Article(id=1239184754218693233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239184752507408921, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708531200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773374268345, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773374268345, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773374268345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773374268345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239184752507408921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='2011', pageEnd='2188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773374267937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773374446543, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239185501702377864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239184752507408921, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239185501702377865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239184752507408921, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2138, endPage=2147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239184757960012405, articleId=1239184754218693233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Quality evaluation of Longgu based on character,elements and radioactive radiation*, columnId=1239148841803501731, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Quality Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To identify the authenticity of the Longgu, and reveal the scientific illustration for superior quality of white Longgu.

Methods:

In this study, the quality of 88 batches of Longgu was evaluated by cluster analysis, principal component analysis and correlation analysis based on character, ultraviolet fluorescence and results obtained with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, color analyzer and nuclear radiation detector.

Results:

The Longgu spots on the surface of Longgu were the key identification points of genuine Longgu, and the Longgu spots were mainly composed of Mn elements. Bright blue fluorescence could be seen in the fresh section of keel under 365 nm. Among the 42 elements determined, only Mg and Zn were higher in the fake Longgu than in the genuine Longgu. Other elements were lower in the fake Longgu than in the genuine Longgu. Heavy metals and harmful elements in counterfeit samples were below limits in pharmacopoeia, and cluster analysis showed that all counterfeit samples were grouped into one group separately. The Longgu could be divided into four color types: white, cyan, yellow and brown. The larger a * was, the redder the color of Longgu was, the higher the contents of Fe and harmful elements (As, Cu, Pb and Cd) were. And the contents of element V were strongly correlated with those of As, Cu, Pb and U, which could be used as index element of heavy metals and harmful elements. The contents of radioactive element U and the radiation values were highest in brown Longgu, second highest in yellow Longgu was the, lower in cyan Longgu, and lowest in white Longgu. The average content of U in brown Longgu was 0.021% with the highest content of 0.09%, and the average radiation value was 0.33 μSv·h-1 (Background value was 0.18 μSv·h-1) with the highest value of 0.47 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in yellow Longgu was 0.012% with the highest content of 0.021%, and the average radiation value was 0.32 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.39 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in cyan Longgu was 0.008 9% with the highest content of 0.012%, and the average radiation value was 0.30 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.35 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in white Longgu was 0.006 7% with the highest content of 0.009 1%, and the average radiation value was 0.28 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.32 μSv·h-1.

Conclusion:

Considering the harmful elements and radiation safety, the white Longgu has better quality, and the brown Longgu has worse quality.

, correspAuthors=Ya-wei HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xun LIU, Rong CHEN, Ya-qiong WANG, Qiang LI, Yang-qing LIU, Rui SUN, Ya-wei HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239184760904413859, articleId=1239184754218693233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=基于性状、元素、放射性辐射的龙骨特性评价*, columnId=1239148842025799861, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=质量分析, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

鉴别龙骨的真伪优劣,揭示龙骨色白者为佳的科学内涵。

方法:

以辨状论质为指导,利用性状、紫外荧光、电感耦合等离子体质谱、色彩分析仪、核辐检测仪,通过聚类分析、主成分分析、相关性分析对88批龙骨进行质量评价。

结果:

龙骨表面的龙骨斑为龙骨的关键鉴别点,龙骨斑主要由Mn元素构成,龙骨在365 nm荧光下新鲜断面可见亮蓝色荧光;在测定的42种元素中,龙骨伪品仅Mg、Zn元素含量高于正品,其他元素均低于正品,聚类分析显示所有的伪品单独聚为1类。龙骨可按颜色分为白色、青色、黄色、棕色4种类型,龙骨的颜色与元素存在相关性,a*越大,龙骨颜色越红,Fe及有害元素As、Cu、Pb、Cd含量越高。元素V与As、Cu、Pb、U均有强相关性,可作为重金属和有害元素的指标性元素。棕色龙骨放射性元素U及辐射值最高,黄色龙骨次之,青色龙骨低于黄色龙骨,白色龙骨最低。棕色龙骨中,放射性元素U及放射性辐射值最高,U含量平均值为0.021%,最高可达0.09%,平均辐射值为0.33 μSv·h-1(背景值为0.18 μSv·h-1),最高值为0.47 μSv·h-1;黄色龙骨的U含量平均值为0.012%,最高为0.021%,平均辐射值为0.32 μSv·h-1,最高值为0.39 μSv·h-1;青色龙骨中,U含量平均值为0.008 9%,最高为0.012%,平均辐射值为0.30 μSv·h-1,最高值为0.35 μSv·h-1;白色龙骨放射性元素U及放射性辐射值最低,U含量平均值为0.006 7%,最高为0.009 1%,辐射值最高为0.32 μSv·h-1,平均辐射值为0.28 μSv·h-1

