Article(id=1239148844324287244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239148837584040649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.03.07, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692720000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773365706759, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1711814400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773365706759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773365706759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773365706759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239148837584040649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, year='2024', volume='44', issue='3', pageStart='373', pageEnd='552', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773365705152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773367146269, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239154882125550205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239148837584040649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239154882125550206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, issueId=1239148837584040649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=427, endPage=433, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239148844622082835, articleId=1239148844324287244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=EN, title=Results and analysis of proficiency testing for microbiological identification and traceability in pharmaceuticals*, columnId=1206272757852074373, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, columnName=Safety Monitoring, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective:

To evaluate the processing ability of identification,tracing and abnormal occurs in drug manufactures by the proficiency testing for microbiological identification and traceability in Shandong Province.

Methods:

The proficiency test was derived from an event of drug microbial contamination,and samples including contaminated products group and production group were designed to evaluate the testing and tracing competence of 264 participants from those aspects of drug control,identification,genetic comparison and traceability. The contaminated products group was composed of five simulated samples including one positive sample which included Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus,and four negative samples which were sterile. The production group was composed of five simulated samples including four positive samples and one negative sample,but each of the four positive sample included only one strain of Enterobacter cloacae,Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococous epidemidis and Pseudomons aeruginosa,respectively.

Results:

259 participants reported their results. The rate of unqualified,qualified,good and excellent results were 3.5%,49.8%,46.7% and 0,respectively. But four results reported phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene without genetic comparison at the strain level. The unqualified result indicated inaccurate inspection of positive and negative sample. The qualified result indicated accurate inspection but inaccurate species identification or not. The good result showed accurate species identification without effective tracing analysis.

Conclusion:

The ability of most drug manufactures to contaminant microorganisms testing are acceptable. But the ability of microbiological identification and traceability,the precise judgement and the effective measures to an emergency of microbial contamination in drugs remain to be strengthened.

, correspAuthors=Bo DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-jie XU, Dan-yang FENG, Li-hong REN, Xiao-li MENG, Zhen SHEN, Sheng XING, Bo DING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239148845473526579, articleId=1239148844324287244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, language=CN, title=药品中污染微生物的鉴定和溯源能力验证结果与分析*, columnId=1206272758036623764, journalTitle=药物分析杂志, columnName=安全监测, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的:

通过药品中污染微生物鉴定和溯源分析能力验证,考察山东省药品生产企业对污染微生物的鉴定、溯源以及对微生物异常检测结果的处理分析能力。

方法:

本次能力验证模拟一起药品微生物污染事件,设计产品污染组(共5个样品,模拟5个产品,其中1个加入2种目标菌混合物,其余4个为阴性)和生产环节污染组(共5个样品,模拟5个生产环节,其中4个分别加入了单一目标菌或干扰菌,其余1个为阴性)的能力验证样品,264家药品生产企业参与了能力验证活动,从样品检验,微生物种属鉴定,微生物系统进化分析,污染溯源等方面,评价参加单位的微生物鉴定分析的综合能力。

结果:

259家参与企业报告了结果。3.5%的企业未能正确判断阴性或阳性样品,判为不合格;49.8%的企业虽正确检测了样品,但未能正确鉴定出微生物种属或未进行微生物鉴定操作,判为合格;46.7%的企业正确鉴定出微生物种属,但未能进行有效的溯源分析,判为良好;仅有4家企业基于16S rRNA基因构建了系统发育树,但未能在菌株水平上进行近缘关系比对和溯源。

结论:

