Article(id=1239184753279160858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239184752507408921, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706371200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773374268121, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773374268121, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773374268121, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773374268121, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239184752507408921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='12', pageStart='2011', pageEnd='2188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1773374267937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773374446543, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239185501702377864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239184752507408921, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239185501702377865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239184752507408921, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2088, endPage=2094, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239184754055107107, articleId=1239184753279160858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Determination of apixaban and its 12 organic impurities by HPLC, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To establish an HPLC method for determination of related substances in apixaban API.

Methods:

The analytical column was an ACE Excel3 C18-PFP (150 mm×4.6 mm, 3 μm). The mobile phase A was buffer(30 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate in water)-acetonitrile(90∶10) and the mobile phase B was buffer(30 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate in water)-acetonitrile(5∶95). The whole run carried out by gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.2 mL·min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm, the column temperature was 40 ℃ and the injection volume was 10 μL.

Results:

Apixaban was separated completely from the impurities and degradation products(the resolution>2.0). The test solution was stable for at least 48 h. The LOQs of apixaban, methyl ester product, ethyl ester product, chlorine impurity, dehydrogenation impurity, bihydrolytic impurity, ringopen methyl ester product, cyclate, impurity D, hydrolytic impurity, ringopen acid impurity, ringopen amide impurity and 5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity, were all 0.05%. The linear correlation coefficients of apixaban, methyl ester product, ethyl ester product, hydrolytic impurity, ringopen acid impurity, ringopen amide impurity and 5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity were all more than 0.99. The range were from the LOQ for impurity content to 150% of the target concentration. The average recoveries(RSD)(n=9) of methyl ester product, ethyl ester product, hydrolytic impurity, ringopen acid impurity, ringopen amide impurity and 5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity were 102.0%(2.7%), 106.4%(2.2%), 111.2%(4.0%), 104.4%(2.9%), 102.9%(2.7%), 101.8%(2.9%). The repeatability and intermediate precision completely met the requirements. The impurities contents in three batches of apixaban API 6 months accelerate stability test completely met the requirements, respectively.

Conclusion:

This method is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific to be used for the determination of related substances in apixaban API.

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目的:

建立HPLC法检测阿哌沙班原料药中的有关物质。

方法:

采用ACE Excel3 C18-PFP(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm)色谱柱,以缓冲液(30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液)-乙腈(90∶10)为流动相A,缓冲液(30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液)-乙腈(5∶95)为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.2 mL·min-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温40 ℃,进样量10 μL,样品温度5 ℃。

结果:

阿哌沙班与各杂质及降解产物能够完全分离(分离度>2.0),供试品溶液在48 h内稳定性良好;阿哌沙班和甲酯化物、乙酯化物、氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质的定量限均为0.05%;阿哌沙班和甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质线性相关系数均>0.99,范围为杂质含量的LOQ到指标浓度的150%;甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质平均回收率(RSD)(n=9)分别为102.0%(2.7%)、106.4%(2.2%)、111.2%(4.0%)、104.4%(2.9%)、102.9%(2.7%)、101.8%(2.9%);重复性和中间精密度符合规定。经检测,3批阿哌沙班原料药6个月加速稳定性各个杂质结果均符合质量标准。

结论:

该方法简便快速,灵敏度高,专属性强,可用于阿哌沙班原料药有关物质的测定。

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Analysis and control of apixaban impurities[J]. Chin Pharm J202055(22):1906, articleTitle=Analysis and control of apixaban impurities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239218785505300944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=29, authorNames=ICH, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ICH. Impurities in New Drug Substances Q3A(R2) [S/OL]. [2024-01-28]. https://www.ich.org/page/quality-guidelines, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239218785622741460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=USP-NF PF [S/OL]. [2024-01-28]. https://online.Uspnf.com/uspnf/document/2_GUID-4D3213B8-95A5-44F8-8433-A6FB58E0211A_10101_EN-US, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239218775879372854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239218775891955769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, companyId=1239218775879372854, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Pharmaceutical Scinces, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239218775904538682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, companyId=1239218775879372854, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.沈阳药科大学药学院,沈阳 110016)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239218776001007680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239218776013590594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, companyId=1239218776001007680, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Linhai 317024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239218776021979203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, companyId=1239218776001007680, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.浙江华海药业股份有限公司,临海 317024)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239218781231304976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=HPLC chromatograms of blank solution(A),selectivity solution(B), figureFileSmall=SX54lODhMUfUqpoiAunGng==, figureFileBig=0R46tFn2N/jDLFs4LIDqMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218781331968272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=CN, label=图1, caption=空白溶液(A)和选择性溶液(B)色谱图

