养基中添加0.1 mol·L-1的硫酸镁可中和残留在薄膜上的硝酸布康唑。牟建平等[14]分别选择了硫酸锰、硫酸镁、氯化钡、氯化钙和氯化镁作为林可霉素利多卡因凝胶的中和剂进行试验,最终在稀释液中加10 mL氯化镁溶液(10%)制成1:10供试液,解决了1:10供试液1 mL薄膜过滤的堵膜难题。
抑菌作用强、容易过膜的水溶性供试品,直接取供试品至水溶性稀释液中,制成1:10的供试液,必要时稀释成1:20、1:50、1:100的供试液,采用薄膜过滤法,通过调整上膜样品的量,结合冲洗液的量来消除其抑菌作用[15-17]
其他抑菌作用较强、不易过膜的水溶性样品,供试品溶液制备时可在稀释液中加入一定量的吐温80,有助于过膜和抑菌作用的消减[18]
对于一些粘稠度较大、难以吸取的1:10供试液,可以增加稀释液,直接制备成1:20或1:30稀释级别的供试液,降低其黏稠度,以利于实验的可操作性,且在供试液制备时边搅拌边加入样品,以避免样品结团[19]
基质中含有脂溶性的组分,或者含植物油组分的制剂,如含有挥发油组分的酊剂或洗剂等。此类供试品溶液的制备,需在水溶性稀释液中加入一定比例的聚山梨酯80,必要时还需加入一定量的卵磷脂。
聚山梨酯80(吐温80)是非离子表面活性剂,卵磷脂是两性离子表面活性剂,二者均可降低酚、醛、碘酒、季铵类、洗必泰类、石炭酸类、二重双肌类、对羟基苯甲酸类药物的活性,可降低其抑菌作用[20]。吲哚美辛栓、健阴栓、呋柳粉等不易溶解分散、且有一定抑菌作用的样品,在稀释液中加入0.1%~5%的聚山梨酯80有助于样品的溶解分散和抑菌作用的消减[21-23]。无痛酚、阿奇霉素片、复方乳酸依沙吖啶软膏等分散力差且抑菌作用较强的样品,其供试品溶液在制备时,稀释液中除加聚山梨酯80外,还加了0.3%的卵磷脂[23-25]。但是不同外观性状的聚山梨酯80对需氧菌总数计数和控制菌检查试验结果会有影响,呈深黄色的聚山梨酯80没有抑菌作用,而呈黄绿色的聚山梨酯80对枯草芽孢杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌有一定的抑菌作用,实验室应加强聚山梨酯80时,质量把关,在稀释液中加入聚山梨酯80时,需要同步进行稀释剂对照组的试验[26]
油脂类供试品首先需要解决供试品溶液制备均匀的问题,对于抑菌作用较强的、采用供试品溶液稀释平皿倾注法不能消除其抑菌作用的油脂类样品,还需要解决薄膜过滤法堵膜的操作难题。
一般油脂类样品:可加入一定量的司盘80、单硬脂酸甘油酯、聚山梨酯80,45 ℃保温并研磨成均匀、不分层的乳化供试品溶液,采用平皿倾注法进行加菌回收试验[27]
较强抑菌作用的油脂类样品:可采用无菌十四烷酸异丙酯溶解样品,再加入水溶性的稀释液进行萃取的方法进行供试品溶液的制备,取其水层进行薄膜过滤,必要时在水溶性稀释液和冲洗液中加入一定量的聚山梨酯80,有助于消减供试品溶液的抑菌作用[28-30]
取规定量的供试品,去掉防粘层,在粘贴面上覆盖无菌纱布,置100 mL含一定比例聚山梨酯80的稀释液中,振摇30 min,制成1:10供试液[31-32]
固体制剂的需氧菌总数计数一般按照1:10、1:20、1:50、1:100(液体制剂按原液、1:2、1:5、1:10)共4个稀释级别进行加菌回收预试验,霉菌和酵母菌总数一般按照1:10、1:20(液体制剂按原液、1:2)共2个稀释级别进行加菌回收预试验[33-35]。当敏感菌株的回收比值达不到0.5的要求时,应首先充分考察供试品溶液过膜是否会发生堵膜。如果供试品溶液滤过性很好,优先往薄膜过滤法的方向去设计其方法适用性研究的方案;如果供试品溶液滤过会产生一定的堵膜,且抑菌作用不是特别强,要在供试品溶液稀释平皿倾注法与薄膜过滤法之间进行充分的实验比较,以便最终验证出来的方法具备较好的可操作性,且供试品溶液的稀释级别在其允许的限度范围之内[7];如果供试品溶液滤会产生一定的堵膜,且抑菌作用特别强,在其限度允许的范围内不能通过稀释供试品溶液来消除其抑菌作用,可减少上膜供试品的量,继续采用薄膜过滤法来开发其微生物计数的方法[36-37]
微生物计数方法的关键仍然是加菌回收试验。平皿倾注法的加菌回收试验操作比较统一,一般是将制备好的供试品溶液,按照每管10 mL分装好,加入含菌量为3 000~10 000 cfu·mL-1的菌液100 μL,混匀,注皿[633-34]
薄膜过滤法的加菌操作仍存在较大差异。滕钰等对重楼解毒酊[38]、苗药伤科止痛液[39]、伤痛克酊[40]、炉甘石氧化锌洗剂[41]等样品的薄膜过滤采用的是前加菌方式:取1:10供试液10 mL,加入100 μL菌液,混匀,再取10 mL或1 mL供试液过滤,然后再冲洗。
鄢雷娜等对炉甘石粉原料药[42]、芪连降糖片[43]、替硝唑栓[44]、神农蛇药酒[45]等样品的薄膜过滤法采用的是后加菌方式:在最后100 mL冲洗液中加菌。