多数参与企业基本具备检出污染微生物的能力。但是,污染微生物的鉴定、溯源分析能力以及处理异常检测结果的能力还需要进一步加强。

, correspAuthors=丁勃, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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Tel:(0531)81216761;E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239171013192241482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Bacterial load of standard sample in the proficiency testing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分组
(sample group)
样品
(sample)
含菌情况
(bacterial content)
产品组(products group)产品1(product 1)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品2(product 2)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品3(product 3)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品4(product 4)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品5(product 5)阴沟肠杆菌(103~104cfu)+金黄色葡萄球菌(105~106cfu)
(Enterobacter cloacae (103~104cfu) + Staphylococcus aureus (105~106cfu))
生产环节组(production group)生产纯化水系统(purified water system)阴沟肠杆菌(103~105)(Enterobacter cloacae (103~105cfu))
操作员的手部(operator hand)金黄色葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)或表皮葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)
[Staphylococcus aureus (103~105cfu) or Staphylococous epidemidis (103~105cfu)]
灌装区浮游菌(airborne bacteria in filling zone)表皮葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)或金黄色葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)
[Staphylococous epidemidis (103~105cfu) or Staphylococcus aureus (103~105cfu)]
清洁工具(cleaning tool)铜绿假单胞菌(103~105cfu)[Pseudomons aeruginosa (103~105cfu)]
仪器内壁(inside walls of equipment)无菌(sterile)
), ArticleFig(id=1239171013288710483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

能力验证标准样品含菌情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分组
(sample group)
样品
(sample)
含菌情况
(bacterial content)
产品组(products group)产品1(product 1)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品2(product 2)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品3(product 3)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品4(product 4)阴性(无菌)(negative (sterile))
产品5(product 5)阴沟肠杆菌(103~104cfu)+金黄色葡萄球菌(105~106cfu)
(Enterobacter cloacae (103~104cfu) + Staphylococcus aureus (105~106cfu))
生产环节组(production group)生产纯化水系统(purified water system)阴沟肠杆菌(103~105)(Enterobacter cloacae (103~105cfu))
操作员的手部(operator hand)金黄色葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)或表皮葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)
[Staphylococcus aureus (103~105cfu) or Staphylococous epidemidis (103~105cfu)]
灌装区浮游菌(airborne bacteria in filling zone)表皮葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)或金黄色葡萄球菌(103~105cfu)
[Staphylococous epidemidis (103~105cfu) or Staphylococcus aureus (103~105cfu)]
清洁工具(cleaning tool)铜绿假单胞菌(103~105cfu)[Pseudomons aeruginosa (103~105cfu)]
仪器内壁(inside walls of equipment)无菌(sterile)
), ArticleFig(id=1239171013385179483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Bacterial test results in positive sample of proficiency testing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分组
(sample group)
阳性菌
(positive bacteria)
计数结果
(counting result)/cfu
计数结果对数值
(log counting result)
RSD/%
产品组(products group)阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)(2.0±0.6)×1033.30±0.154.4
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(6.6±1.1)×1055.82±0.081.3
生产环节组(production group)铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomons aeruginosa)(6.0±1.9)×1044.78±0.142.9
表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococous epidemidis)(5.0±0.9)×1044.70±0.081.7
阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)(5.2±1.3)×1044.71±0.112.4
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(4.9±1.8)×1044.69±0.020.35
), ArticleFig(id=1239171013490037091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

能力验证阳性样品菌数分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分组
(sample group)
阳性菌
(positive bacteria)
计数结果
(counting result)/cfu
计数结果对数值
(log counting result)
RSD/%
产品组(products group)阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)(2.0±0.6)×1033.30±0.154.4
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(6.6±1.1)×1055.82±0.081.3
生产环节组(production group)铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomons aeruginosa)(6.0±1.9)×1044.78±0.142.9
表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococous epidemidis)(5.0±0.9)×1044.70±0.081.7
阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)(5.2±1.3)×1044.71±0.112.4
金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)(4.9±1.8)×1044.69±0.020.35
), ArticleFig(id=1239171013578117482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Standard sample number in production group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盒包装编号
(sample No.)
标样内包装(西林瓶命名)及加菌要求(inner packing (penicillin-bottle names) and bacteria)
生产纯化水系统
(purified water system)
操作员的手部
(operator hand)
罐装区浮游菌
(airborne bacteria in filling zone)
清洁工具
(cleaning tool)
仪器内壁
(inside walls of equipment)
PT001至PT160
(PT001 to PT160)
阴沟肠杆菌
(Enterobacter cloacae)
金黄色葡萄球菌
(Staphylococcus aureus)
表皮葡萄球菌
(Staphylococous epidemidis)
铜绿假单胞菌
(Pseudomons aeruginosa)
不加菌
(sterile)
PT161至PT320
(PT161 to PT320)
阴沟肠杆菌
(Enterobacter cloacae)
表皮葡萄球菌
(Staphylococous epidemidis)
金黄色葡萄球菌
(Staphylococcus aureus)
铜绿假单胞菌
(Pseudomons aeruginosa)
不加菌
(sterile)
), ArticleFig(id=1239171013695558005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