1.双水解杂质(bihydrolytic impurity) 2.水解杂质(hydrolytic impurity) 3.开环酸杂质(ringopen acid impurity) 4.环合物(cyclate) 5.开环酰胺杂质(ringopen amide impurity) 6.阿哌沙班(apixaban) 7.脱氢杂质(dehydrogenation impurity) 8. 5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质(5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity) 9.氯代杂质(chlorine impurity) 10.杂质D(impurity D) 11.甲酯化物(methyl ester product) 12.开环甲酯化物(ringopen methyl ester product) 13.乙酯化物(ethyl ester product) 14.空白峰(blank peek)

, figureFileSmall=SX54lODhMUfUqpoiAunGng==, figureFileBig=0R46tFn2N/jDLFs4LIDqMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239218781453603095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main substances in apixaban API

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物
(compound)
分子式
(molecular formula)
结构
(chemical structure)
类型
(type)
阿哌沙班(apixaban)C25H25N5O4活性成分
(active ingredient)
甲酯化物(methyl ester product)C26H26N4O5工艺杂质
(process impurity)
乙酯化物(ethyl ester product)C27H28N4O5工艺杂质
(process impurity)
氯代杂质(chlorine impurity)C24H22ClN5O3潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
脱氢杂质(dehydrogenation impurity)C25H23N5O4工艺杂质
(process impurity)
双水解杂质(bihydrolytic impurity)C25H26N4O6降解杂质
(degradation impurity)
开环甲酯化物(ringopen methyl ester product)C26H29N5O5潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
环合物(cyclate)C20H25N3O3中间体
(intermediate product)
杂质D(impurity D)C26H25N5O5潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
水解杂质(hydrolytic impurity)C25H24N4O5降解杂质
(degradation impurity)
开环酸杂质(ringopen acid impurity)C25H27N5O5潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
开环酰胺杂质(ringopen amide impurity)C25H28N6O4潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质(5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity)C26H27N5O4潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
), ArticleFig(id=1239218781558460701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

阿哌沙班原料药主要物质信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物
(compound)
分子式
(molecular formula)
结构
(chemical structure)
类型
(type)
阿哌沙班(apixaban)C25H25N5O4活性成分
(active ingredient)
甲酯化物(methyl ester product)C26H26N4O5工艺杂质
(process impurity)
乙酯化物(ethyl ester product)C27H28N4O5工艺杂质
(process impurity)
氯代杂质(chlorine impurity)C24H22ClN5O3潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
脱氢杂质(dehydrogenation impurity)C25H23N5O4工艺杂质
(process impurity)
双水解杂质(bihydrolytic impurity)C25H26N4O6降解杂质
(degradation impurity)
开环甲酯化物(ringopen methyl ester product)C26H29N5O5潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
环合物(cyclate)C20H25N3O3中间体
(intermediate product)
杂质D(impurity D)C26H25N5O5潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
水解杂质(hydrolytic impurity)C25H24N4O5降解杂质
(degradation impurity)
开环酸杂质(ringopen acid impurity)C25H27N5O5潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
开环酰胺杂质(ringopen amide impurity)C25H28N6O4潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质(5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity)C26H27N5O4潜在工艺杂质
(potential process impurity)
), ArticleFig(id=1239218781680095521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Gradient elution program