结论:

从有害元素及放射安全性考虑,龙骨色白者品质较佳,棕色者品质较差。

, correspAuthors=黄亚威, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**Tel:13913034099;E-mail:
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Tel:(0512)62690209;E-mail:

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journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, companyId=1239218777217363998, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6.Bozhou Kaishuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bozhou 236800, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239218777234141218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, companyId=1239218777217363998, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6.亳州市凯硕药业有限公司,亳州 236800)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239218782527353072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Character and fluorescence identification of Longgu, figureFileSmall=Ns2Fh4YIx79PIGxPWVjSSg==, figureFileBig=g7LporrsDzCc9OqgEX3VXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218782674153717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=图1, caption=龙骨性状、荧光鉴别

A.龙骨(Longgu) B.龙骨伪品(fake Longgu) C.龙骨斑(Longgu spot) D.龙骨荧光(Longgu fluorescence) E.龙骨伪品荧光(fake Longgu fluorescence) F.龙骨正伪品混合荧光(true and fake Longgu fluorescence)

, figureFileSmall=Ns2Fh4YIx79PIGxPWVjSSg==, figureFileBig=g7LporrsDzCc9OqgEX3VXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218782808371449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The element contents of real and fake Longgu, figureFileSmall=qHDoBeVDcpKI+mdaByIvvA==, figureFileBig=0/TjbRpWRkkXTCHPmUy2Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783005503744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=图2, caption=正品、伪品龙骨元素值, figureFileSmall=qHDoBeVDcpKI+mdaByIvvA==, figureFileBig=0/TjbRpWRkkXTCHPmUy2Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783097778435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Thermal diagram of real and fake Longgu elements, figureFileSmall=o0Ieu+i1lnU8IjOE5kcycQ==, figureFileBig=hAqDNH/v0+JhLM3UJbugIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783202636039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=图3, caption=正品、伪品龙骨元素热图, figureFileSmall=o0Ieu+i1lnU8IjOE5kcycQ==, figureFileBig=hAqDNH/v0+JhLM3UJbugIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783328465165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis of Longggu with different colors, figureFileSmall=xe0otBdIedl0qjxTp2suhg==, figureFileBig=yQcWbBHP6Ou8x/moFj1sGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783450099986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同颜色龙骨分析

A.白色龙骨(white Longgu) B.青色龙骨(cyan Longgu) C.黄色龙骨(yellow Longgu) D.棕色龙骨(brown Longgu) E.不同颜色龙骨元素的含量(content of different color Longgu elements) F.不同颜色龙骨元素热图(heat map of different color Longgu elements) G.不同颜色龙骨元素主成分分析(PCA of different color Longgu elements)

, figureFileSmall=xe0otBdIedl0qjxTp2suhg==, figureFileBig=yQcWbBHP6Ou8x/moFj1sGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783567540501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Element analysis of parts of Longgu with different colors, figureFileSmall=UjrrY3ajBFipwMuKs9zG2w==, figureFileBig=4FjI0nguCGkUFA+L3flvkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783680786713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=图5, caption=龙骨不同颜色部位元素分析

A.龙骨(Longgu) B.青色部位(cyan part) C.白色部位(white part) D.棕色部位(brown part) E.白色与青色部位Mn含量比较(comparison of Mn content in white and cyan part) F.白色与棕色部位Fe含量比较(comparison of Fe content in white and cyan part)

, figureFileSmall=UjrrY3ajBFipwMuKs9zG2w==, figureFileBig=4FjI0nguCGkUFA+L3flvkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783785644316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Correlation analysis of contents of elements and color of Longgu, figureFileSmall=IKLphvfDvEGOh8vGrkOsfA==, figureFileBig=VcTB9K2bZeuaReI5FGKEaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218783924056353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=图6, caption=龙骨颜色与元素含量的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=IKLphvfDvEGOh8vGrkOsfA==, figureFileBig=VcTB9K2bZeuaReI5FGKEaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218784016331044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Samples information of Longgu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
1宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
23陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
45甘肃
(Gansu)

(yellow)
67甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
2宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
24陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
46山西
(shanxi)

(yellow)
68陕西
(Shanxi)

(cyan)
3陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
25陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
47陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
69河南
(Henan)

(cyan)
4陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
26甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
48陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
70甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
5甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
27宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
49陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
71甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
6甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
28宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
50陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
72甘肃
(Gansu)

(brown)
7甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
29宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
51陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
73内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
8陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
30陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
52青海
(Qinghai)

(white)
74河南
(Henan)

(brown)
9陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
31陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
53甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
75内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
10甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
32陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
54甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
76内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
11陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
33河南
(Henan)