生产环节组的标准样品编号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
盒包装编号
(sample No.)
标样内包装(西林瓶命名)及加菌要求(inner packing (penicillin-bottle names) and bacteria)
生产纯化水系统
(purified water system)
操作员的手部
(operator hand)
罐装区浮游菌
(airborne bacteria in filling zone)
清洁工具
(cleaning tool)
仪器内壁
(inside walls of equipment)
PT001至PT160
(PT001 to PT160)
阴沟肠杆菌
(Enterobacter cloacae)
金黄色葡萄球菌
(Staphylococcus aureus)
表皮葡萄球菌
(Staphylococous epidemidis)
铜绿假单胞菌
(Pseudomons aeruginosa)
不加菌
(sterile)
PT161至PT320
(PT161 to PT320)
阴沟肠杆菌
(Enterobacter cloacae)
表皮葡萄球菌
(Staphylococous epidemidis)
金黄色葡萄球菌
(Staphylococcus aureus)
铜绿假单胞菌
(Pseudomons aeruginosa)
不加菌
(sterile)
), ArticleFig(id=1239171013779444089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The classification of unqualified proficiency testing results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分类
(sample classification)
类型
(category)
错误结果
(inaccurate result)
阴性样品(negative sample)阴性样品检出有菌(negative sample identified as positive)报告检出金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌和白色念珠菌(identified as Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Staphylococous epidemidis,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomons aeruginosa,Enterobacter cloacae and Candida albicans)
阳性样品(positive sample)阳性样品未检出(positive sample identified as negative)表皮葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌未检出(the positive sample with Staphylococous epidemidis and Enterobacter cloacae was identified as negative)
产品组阳性样品(positive samples in products group)目标菌鉴定错误(inaccurate identification)报告检出大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森杆菌、沙门菌,或仅报告其中一种菌(identified as Escherichia coliBacillus subtilisPseudomons aeruginosa,Staphylococous epidemidis,Yersinia enterocoliticaSalmonella species,only Enterobacter cloacae or Staphylococcus aureus but both)
生产环节组阳性样品(positive samples in production group)目标菌鉴定错误(inaccurate identification)表皮葡萄球菌报告检出白色念珠菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;阴沟肠杆菌报告检出枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森杆菌、大肠埃希菌、柠檬酸肠杆菌和沙门菌(the sample with Staphylococous epidemidis was identified as Candida albicans,Bacillus cereus,Enterobacter cloacae or Staphylococcus aureus;The sample with Enterobacter cloacae was identified as Bacillus subtilisStaphylococous epidemidis,Yersinia enterocolitica,Escherichia coli,Enterobacter citrate and Salmonella species)
菌种溯源(strain tracing)溯源错误(incorrect tracing)未给出溯源结果;金黄色葡萄球菌溯源到表皮葡萄球菌;阴沟肠杆菌溯源到表皮葡萄球菌或铜绿假单胞菌(reports without strain tracing result;Staphylococcus aureus was traced back to Staphylococous epidemidis;Enterobacter cloacae was traced back to Staphylococous epidemidis or Pseudomons aeruginosa)
), ArticleFig(id=1239171013875913086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1239148844324287244, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不合格能力验证结果的分类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分类
(sample classification)
类型
(category)
错误结果
(inaccurate result)
阴性样品(negative sample)阴性样品检出有菌(negative sample identified as positive)报告检出金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、阴沟肠杆菌和白色念珠菌(identified as Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus saprophyticus,Staphylococous epidemidis,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomons aeruginosa,Enterobacter cloacae and Candida albicans)
阳性样品(positive sample)阳性样品未检出(positive sample identified as negative)表皮葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌未检出(the positive sample with Staphylococous epidemidis and Enterobacter cloacae was identified as negative)
产品组阳性样品(positive samples in products group)目标菌鉴定错误(inaccurate identification)报告检出大肠埃希菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、表皮葡萄球菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森杆菌、沙门菌,或仅报告其中一种菌(identified as Escherichia coliBacillus subtilisPseudomons aeruginosa,Staphylococous epidemidis,Yersinia enterocoliticaSalmonella species,only Enterobacter cloacae or Staphylococcus aureus but both)
生产环节组阳性样品(positive samples in production group)目标菌鉴定错误(inaccurate identification)表皮葡萄球菌报告检出白色念珠菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;阴沟肠杆菌报告检出枯草芽孢杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森杆菌、大肠埃希菌、柠檬酸肠杆菌和沙门菌(the sample with Staphylococous epidemidis was identified as Candida albicans,Bacillus cereus,Enterobacter cloacae or Staphylococcus aureus;The sample with Enterobacter cloacae was identified as Bacillus subtilisStaphylococous epidemidis,Yersinia enterocolitica,Escherichia coli,Enterobacter citrate and Salmonella species)
菌种溯源(strain tracing)溯源错误(incorrect tracing)未给出溯源结果;金黄色葡萄球菌溯源到表皮葡萄球菌;阴沟肠杆菌溯源到表皮葡萄球菌或铜绿假单胞菌(reports without strain tracing result;Staphylococcus aureus was traced back to Staphylococous epidemidis;Enterobacter cloacae was traced back to Staphylococous epidemidis or Pseudomons aeruginosa)
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药品中污染微生物的鉴定和溯源能力验证结果与分析*
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徐晓洁 1, 2, 3 , 冯丹阳 1, 2, 3 , 任丽宏 1, 2, 3 , 孟晓丽 1, 2, 3 , 沈振 1, 2, 3 , 邢晟 1, 2, 3 , 丁勃 1, 2, 3, 4, **
药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024,44(3): 427-433
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药物分析杂志 | 安全监测 2024, 44(3): 427-433
药品中污染微生物的鉴定和溯源能力验证结果与分析*
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徐晓洁1, 2, 3 , 冯丹阳1, 2, 3, 任丽宏1, 2, 3, 孟晓丽1, 2, 3, 沈振1, 2, 3, 邢晟1, 2, 3, 丁勃1, 2, 3, 4, **
作者信息
  • 1.山东省食品药品检验研究院,济南 250101
  • 2.山东省食品药品安全检测工程技术研究中心,济南 250101
  • 3.产业技术基础公共服务平台,济南 250101
  • 4.山东大学药学院,济南 250012
  • Tel:(0531)81216761;E-mail:

通讯作者:

**Tel:(0531)81216758;E-mail:
Results and analysis of proficiency testing for microbiological identification and traceability in pharmaceuticals*
Xiao-jie XU1, 2, 3 , Dan-yang FENG1, 2, 3, Li-hong REN1, 2, 3, Xiao-li MENG1, 2, 3, Zhen SHEN1, 2, 3, Sheng XING1, 2, 3, Bo DING1, 2, 3, 4, **
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control,Jinan 250101,China
  • 2.Shandong Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Safety Inspection of Food and Drug,Jinan 250101,China
  • 3.Industrial Technology Foundation Public Service Platform,Jinan 250101,China
  • 4.School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Shandong University,Jinan 250012,China
出版时间: 2024-03-31 doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.03.07
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目的:

通过药品中污染微生物鉴定和溯源分析能力验证,考察山东省药品生产企业对污染微生物的鉴定、溯源以及对微生物异常检测结果的处理分析能力。

方法:

本次能力验证模拟一起药品微生物污染事件,设计产品污染组(共5个样品,模拟5个产品,其中1个加入2种目标菌混合物,其余4个为阴性)和生产环节污染组(共5个样品,模拟5个生产环节,其中4个分别加入了单一目标菌或干扰菌,其余1个为阴性)的能力验证样品,264家药品生产企业参与了能力验证活动,从样品检验,微生物种属鉴定,微生物系统进化分析,污染溯源等方面,评价参加单位的微生物鉴定分析的综合能力。