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t/min流动相比例(ratio of mobile phase)/%
AB
0~98020
9~1980→6020→40
19~2760→1040→90
27~321090
32~32.0110→8090→20
32.01~408020
), ArticleFig(id=1239218781793341733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

梯度洗脱程序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min流动相比例(ratio of mobile phase)/%
AB
0~98020
9~1980→6020→40
19~2760→1040→90
27~321090
32~32.0110→8090→20
32.01~408020
), ArticleFig(id=1239218781894005034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

The regression equations and linear ranges of seven compoud

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化合物
(compound)
回归方程
(regression equation)
r线性范围
(linear range)/(μg·mL-1
阿哌沙班(apixaban) Y=17.57X+0.030 900.999 80.257 6~0.772 8
甲酯化物(methyl ester product) Y=16.19X+0.185 00.999 90.250 5~1.127 3
乙酯化物(ethyl ester product) Y=14.95X+0.099 100.999 90.255 6~1.150 2
水解杂质(hydrolytic impurity) Y=17.29X+0.032 100.999 90.284 4~0.853 2
开环酸杂质(ringopen acid impurity) Y=13.90X+0.011 000.999 90.250 3~0.750 9
开环酰胺杂质(ringopen amide impurity) Y=13.41X-0.002 201.0000.289 4~0.868 2
5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质(5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity) Y=15.57X-0.022 001.0000.284 6~0.853 7
), ArticleFig(id=1239218782028222768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239184753279160858, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

7个化合物的回归方程和线性范围

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化合物
(compound)
回归方程
(regression equation)
r线性范围
(linear range)/(μg·mL-1
阿哌沙班(apixaban) Y=17.57X+0.030 900.999 80.257 6~0.772 8
甲酯化物(methyl ester product) Y=16.19X+0.185 00.999 90.250 5~1.127 3
乙酯化物(ethyl ester product) Y=14.95X+0.099 100.999 90.255 6~1.150 2
水解杂质(hydrolytic impurity) Y=17.29X+0.032 100.999 90.284 4~0.853 2
开环酸杂质(ringopen acid impurity) Y=13.90X+0.011 000.999 90.250 3~0.750 9
开环酰胺杂质(ringopen amide impurity) Y=13.41X-0.002 201.0000.289 4~0.868 2
5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质(5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity) Y=15.57X-0.022 001.0000.284 6~0.853 7
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HPLC法测定阿哌沙班及其12个有机杂质
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金云 1, 2 , 王俊 2 , 张显华 2 , 张桐露 2 , 陈应芝 2 , 赵龙山 1, *
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(12): 2088-2094
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(12): 2088-2094
HPLC法测定阿哌沙班及其12个有机杂质
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金云1, 2 , 王俊2, 张显华2, 张桐露2, 陈应芝2, 赵龙山1, *
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳药科大学药学院,沈阳 110016
  • 2.浙江华海药业股份有限公司,临海 317024
  • Tel:13958554867;E-mail:

通讯作者:

*Tel:15802456191;E-mail:
Determination of apixaban and its 12 organic impurities by HPLC
Yun JIN1, 2 , Jun WANG2, Xian-hua ZHANG2, Tong-lu ZHANG2, Ying-zhi CHEN2, Long-shan ZHAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Pharmaceutical Scinces, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Linhai 317024, China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0063
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目的:

建立HPLC法检测阿哌沙班原料药中的有关物质。

方法:

采用ACE Excel3 C18-PFP(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm)色谱柱,以缓冲液(30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液)-乙腈(90∶10)为流动相A,缓冲液(30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液)-乙腈(5∶95)为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速1.2 mL·min-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温40 ℃,进样量10 μL,样品温度5 ℃。

结果:

阿哌沙班与各杂质及降解产物能够完全分离(分离度>2.0),供试品溶液在48 h内稳定性良好;阿哌沙班和甲酯化物、乙酯化物、氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质的定量限均为0.05%;阿哌沙班和甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质线性相关系数均>0.99,范围为杂质含量的LOQ到指标浓度的150%;甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质平均回收率(RSD)(n=9)分别为102.0%(2.7%)、106.4%(2.2%)、111.2%(4.0%)、104.4%(2.9%)、102.9%(2.7%)、101.8%(2.9%);重复性和中间精密度符合规定。经检测,3批阿哌沙班原料药6个月加速稳定性各个杂质结果均符合质量标准。