(yellow)
55甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
77内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
12陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
34宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
56宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
78宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
13陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
35甘肃
(Gansu)

(yellow)
57内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(cyan)
79内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
14甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
36甘肃
(Gansu)

(yellow)
58甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
80内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
15陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
37宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
59宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
81宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
16陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
38宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
60宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
82河南
(Henan)

(brown)
17陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
39陕西
(Shanxi)

(yellow)
61青海
(Qinghai)

(cyan)
83伪-1
(fake-1)

(white)
18陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
40陕西
(Shanxi)

(yellow)
62宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
84伪-2
(fake-2)

(white)
19陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
41陕西
(Shanxi)

(yellow)
63内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(cyan)
85伪-3
(fake-3)

(white)
20陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
42山西
(shanxi)

(brown)
64甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
86伪-4
(fake-4)

(white)
21甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
43陕西
(Shanxi)

(brown)
65陕西
(Shanxi)

(cyan)
87伪-5
(fake-5)

(white)
22甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
44宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
66甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
88伪-6
(fake-6)

(white)
), ArticleFig(id=1239218784150548775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

龙骨样品信息表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
序号
(No.)
产地
(habitat)
颜色
(color)
1宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
23陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
45甘肃
(Gansu)

(yellow)
67甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
2宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
24陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
46山西
(shanxi)

(yellow)
68陕西
(Shanxi)

(cyan)
3陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
25陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
47陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
69河南
(Henan)

(cyan)
4陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
26甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
48陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
70甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
5甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
27宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
49陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
71甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
6甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
28宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
50陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
72甘肃
(Gansu)

(brown)
7甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
29宁夏
(Ningxia)

(white)
51陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
73内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
8陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
30陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
52青海
(Qinghai)

(white)
74河南
(Henan)

(brown)
9陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
31陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
53甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
75内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
10甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
32陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
54甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
76内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
11陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
33河南
(Henan)

(yellow)
55甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
77内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
12陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
34宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
56宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
78宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
13陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
35甘肃
(Gansu)

(yellow)
57内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(cyan)
79内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
14甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
36甘肃
(Gansu)

(yellow)
58甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
80内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(brown)
15陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
37宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
59宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
81宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
16陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
38宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
60宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
82河南
(Henan)

(brown)
17陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
39陕西
(Shanxi)

(yellow)
61青海
(Qinghai)

(cyan)
83伪-1
(fake-1)

(white)
18陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
40陕西
(Shanxi)

(yellow)
62宁夏
(Ningxia)

(cyan)
84伪-2
(fake-2)

(white)
19陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
41陕西
(Shanxi)

(yellow)
63内蒙古
(Neimenggu)

(cyan)
85伪-3
(fake-3)

(white)
20陕西
(Shanxi)

(white)
42山西
(shanxi)

(brown)
64甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
86伪-4
(fake-4)

(white)
21甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
43陕西
(Shanxi)

(brown)
65陕西
(Shanxi)

(cyan)
87伪-5
(fake-5)

(white)
22甘肃
(Gansu)

(white)
44宁夏
(Ningxia)

(yellow)
66甘肃
(Gansu)

(cyan)
88伪-6
(fake-6)

(white)
), ArticleFig(id=1239218784247017771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Identification points of real and fake Longgu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源
(source)
颜色
(color)
龙骨斑
(Longgu spot)
荧光
(fluorescence 365 nm)
气味
(odour)
龙骨(Longgu)白色、灰白色或淡棕色
(white、grayish white、light brown)

(have)
新鲜断面亮蓝色
(fresh section bright blue)
无臭,无味
(stinkless and tasteless)
龙骨伪品
(fake Longgu)
白色、黄白色或灰白色
(white yellowishwhite、grayish white)

(no)
新鲜断面暗色
(fresh section dark color)
有的有异臭
(some have a peculiar smell)
), ArticleFig(id=1239218784360263983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

龙骨正品、伪品鉴别点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源
(source)
颜色
(color)
龙骨斑
(Longgu spot)
荧光
(fluorescence 365 nm)
气味
(odour)
龙骨(Longgu)白色、灰白色或淡棕色
(white、grayish white、light brown)

(have)
新鲜断面亮蓝色
(fresh section bright blue)
无臭,无味
(stinkless and tasteless)
龙骨伪品
(fake Longgu)
白色、黄白色或灰白色
(white yellowishwhite、grayish white)

(no)
新鲜断面暗色
(fresh section dark color)
有的有异臭
(some have a peculiar smell)
), ArticleFig(id=1239218784427372848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Correlation of contents of elements in Longgu