庞云娟等[36]和刘康连等[46]关于薄膜过滤研究的加菌方式是在滤杯中先加入约20 mL稀释液润湿滤膜,再加入1:10供试液10 mL或1 mL,再缓慢地把菌液1 mL(不大于100 cfu)分散打进薄膜过滤杯中,抽滤,再冲洗。
牛萌萌等[47]对2种大环内酯类抗生素的薄膜过滤研究采用的是在第1次冲洗液中加菌的方式。
由于加菌操作不同,方法的结论差异较大。目前的文献以前加菌和后加菌的占比最多,前加菌的方式导致菌株与供试品溶液提前接触、可能在上样到薄膜过滤器的时候大部分菌已被抑制死,后续的冲洗无法体现出不同冲洗量对抑菌作用消减的差异[41];而后加菌的方式,所加进去的菌没有参与冲洗的过程。笔者认为之所以选择薄膜过滤方法的样品,是因为其供试品溶液有较强的抑菌作用,且采用供试品溶液稀释平皿倾注法不能消除其抑菌作用。关于薄膜过滤法的加菌操作应满足以下2点要求:(1)菌液避免与供试品原液或其1:10供试液的液体成分提前接触;(2)加进去的菌要参与冲洗的试验过程。可见在第1次冲洗液中加菌的方式相对合理[47]
大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌、梭菌的检查方法适用性试验,一般是取1:10供试液10 mL(相当于样品1 g或1 mL)接种到100 mL增菌液中,并加入不大于100 cfu的阳性菌,按照药典的规定进行培养,再划线相应的选择分离平板,如在选择分离平板能长出相应菌落形态的菌株,则认为接种到100 mL增菌液的方法可行[48-49]。如供试品有一定的抑菌作用,则把增菌液的体积逐步增加到200、300、400、500 mL,直到适宜体积的增菌液能检出所加入的阳性菌株[50]
对于一些抑菌作用特别强的样品,增菌液的体积增加到600 mL,仍然不能消除其抑菌作用的,则考虑采用中和法、薄膜过滤法或分膜过滤联合培养基稀释法[51-53]。分膜过滤联合培养基稀释法可以有效解决规定量的供试品溶液在1张膜过滤堵膜的操作难题[54]
李敏等[55]利用磺胺类药物与对氨基苯甲酸竞争性结合二氢蝶酸合成酶、阻断细菌叶酸的合成而干扰细菌生长繁殖的反应原理,在做磺胺嘧啶鱼肝油滴鼻剂的控制菌检查方法适用性试验时,将供试品接种至100 mL含0.5%对氨基苯甲酸的胰酪大豆胨液体培养基,可消除供试品对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用。
沙门菌的取样量是10 g(或10 mL),亦是按照以上的实验思路进行适用性试验研究。耐胆盐革兰阴性菌的肠道增菌液体积一般为10 mL,如有一定的抑菌作用,把肠道增菌液的体积增加到15 mL[56-57]
菌种的纯度和计数稳定是加菌回收试验的关键。微生物限度检查方法适用性试验涉及到金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希菌、沙门菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉、梭菌等8种菌株,前面5种细菌一般是接种0代冻干粉或实验室的菌种冻存管到胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(TSB)培养,白色念珠菌是接种到沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基(SDB)培养,梭菌是接种到硫乙醇酸盐流体培养基(FT)厌氧培养[3]
黑曲霉制备成黑曲霉孢子菌悬液,黑曲霉孢子菌悬液在6个月内菌落计数结果稳定[58]。肉汤菌液的计数是取肉汤逐级进行10倍稀释、注皿、计数。菌液计数的另一种方法是挑取新鲜培养物的纯菌落,制备成一定比浊浓度的菌悬液,再逐级进行10倍稀释、注皿、计数[59]
当发现菌液组平皿长杂菌的时候,挑取典型菌落形态的单菌落到肉汤培养,或划线到胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基(TSA)平板培养能获得纯菌株。金黄色葡萄球菌在甘露醇氯化钠琼脂平板上的典型菌落形态显黄色,且培养基本底色由红色变为黄色[3],在Baird-Parker琼脂平板上的典型菌落形态是黑色,有光泽,菌落周围绕以不透明圈,外围有清晰透明带[60];铜绿假单胞菌在溴化十六烷基三甲铵琼脂平板的典型菌形态是菌落扁平较大,湿润,产绿色素[7];枯草芽孢杆菌在TSA平板的菌落较大,污白色,边缘不整齐,干燥,接种针蘸取有颗粒感。大肠埃希菌在麦康凯琼脂平板上的菌落呈桃红色,圆形,湿润光滑,在曙红亚甲蓝琼脂平板上的典型菌落显金属光泽[61];沙门菌在亚硫酸铋琼脂(BS)平板上的典型菌落显金属光泽,且菌落周围培养基本底色变为褐色或棕色,在HE琼脂平板上的典型菌落形态是菌落中心黑色,且培养基本底色由浅绿色变为蓝绿色[62];白色念珠菌在沙氏葡萄糖琼脂(SDA)培养平板上的菌落乳白色,圆形凸起,光滑,有酵母气味[361];梭菌培养后的典型特征是腐肉臭味。