结论:

该方法简便快速,灵敏度高,专属性强,可用于阿哌沙班原料药有关物质的测定。

阿哌沙班  /  阿哌沙班原料药  /  有关物质  /  高效液相色谱  /  质量控制  /  分析方法  /  分离
Objective:

To establish an HPLC method for determination of related substances in apixaban API.

Methods:

The analytical column was an ACE Excel3 C18-PFP (150 mm×4.6 mm, 3 μm). The mobile phase A was buffer(30 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate in water)-acetonitrile(90∶10) and the mobile phase B was buffer(30 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate in water)-acetonitrile(5∶95). The whole run carried out by gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.2 mL·min-1. The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm, the column temperature was 40 ℃ and the injection volume was 10 μL.

Results:

Apixaban was separated completely from the impurities and degradation products(the resolution>2.0). The test solution was stable for at least 48 h. The LOQs of apixaban, methyl ester product, ethyl ester product, chlorine impurity, dehydrogenation impurity, bihydrolytic impurity, ringopen methyl ester product, cyclate, impurity D, hydrolytic impurity, ringopen acid impurity, ringopen amide impurity and 5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity, were all 0.05%. The linear correlation coefficients of apixaban, methyl ester product, ethyl ester product, hydrolytic impurity, ringopen acid impurity, ringopen amide impurity and 5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity were all more than 0.99. The range were from the LOQ for impurity content to 150% of the target concentration. The average recoveries(RSD)(n=9) of methyl ester product, ethyl ester product, hydrolytic impurity, ringopen acid impurity, ringopen amide impurity and 5-chlorhexyl chloride derived impurity were 102.0%(2.7%), 106.4%(2.2%), 111.2%(4.0%), 104.4%(2.9%), 102.9%(2.7%), 101.8%(2.9%). The repeatability and intermediate precision completely met the requirements. The impurities contents in three batches of apixaban API 6 months accelerate stability test completely met the requirements, respectively.

Conclusion:

This method is simple, rapid, sensitive and specific to be used for the determination of related substances in apixaban API.