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相关性(correlation)元素(element)
r≥0.9Se/Br、Ga/Ba、Br/La、Al/Rb、Se/La、Ge/Br、Br/Pd、Se/Pd、K/Rb、Ge/Se、V/As、Y/Pd、Se/Y、Br/Y、Ge/La、Al/K、Rb/Cs、Na/Sn、Al/Cs
0.8≤r<0.9Y/La、Ge/Pd、Fe/As、Pd/La、Ge/Y、V/Fe、K/Cs、Ti/Nb、Sc/Pb、Co/Ni、Mn/Ni
0.7≤r<0.8Mn/Co、V/Cu、Sc/Y、Al/Ti、Sn/Hg、Ni/Mo、V/Pb、K/Ti、Sc/V、Mn/Mo、Cu/Pb、Ti/Rb、P/Sr、P/Ca、U/Cr
0.6≤r<0.7U/Fe、U/V、As/Sb、Sc/Se、Mo/Sb、Cd/Zn、V/Y、Al/Th、Ti/Th、Co/Mo、As/Pb、Pd/Sc、Fe/Sb、Nb/Th、Th/Rb、As/Sc、Cs/Ti、Mg/Sr、As/Cu、Pb/Ag、Fe/Cr、Pb/Y、Fe/Mo、Hg/Na、Ca/Sr、Mg/P、Cu/Sc
), ArticleFig(id=1239218784490287412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184754218693233, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

龙骨元素含量的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相关性(correlation)元素(element)
r≥0.9Se/Br、Ga/Ba、Br/La、Al/Rb、Se/La、Ge/Br、Br/Pd、Se/Pd、K/Rb、Ge/Se、V/As、Y/Pd、Se/Y、Br/Y、Ge/La、Al/K、Rb/Cs、Na/Sn、Al/Cs
0.8≤r<0.9Y/La、Ge/Pd、Fe/As、Pd/La、Ge/Y、V/Fe、K/Cs、Ti/Nb、Sc/Pb、Co/Ni、Mn/Ni
0.7≤r<0.8Mn/Co、V/Cu、Sc/Y、Al/Ti、Sn/Hg、Ni/Mo、V/Pb、K/Ti、Sc/V、Mn/Mo、Cu/Pb、Ti/Rb、P/Sr、P/Ca、U/Cr
0.6≤r<0.7U/Fe、U/V、As/Sb、Sc/Se、Mo/Sb、Cd/Zn、V/Y、Al/Th、Ti/Th、Co/Mo、As/Pb、Pd/Sc、Fe/Sb、Nb/Th、Th/Rb、As/Sc、Cs/Ti、Mg/Sr、As/Cu、Pb/Ag、Fe/Cr、Pb/Y、Fe/Mo、Hg/Na、Ca/Sr、Mg/P、Cu/Sc
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基于性状、元素、放射性辐射的龙骨特性评价*
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刘逊 1 , 陈荣 3 , 王亚琼 3 , 李强 4 , 刘洋清 5 , 孙瑞 6 , 黄亚威 2, **
药物分析杂志 | 质量分析 2024,44(12): 2138-2147
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药物分析杂志 | 质量分析 2024, 44(12): 2138-2147
基于性状、元素、放射性辐射的龙骨特性评价*
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刘逊1 , 陈荣3, 王亚琼3, 李强4, 刘洋清5, 孙瑞6, 黄亚威2, **
作者信息
  • 1.苏州卫生职业技术学院,苏州 215009
  • 2.南京中医药大学附属医院,南京 210000
  • 3.苏州市药品检验检测研究中心,苏州 215104
  • 4.河北百草康神药业有限公司,深州 053000
  • 5.康美(亳州)华佗国际中药城商业有限公司,亳州 236800
  • 6.亳州市凯硕药业有限公司,亳州 236800
  • Tel:(0512)62690209;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**Tel:13913034099;E-mail:
Quality evaluation of Longgu based on character,elements and radioactive radiation*
Xun LIU1 , Rong CHEN3, Ya-qiong WANG3, Qiang LI4, Yang-qing LIU5, Rui SUN6, Ya-wei HUANG2, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 2.Jiangsu Province Hospital of Nanjing University Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Translation, Nanjing 210000, China
  • 3.Suzhou Pharmaceutical Inspection and Testing Research Center, Suzhou 215104, China
  • 4.Hebei Baicao Kangshen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shenzhou 053000, China
  • 5.Kang Mei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bozhou 236800, China
  • 6.Bozhou Kaishuo Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bozhou 236800, China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0111
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目的:

鉴别龙骨的真伪优劣,揭示龙骨色白者为佳的科学内涵。

方法:

以辨状论质为指导,利用性状、紫外荧光、电感耦合等离子体质谱、色彩分析仪、核辐检测仪,通过聚类分析、主成分分析、相关性分析对88批龙骨进行质量评价。

结果:

龙骨表面的龙骨斑为龙骨的关键鉴别点,龙骨斑主要由Mn元素构成,龙骨在365 nm荧光下新鲜断面可见亮蓝色荧光;在测定的42种元素中,龙骨伪品仅Mg、Zn元素含量高于正品,其他元素均低于正品,聚类分析显示所有的伪品单独聚为1类。龙骨可按颜色分为白色、青色、黄色、棕色4种类型,龙骨的颜色与元素存在相关性,a*越大,龙骨颜色越红,Fe及有害元素As、Cu、Pb、Cd含量越高。元素V与As、Cu、Pb、U均有强相关性,可作为重金属和有害元素的指标性元素。棕色龙骨放射性元素U及辐射值最高,黄色龙骨次之,青色龙骨低于黄色龙骨,白色龙骨最低。棕色龙骨中,放射性元素U及放射性辐射值最高,U含量平均值为0.021%,最高可达0.09%,平均辐射值为0.33 μSv·h-1(背景值为0.18 μSv·h-1),最高值为0.47 μSv·h-1;黄色龙骨的U含量平均值为0.012%,最高为0.021%,平均辐射值为0.32 μSv·h-1,最高值为0.39 μSv·h-1;青色龙骨中,U含量平均值为0.008 9%,最高为0.012%,平均辐射值为0.30 μSv·h-1,最高值为0.35 μSv·h-1;白色龙骨放射性元素U及放射性辐射值最低,U含量平均值为0.006 7%,最高为0.009 1%,辐射值最高为0.32 μSv·h-1,平均辐射值为0.28 μSv·h-1

结论:

从有害元素及放射安全性考虑,龙骨色白者品质较佳,棕色者品质较差。

龙骨  /  性状  /  荧光  /  电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)  /  元素  /  放射性  /  特性评价
Objective:

To identify the authenticity of the Longgu, and reveal the scientific illustration for superior quality of white Longgu.

Methods:

In this study, the quality of 88 batches of Longgu was evaluated by cluster analysis, principal component analysis and correlation analysis based on character, ultraviolet fluorescence and results obtained with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, color analyzer and nuclear radiation detector.

Results:

The Longgu spots on the surface of Longgu were the key identification points of genuine Longgu, and the Longgu spots were mainly composed of Mn elements. Bright blue fluorescence could be seen in the fresh section of keel under 365 nm. Among the 42 elements determined, only Mg and Zn were higher in the fake Longgu than in the genuine Longgu. Other elements were lower in the fake Longgu than in the genuine Longgu. Heavy metals and harmful elements in counterfeit samples were below limits in pharmacopoeia, and cluster analysis showed that all counterfeit samples were grouped into one group separately. The Longgu could be divided into four color types: white, cyan, yellow and brown. The larger a * was, the redder the color of Longgu was, the higher the contents of Fe and harmful elements (As, Cu, Pb and Cd) were. And the contents of element V were strongly correlated with those of As, Cu, Pb and U, which could be used as index element of heavy metals and harmful elements. The contents of radioactive element U and the radiation values were highest in brown Longgu, second highest in yellow Longgu was the, lower in cyan Longgu, and lowest in white Longgu. The average content of U in brown Longgu was 0.021% with the highest content of 0.09%, and the average radiation value was 0.33 μSv·h-1 (Background value was 0.18 μSv·h-1) with the highest value of 0.47 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in yellow Longgu was 0.012% with the highest content of 0.021%, and the average radiation value was 0.32 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.39 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in cyan Longgu was 0.008 9% with the highest content of 0.012%, and the average radiation value was 0.30 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.35 μSv·h-1. The average content of U in white Longgu was 0.006 7% with the highest content of 0.009 1%, and the average radiation value was 0.28 μSv·h-1 with the highest value of 0.32 μSv·h-1.

Conclusion:

Considering the harmful elements and radiation safety, the white Longgu has better quality, and the brown Longgu has worse quality.