笔者的操作经验是用接种针点蘸以上的典型单菌落中心接种到相应的肉汤,或者相应的琼脂平板,再培养,能够获得较纯的菌液或菌苔。
夏天等[4]对22家企业生产的清火片(胶囊)进行了微生物限度检查方法适用性试验,并与厂家所提供的方法进行对比,结果仅有1家企业的清火片与企业提供的试验方法相同,有21家企业的清火片的微生物限度检查法未得到重现。
曹婷婷等[63]在开展508批次化妆品检验时参考《中国药典》(2015年版)添加阳性对照菌对化妆品控制菌检查进行方法考察,发现有18.50%的大肠埃希氏菌阳性对照未生长,有11.42%的金黄色葡萄球菌阳性对照未生长。可见《中国药典》关于微生物限度检查方法适用性试验研究的指导原则亦适用于对化妆品、食品(含香辛料)等行业产品的微生物限度检查方法的研究和修订。
对厂家提供的药品微生物限度检查方法材料进行研判,发现存在以下问题:(1)个别品种制订的方法不具备可操作性,比如口服固体样品,通过供试品溶液稀释平皿倾注法应该可以消除其抑菌作用,而企业提供的方法是1:10供试液1 mL薄膜过滤,结果堵膜而无法过滤;(2)含药材原粉或含动物器脏的非无菌药品的控制菌检查容易漏掉耐胆盐革兰阴性菌或沙门菌项目;(3)盲目全部统一采用常规平皿倾注法,在配方颗粒厂家中较为普遍,比如个别配方颗粒1:10供试液酸度较大,显然是有抑菌作用的,而企业提供的方法却是常规平皿倾注法;(4)化学药开展微生物限度方法适用性试验研究的普及率比中成药要低。
《中国药典》要求各个企业要对其所生产的需要进行微生物限度检查的药品品种进行微生物限度检查方法适用性试验研究,目前主要还是靠企业的自觉和配合、药品检验机构的技术支持和反馈,但是缺乏系统性地对相应品种进行方法复核。企业所提供的材料方法不适用、项目不齐全的情况仍然存在,也有个别品种在监督抽检中联系厂家,厂家提供不了微生物限度检查方法材料的情况,就此提出以下几点建议。
薄膜过滤法主要在于加菌环节和时间点的差异,导致同一品种由不同的人员验证出来的方法结果差异较大,建议加强关于薄膜过滤法的研究,对加菌环节的操作进行科学、合理的统一。
建议各级药品监督管理部门在行政监管层面追踪各个药品生产企业对其生产的需要进行微生物限度检查的药品品种的方法适用性试验研究情况,并要求进行方法复核。
建议承担国抽品种的药品检验机构,对抽检到的同品种、多厂家、多批号的药品品种开展微生物限度检查方法适用性试验研究,以便统一同一品种的微生物限度检查方法,国家药典委员会层面逐步将其收载成册。
关于药用辅料的微生物限度检查方法适用性试验研究的文献较少,而药用辅料在制剂中占比较大,辅料的溶解特性、抑菌作用对制剂有直接的影响,建议加强药用辅料的微生物限度检查方法适用性试验的研究。
  • *广西重点研发计划(桂科AB24010236)
  • 广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23023035)
  • 广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD22080002)
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2024年第44卷第8期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0060
  • 接收时间:2024-01-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-25
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*广西重点研发计划(桂科AB24010236)
广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23023035)
广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科AD22080002)
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    玉林市食品药品检验检测中心 玉林市中药材(含香辛料)质量监测与评价工程技术研究中心,玉林 537000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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