apixaban  /  apixaban API  /  related substances  /  HPLC  /  quality control  /  methodology  /  resolution
金云, 王俊, 张显华, 张桐露, 陈应芝, 赵龙山. HPLC法测定阿哌沙班及其12个有机杂质. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (12) : 2088 -2094 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0063
Yun JIN, Jun WANG, Xian-hua ZHANG, Tong-lu ZHANG, Ying-zhi CHEN, Long-shan ZHAO. Determination of apixaban and its 12 organic impurities by HPLC[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (12) : 2088 -2094 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0063
阿哌沙班是新型口服抗凝药物,也是一种新型口服Ⅹa因子抑制剂,用于预防和治疗血栓,用于关节或膝关节择期置换术的成年患者,预防静脉血栓栓塞事件(VTE)[1-5]。2007年,百时美施贵宝与辉瑞正式执行全球战略性合作协议,联合开发并销售抗凝血产品阿哌沙班;2011年,在欧盟27国及冰岛、挪威,率先批准用于择期关节或膝关节置换手术中成人患者静脉血栓症的预防[6-8];2013年1月,阿哌沙班获得国家食品药品监督管理总局颁发的进口药品许可证,用于成年患者的髋关节或膝关节择期置换术,预防VTE,于2013年4月正式在中国上市[9-11]
目前《中华人民共和国药典》、USP、EP的现行版本中尚无阿哌沙班原料药的质量控制方法。有文献报道,采用HPLC法测定阿哌沙班中的有关物质,但并未列全降解产物及可能存在的杂质[12-16],如阿哌沙班脱氢杂质,由于结构及性质与阿哌沙班较为相似,常规反相方法无法有效分离,在已有文献中均未对它进行控制。基于对产品质量控制的需求,迫切需要开发有关物质的检测方法。
质量研究中涉及的物质有活性成分阿哌沙班,工艺杂质甲酯化物、乙酯化物、氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、开环甲酯化物、杂质D、环合物、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质、降解杂质、双水解杂质、水解杂质等。主要杂质信息见表1,其中“工艺杂质”为生产过程中确定会产生的杂质,“潜在工艺杂质”为生产过程中可能会产生的杂质。
各杂质的指标浓度:甲酯化物、乙酯化物(以上杂质含量均≤0.15%);氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质(以上杂质含量均≤0.10%)。指标制定的依据来源于ICH Q3A[17],界定阈值≤0.15%,鉴定阈值≤0.10%。
甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质在USP论坛发行的阿哌沙班个论中[18](待收载于正式版USP),已定为已知杂质,进行全套方法学验证;氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D在工艺中去除效果较好,不定为已知杂质,进行限度验证,验证内容包括专属性、LOD、LOQ。
Agilent1260高效液相色谱仪(Agilent公司);XP205十万分之一电子天平,XP26百万分之一电子天平和S400pH计(Mettler Toledo公司);色谱柱ACE Excel 3 C18-PFP(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm);乙酸铵(色谱纯,Honeywell公司);乙腈(色谱纯,Sigma-Aldrich公司);超纯水(MiLLi-Q纯水仪制备)。
对照品阿哌沙班、甲酯化物、乙酯化物、氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质(以上13个对照品均来自浙江华海药业股份有限公司,含量分别为100.0%、97.6%、97.1%、97.7%、99.3%、97.6%、98.0%、90.0%、99.1%、98.7%、93.2%、98.1%、97.1%)。
阿哌沙班原料药(浙江华海药业股份有限公司,批号D5420-22-002~D5420-22-007,共6批次)。
采用ACE Excel3 C18-PFP(150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm)色谱柱,以缓冲液(30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液)-乙腈(90∶10)为流动相A,缓冲液(30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液)-乙腈(5∶95)为流动相B,以水-乙腈(65∶35)为稀释液,按表2的条件进行梯度洗脱,流速1.2 mL·min-1,检测波长280 nm,柱温40 ℃,进样量10 μL,样品温度5 ℃。