Longgu  /  character  /  fluorescence  /  ICP-MS  /  element  /  radioactivity  /  characteristic evaluation
刘逊, 陈荣, 王亚琼, 李强, 刘洋清, 孙瑞, 黄亚威. 基于性状、元素、放射性辐射的龙骨特性评价*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (12) : 2138 -2147 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0111
Xun LIU, Rong CHEN, Ya-qiong WANG, Qiang LI, Yang-qing LIU, Rui SUN, Ya-wei HUANG. Quality evaluation of Longgu based on character,elements and radioactive radiation*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (12) : 2138 -2147 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0111
龙骨来源于古代大型哺乳类动物,如象类、三趾马、犀类、鹿类、牛类等骨骼或象类门齿的化石,是临床常用药,具有安神、固涩,外用生肌敛疮的功能,用于心悸易惊、失眠多梦、自汗、盗汗、遗精、白带、崩漏,外治溃疡久不收口,阴囊湿痒[1]。龙骨始载于《神农本草经》,列为上品。《中华人民共和国药典》1963年版、1977年版对其进行了收载,之后的历版《中华人民共和国药典》未在正文中收载,仅在附录中明确了龙骨的来源[2]
龙骨质量基础研究薄弱,常以经验判断质量,缺乏客观指标。龙骨习惯以颜色进行品质划分,根据骨颜色的不同可分为白龙骨、黄龙骨、棕龙骨等[3]。《本草经集注》云:“龙骨,作白地锦文,舐之着舌者良”。《雷公炮炙论》记载:“其骨细、文广者是雌;骨粗、文狭者是雄。骨五色者上,白色中,黑色者次,黄色者稍得。”唐《新修本草》云:“五色具者良。其青、黄、赤、白、黑,亦应随色与腑脏相会,如五芝、五石英、五石脂等辈。”宋代《图经本草》:“作白地锦文,舐之着舌者良。凡入药,五色具者。尤佳,黄白色者次,黑色者下。骨、齿医家常用”。明《本草集要》曰:“色青白者善,五色具者尤佳,黑色下。”清《本草崇原》曰:“入药取五色具而白地碎纹,其质轻虚,舐之粘舌者为佳。黄白色者次之,黑色者下也。”历代本草均认为黑色龙骨质量最差,白色的龙骨质量较优[4]。但龙骨颜色与质量相关性的科学内涵未见报道[5]
为了系统评价龙骨的质量,本研究拟以“辨状论质”为指导,从宏观性状、元素、真伪优劣3个维度对不同类型龙骨进行分析。通过系统性地梳理龙骨来源,采用性状观察法、荧光鉴别、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS),建立性状、含量、评价体系,以期正本清源,合理评价安全性,规范龙骨品种,完善龙骨质量标准,揭示龙骨颜色与元素的内在联系,保证临床用药安全,也为龙骨的物质基础研究提供参考。
共收集88份龙骨相关样品,其详细信息见表1,所有样品经苏州市药品检验检测研究中心王亚琼副主任中药师鉴定。
TLC Scanner 4 System薄层系统(CAMAG公司);CM-5型色彩色差计(柯尼卡美能达公司);Agilent7900ICP-MS(Agilent公司);Milli-Q超纯水仪(Millipore公司);CEM Mars 6微波消解仪(CEM公司);R500手持射线辐射检测仪(COLIY公司);E240十万分之一电子分析天平(梅特勒公司)。
Ag、Al、As、Ba、Be、Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、Fe、Ga、K、Li、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Pb、Rb、Se、Sr、Ti、U、V、Zn混合标准溶液(Agilent公司,批号8500-6940),质量浓度为10 μg·mL-1;调谐溶液为Ce、Co、Y、Li、Tl的混合标准溶液(Agilent公司,质量浓度为10 μg·mL-1,批号5188-6564);硝酸(优级纯,苏州晶瑞化学有限公司,批号20210918)。
龙骨的性状[6]、荧光鉴别[7]来源于经验。
龙骨呈骨骼状或已破碎呈不规则的块状,大小不一。表面白色、灰白色或淡棕色,多较光滑,有的具纹理与裂隙(图1-A),有的具蓝灰色或蓝黑色深浅粗细不同的花纹或斑点(市场习称为龙骨斑)(图1-C)。质硬,断面不平坦,关节处有多数蜂窝状小孔。吸湿力亦强。无臭,无味。
伪品龙骨呈骨骼状或已破碎呈不规则的块状,大小不一。表面白色、黄白色或灰白色,不具龙骨斑(图1-B),有的烧之发烟有异臭。