精密称取甲酯化物、乙酯化物、氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质对照品各适量,分别加稀释液溶解并稀释制成每1 mL含0.1 mg的各个杂质对照品储备液。
精密称取阿哌沙班对照品适量,加稀释液溶解并稀释,制成每1 mL含0.5 mg的阿哌沙班的对照品储备液。
精密量取阿哌沙班对照品储备液适量,加稀释液溶解并稀释,制成每1 mL含0.5 μg的阿哌沙班的对照品溶液。
精密称取阿哌沙班原料药适量,加稀释液溶解并稀释,制成每1 mL含0.5 mg的阿哌沙班的供试品溶液。
分别称取阿哌沙班样品25 mg,置于50 mL量瓶中,通过酸降解(1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液,60 ℃,2 h)、碱降解(1 mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液,60 ℃,2 h)、氧化降解(10%过氧化氢溶液,室温1 d)、高温高湿(60 ℃,75%RH,16 d)、高温低湿(60 ℃,30%RH,16 d)、光降解(证实性:强白光总照度≥1.2×106 lx·h,紫外光能量≥200 W·h·m-2;强制性为3倍证实性)、金属降解(50 mmol·L-1硫酸铜溶液,室温10 d)研究可知,最容易产生降解的杂质为双水解杂质、水解杂质、开环酸杂质,而在碱破坏条件下各杂质降解程度最大。
结合工艺分析,可能产生的副产物、降解杂质为甲酯化物、乙酯化物、氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质。现对以上杂质进行定位研究。
精密称取阿哌沙班对照品适量,精密量取“2.2.1”项下各杂质储备液适量,置于同一量瓶中,加稀释液溶解并稀释制成每1 mL含0.5 mg的阿哌沙班、0.75 μg的甲酯化物、0.75 μg的乙酯化物、0.5 μg的氯代杂质、0.5 μg的脱氢杂质、0.5 μg的双水解杂质、0.5 μg的开环甲酯化物、0.5 μg的环合物、0.5 μg的杂质D、0.5 μg的水解杂质、0.5 μg的开环酸杂质、0.5 μg的开环酰胺杂质、0.5 μg的5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质的选择性溶液。
在“2.1”项色谱条件下,精密量取选择性溶液10 μL注入高效液相色谱仪,记录图谱。阿哌沙班与各杂质分离度均>2.0。空白溶液(稀释液)、选择性溶液图谱见图1
精密量取“2.2.1”项下杂质储备液、“2.2.2”项下阿哌沙班对照品储备液适量,并用稀释液进行逐级稀释,按“2.1”项下色谱条件进样,以信噪比约为10时,阿哌沙班及各杂质的浓度作为定量限;以信噪比约为3时,阿哌沙班及各杂质的浓度作为检测限。结果显示,阿哌沙班和甲酯化物、乙酯化物、氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质的定量限(LOQ)均为0.05%,检测限(LOD)均为0.02%。
精密量取甲酯化物、乙酯化物储备液各7.5 mL,水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质储备液各5 mL,阿哌沙班对照品储备液1 mL,置于同一100 mL量瓶中,加稀释液稀释至刻度,即得母液。分别精密量取母液6、8、10、12、15 mL,各置100 mL量瓶中,用稀释液稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得含各个杂质60%、80%、100%、120%、150%的指标浓度线性溶液。精密量取甲酯化物、乙酯化物储备液各2 mL,水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质储备液各5 mL,阿哌沙班对照品储备液1 mL,置于同一100 mL量瓶中,加稀释液稀释至刻度,再精密量取5 mL至100 mL量瓶中,用稀释液稀释至刻度,摇匀,即得各杂质LOQ浓度线性溶液。
各杂质LOQ浓度线性溶液,按“2.1”项下色谱条件进样,记录色谱图。以阿哌沙班、各杂质浓度为横坐标,峰面积为纵坐标,绘制标准曲线,回归方程及线性范围见表3,结果说明线性关系良好。
精密称取阿哌沙班原料药(D5420-22-002)适量,精密量取“2.2.1”项下各杂质储备液适量,于同一量瓶中,加稀释液稀释制成每1 mL含0.5 mg的阿哌沙班、其他各杂质均为上述指标浓度,同法配制6份,按“2.1”项下色谱条件分别各进样1次。结果显示,甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质峰面积的RSD分别为0.80%、0.53%、0.67%、0.78%、1.4%、0.64%。更换人员、色谱柱(部件号:A244164、EXL-1110-1546U)、仪器(Agilent公司:Agilent 1260、Agilent 1260 InfinityⅡ)、实验日期,同法配制中间精密度溶液6份,按“2.1”项下色谱条件分别进样1次。结果显示,甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质峰面积的RSD分别为0.71%、0.48%、0.33%、1.2%、0.94%、1.3%,表明方法精密度良好。
取“2.2.3”项下对照品溶液、“2.2.4”项下供试品溶液、“2.3.1”项下选择性溶液,室温下分别于0、24、48 h按“2.1”项下色谱条件进样。结果对照品溶液中阿哌沙班的峰面积在48 h时比0 h时为1.00,供试品溶液中各杂质的含量无明显变化,选择性溶液中各杂质回收率均>95.0%,表明对照品溶液、供试品溶液及选择性溶液在48 h内稳定性良好。
精密称取阿哌沙班原料药(D5420-22-002)适量,精密量取“2.2.1”项下各杂质储备液适量,于同一量瓶中,加稀释液稀释制成每1 mL含0.5 mg的阿哌沙班、其他各杂质浓度分别为上述指标浓度的80%、100%、150%,每个浓度点同法配制3份,共9份溶液。按“2.1”项下色谱条件进样测定并记录色谱图,甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质的平均回收率(n=9)分别为102.0%(RSD 2.7%)、106.4%(RSD 2.2%)、111.2%(RSD 4.0%)、104.4%(RSD 2.9%)、102.9%(RSD 2.7%)、101.8%(RSD 2.9%),说明方法准确度高。
更换不同批号的色谱柱(部件号:A244164、EXL-1110-1546U)、不同编号的高效液相色谱仪(Agilent公司:Agilent 1260、Agilent 1260 InfinityⅡ),柱温±2 ℃、流速±0.1 mL·min-1、流动相比例±1.5%等,在“2.1”项下的色谱条件下检测选择性溶液,结果阿哌沙班、甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质的分离情况及峰面积无明显差别,说明方法耐用性好。
对不同批次阿哌沙班原料药的加速稳定性样品(放置条件:T=40 ℃±2 ℃,RH为75%±5%;放置时间:0 d、1月、2月、3月、6月),按照“2.2.4”项下制备供试品溶液,在“2.1”项下色谱条件进行测定。检测结果显示,稳定性样品中各个杂质的含量6个月的结果与0 d一致,均未见明显增长,说明原料药稳定性良好。
各强制降解条件下产生的杂质主要为双水解杂质、水解杂质、开环酸杂质;加速样品检验数据表明阿哌沙班原料药各个杂质结果均未见明显增长。本品性质稳定,杂质限度符合要求。
采取常温进样盘考察时,杂质D在溶液状态下易降解,故进样盘采取5 ℃控温,以延缓杂质降解时间。
采用常规C18以及C8色谱柱,脱氢杂质无法有效与阿哌沙班主成分分离,如Waters sunfire C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,3.5 μm)色谱柱,以及USP论坛中提到的Zorbax SB C8(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)色谱柱等,通过色谱柱排查,最终选用五氟苯基[ACE Excel 3C18-PFP (150 mm×4.6 mm,3 μm)]色谱柱,能有效将各个杂质分离开。
通过理论分析可知,将阿哌沙班及其12个杂质在短时间内全部洗脱并有效分离,需要用到梯度洗脱的方法。由于12个杂质极性跨度较大,在洗脱初始阶段,采取高比例的缓冲液加小比例的乙腈的等度洗脱方式,保留并分离强极性杂质,后与高比例的乙腈以梯度洗脱方式,保留并分离弱极性杂质。通过摸索,最终定流动相A为[30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液-乙腈(90∶10)],并与流动相B(30 mmol·L-1乙酸铵溶液-乙腈(5∶95)]进行梯度洗脱。
综合分析,阿哌沙班原料药在生产过程中涉及降解杂质、副产物、中间体等性质差别较大的物质,色谱峰较多,建立能将所有物质有效分离的分析方法,是阿哌沙班原料药有关物质方法开发的关键。通过对不同型号色谱柱、流动相比例以及梯度洗脱方式等色谱条件的反复摸索,建立了阿哌沙班有关物质分析方法,并通过酸、碱、氧、光照等破坏试验以及各个杂质的加标试验,验证了该分析方法的专属性,保证了该方法在原料药稳定性样品检测过程中的耐用性;本试验对于阿哌沙班工艺杂质进行了检测能力的确认(定量限、检测限),对工艺中去除效果较好的氯代杂质、脱氢杂质、双水解杂质、开环甲酯化物、环合物、杂质D进行限度验证,对于各指标杂质甲酯化物、乙酯化物、水解杂质、开环酸杂质、开环酰胺杂质、5-氯己酰氯衍生杂质进行了定量限、检测限、线性关系、回收率等一系列方法学验证,结果证明该分析方法精密度高,重复性好,稳定无干扰,可用于阿哌沙班原料药的质量控制。
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2024年第44卷第12期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-0063
  • 接收时间:2024-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-28
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    1.沈阳药科大学药学院,沈阳 110016
    2.浙江华海药业股份有限公司,临海 317024

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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