将龙骨样品置紫外光灯(365 nm)下检视。观察各龙骨样本荧光现象。龙骨药材新鲜断面现亮蓝色荧光(图1-D),伪品龙骨呈暗色(图1-E)。对于正品、伪品掺杂在一起的龙骨,也可以有效区分(图1-F)。
精密称取样品0.2 g,分别置于微波消解罐中,加硝酸8.0 mL。消解程序:5 min升温至120 ℃,保持10 min;5 min升温至185 ℃,保持25 min;消解结束后,冷却至85 ℃以下,取出消解罐,放冷,将消解液转入50 mL量瓶中,用水洗涤消解罐3次,洗液合并至量瓶中,用水定容至刻度,摇匀,即得供试品溶液。同法制备空白对照溶液。
等离子气流量:15.0 L·min-1;蠕动泵:0.10 r·s-1;雾化室温度:2 ℃;载气流量:0.8 L·min-1;射频功率:1 550 W;采样深度:10 mm;扫描次数:100次;重复次数:1次;测量点数:6;氦碰撞模式:He模式;He气流量:5 mL·min-1;分析模式:半定量。
每个样品平行制备2份,采用半定量全质量轴扫描,计算得到Al、As、Ba、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Fe等42种无机元素的含量。应用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行聚类分析、相关分析及主成分分析[8]
利用hoplot(https://hiplot.com.cn/)和graphpad绘图,层次聚类分析选用Ward法;SPSS 22.0进行统计分析。
正品与伪品的元素存在显著差异。龙骨伪品中仅Mg、Zn含量高于正品,其他元素均低于正品(图2);并且U、Pb、La、Y、Ge、As、Se、Br、Ni、Cu、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Sc、B元素的均值差异都在10倍以上,其中正品龙骨U元素的均值高出伪品80倍,差异最大。聚类分析显示所有的伪品单独聚为1类,表明通过元素分析可以有效区别龙骨的正品与伪品;热图分析显示正品龙骨中元素含量均一性低,各样品间元素差异大(图3)。82批正品中有2批样品的Cu元素含量超过20 mg·kg-1,最高值为35.64 mg·kg-1;2批样品的Cd含量超标,最高值为2.63 mg·kg-1;所有样品中Pd元素含量低于5 mg·kg-1;75批样品中As元素含量超过2 mg·kg-1,最高值为196.66 mg·kg-1;11批样品中Hg元素含量超过0.2 mg·kg-1,最高值为1.40 mg·kg-1;正品中U含量最低值为7.84 mg·kg-1,最高值为818.46 mg·kg-1
本研究对白色、青色、黄色、棕色4种颜色类型的龙骨中的元素进分析,聚类分析和主成分分析显示,白色系、青色系、黄色系龙骨元素较为接近,棕色系龙骨单独归为一类。棕色龙骨中Fe、Al、K、Sr、U、Y、La、Zn、B、As、Se、Pb、V、Br、Cr、Cu、Co、Ti、Ge、Ni、Mo、Rb、Sb、Sc、Cd、Pd、Nb、Ag元素的量最高;黄色龙骨Ba、Ga、Th元素的含量最高;青色龙骨中Mn、Ca、Zr元素的含量最高;白色龙骨中Li元素含量最高,其余均较低(图4)。需要注意的是,棕色龙骨中射性元素U含量平均值为0.021%,最高可达0.09%;黄色龙骨中,U含量平均值为0.012%,最高为0.021%;青色龙骨中,U含量平均值为0.008 9%,最高为0.012%;白色龙骨中,U含量平均值为0.006 7%,最高为0.009 1%。
同时,本研究对3批龙骨不同颜色部位进行了元素分析。研究发现,显青色的龙骨斑部位Mn元素显著高于白色部位,显棕色的龙骨斑部位Fe元素显著高于白色部位,显示龙骨斑富含Mn,青色龙骨与Mn相关,棕色龙骨与Fe相关(图5)。
为了进一步分析龙骨各元素及元素与颜色的相关性,对龙骨颜色进行测定。
选取颜色均一的龙骨,分别粉碎,90%以上过5号筛,无法过筛的粉末和已过筛的粉末混合均匀,置于色彩分析仪中测定色度值,记录每个样品的 L*,a*,b*值,重复测量3次,取平均值[9]
对颜色值L*、a*、b*及元素含量进行相关性分析。Fe与L*呈显著负相关(r=-0.75,P<0.01),与a*呈显著正相关(r=0.72,P<0.01),与b*呈显著正相关(r=0.64,P<0.01)。L*用来表示亮度,该值越小,颜色越暗;a*为红绿色度值,a*值越大,颜色越红;b*为黄蓝色度值,b*值越大,颜色越黄。上述分析表明Fe的含量与红色、黄色呈相关性。
As与V含量的相关性最强(r=0.93,P<0.01),其次为Fe(r=0.89,P<0.01);Cu与V含量的相关性最强(r=0.76,P<0.01),其次为Pb(r=0.73,P<0.01);Pb与Sc含量的相关性最强(r=0.82,P<0.01),其次为V(r=0.74,P<0.01);U与Cr含量的相关性最强(r=0.73,P<0.01),其次为V(r=0.61,P<0.01);Hg与Sn含量的相关性最强(r=0.75,P<0.01),其次为Na(r=0.68,P<0.01)。元素V与As、Cu、Pb、U的含量均有强相关性(表3图6),可作为重金属和有害元素的指标性元素。
选取龙骨,分别粉碎,90%以上过5号筛,无法过筛的粉末和已过筛的粉末混合均匀,于核辐检测仪测定辐射剂量率,先测定空白背景值,记录每个样品的辐射值,重复测量3次,取平均值。辐射背景值为0.18 μSv·h-1[10]
将辐射值与颜色值L*、a*、b*及元素含量进行相关性分析。辐射值与颜色及元素含量无相关性,4种类型的龙骨中,棕色龙骨放射性辐射值最高,辐射平均值为0.33 μSv·h-1(背景值为0.18 μSv·h-1),最高值为0.47 μSv·h-1。黄色龙骨辐射平均值为0.32 μSv·h-1,最高值为0.39 μSv·h-1;青色龙骨辐射平均值为0.30 μSv·h-1,最高值为0.35 μSv·h-1;白色龙骨放射性辐射值最低,平均辐射值为0.28 μSv·h-1,最高为0.32 μSv·h-1
龙骨斑鉴别与荧光观察来源于市场从业人员的经验,由于龙骨伪品主要为骨炭加工的副产品牛骨、猪骨等现代动物骨骼,缺乏矿化转变过程,矿物质不丰富。本研究证实龙骨斑富含Mn元素,这是龙骨形成过程中所特有的,因此可以作为关键鉴别点。
荧光鉴别中,在365 nm波长下,龙骨新鲜呈现亮蓝色荧光,龙骨伪品呈暗色,有观点认为古代哺乳动物的骨骼荧光与胶原蛋白的保存情况有关[11],也有观点认为荧光是由于内源性荧光团Rouget-Neumann粘多糖导致。这种骨荧光会由于外源金属离子的渗入淬灭[12]。但龙骨有亮蓝色荧光而伪品没有的现象有待于进一步研究。
龙骨的颜色与元素含量有相关性,同时不同产区、不同颜色龙骨元素差异大。这是由于龙骨在形成过程中存在广泛的离子交换,由于地理和气候的差异及年代的不同,使不同产地、不同环境的化石在形成过程中,元素含量差异很大。颜色越红、越深,Fe、As等元素含量越高;颜色越浅,Fe、As等大部分元素含量越低。这与红色鲸骨骼化石中Fe和Mn的丰度较高,白色鲸骨骼化石中Fe和Mn的丰度较低的研究结果[13]一致。也与历代本草认为黑色龙骨质量最差,黄白色的质量稍次,白色的龙骨质量较优的观点相一致。
龙骨中存在As、U等重金属及有害元素积累的可能性[14]。有些化石中As含量高,同时龙骨还含有一些放射性物质如U等。在长期的地质作用过程中,龙骨中的羟基磷灰石对U等元素起了富集作用,致使龙骨往往含有一定量的U[15]。山西省药品检验所标本室中所存龙骨化石标本中,来自山西、宁夏的2个样品U含量达0.1%以上[16]。龙骨中元素的富集可能是在化石的形成过程中,动物骨骼的蛋白降解,形成孔隙,土壤环境中的Fe、As、U等矿物元素沿着孔隙与骨骼中的羟基磷灰石发生络合反应,矿物元素将羟基磷灰石晶格中的Ca置换出来,形成稳定结构,富集的不同矿物元素从而使龙骨呈现出各种颜色[17-18]
棕色龙骨放射性元素U及辐射值最高,黄色龙骨次之,青色龙骨低于黄色龙骨,白色龙骨放射性元素U及放射性辐射值最低。根据联合国原子辐射效应委员会室内的相关数据,核辐射剂量率标准值最大不超过0.5 μSv·h-1[19],龙骨中的最高剂量已接近最大值,需要引起重视。
龙骨中相关元素的形态和价态与其药效的相关性尚不明确,有必要对龙骨中U等元素不同价态的存在形式及煎煮液浸出行为进行深入研究,建立“生产规范-分析平台-风险评估”三位一体的中药质量安全监管体系[20],使龙骨临床使用的安全性得到保障。
  • *苏州市基础研究计划(SKYD2023049; SKY2023042)
  • 江苏省高校“青蓝工程”青年骨干教师项目(2022-5-23)
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0111
  • 接收时间:2024-02-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22
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*苏州市基础研究计划(SKYD2023049; SKY2023042)
江苏省高校“青蓝工程”青年骨干教师项目(2022-5-23)
作者信息
    1.苏州卫生职业技术学院,苏州 215009
    2.南京中医药大学附属医院,南京 210000
    3.苏州市药品检验检测研究中心,苏州 215104
    4.河北百草康神药业有限公司,深州 053000
    5.康美(亳州)华佗国际中药城商业有限公司,亳州 236800
    6.亳州市凯硕药业有限公司,亳州 236800

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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