结果:

259家参与企业报告了结果。3.5%的企业未能正确判断阴性或阳性样品,判为不合格;49.8%的企业虽正确检测了样品,但未能正确鉴定出微生物种属或未进行微生物鉴定操作,判为合格;46.7%的企业正确鉴定出微生物种属,但未能进行有效的溯源分析,判为良好;仅有4家企业基于16S rRNA基因构建了系统发育树,但未能在菌株水平上进行近缘关系比对和溯源。

结论:

多数参与企业基本具备检出污染微生物的能力。但是,污染微生物的鉴定、溯源分析能力以及处理异常检测结果的能力还需要进一步加强。

能力验证  /  微生物鉴定  /  微生物污染  /  溯源  /  亲缘关系比对  /  微生物检验
Objective:

To evaluate the processing ability of identification,tracing and abnormal occurs in drug manufactures by the proficiency testing for microbiological identification and traceability in Shandong Province.

Methods:

The proficiency test was derived from an event of drug microbial contamination,and samples including contaminated products group and production group were designed to evaluate the testing and tracing competence of 264 participants from those aspects of drug control,identification,genetic comparison and traceability. The contaminated products group was composed of five simulated samples including one positive sample which included Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus,and four negative samples which were sterile. The production group was composed of five simulated samples including four positive samples and one negative sample,but each of the four positive sample included only one strain of Enterobacter cloacae,Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococous epidemidis and Pseudomons aeruginosa,respectively.

Results:

259 participants reported their results. The rate of unqualified,qualified,good and excellent results were 3.5%,49.8%,46.7% and 0,respectively. But four results reported phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene without genetic comparison at the strain level. The unqualified result indicated inaccurate inspection of positive and negative sample. The qualified result indicated accurate inspection but inaccurate species identification or not. The good result showed accurate species identification without effective tracing analysis.

Conclusion:

The ability of most drug manufactures to contaminant microorganisms testing are acceptable. But the ability of microbiological identification and traceability,the precise judgement and the effective measures to an emergency of microbial contamination in drugs remain to be strengthened.

proficiency testing  /  identification  /  microbial contamination  /  tracing  /  genetic comparison  /  microbiological test
徐晓洁, 冯丹阳, 任丽宏, 孟晓丽, 沈振, 邢晟, 丁勃. 药品中污染微生物的鉴定和溯源能力验证结果与分析*. 药物分析杂志, 2024 , 44 (3) : 427 -433 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.03.07
Xiao-jie XU, Dan-yang FENG, Li-hong REN, Xiao-li MENG, Zhen SHEN, Sheng XING, Bo DING. Results and analysis of proficiency testing for microbiological identification and traceability in pharmaceuticals*[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2024 , 44 (3) : 427 -433 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.03.07
药品微生物污染伴有种类多样,污染环节不确定,生物负载数量级差异以及污染不均匀性等诸多特点,受污染产品的分析不能仅仅停留在微生物限度检查结果上,确定污染菌种属,结合工艺过程,查找并排除污染源,才能从根本上杜绝污染的再次发生,为产品质量保驾护航[1]。生产企业在药品微生物污染的过程控制中负有主体责任,微生物实验室的检验能力与生产管理水平起到至关重要的作用,对检出的污染微生物进行菌种鉴定与溯源分析是核心技术,为偏差调查提供方向,为污染源的清除做好生物学准备[2-4]
为了解全省药品生产企业对污染微生物的鉴定、溯源能力,以及对微生物异常检测结果的处理分析能力,督促企业加强相关能力建设,履行主体责任,参照2020年版《中国药典》和CNAS实验室能力验证的相关要求运作,实施了本次能力验证[5-8]
在某企业连续生产5个批次产品的检验中发现,其中1个批次产品受到了微生物污染。企业立即启动应急预案,回顾生产过程后,对可能污染样品的操作员的手部、仪器内壁、清洁工具、罐装区浮游菌、生产纯化水系统等5个生产环节进行采样和分析;对产品中分离出的微生物和上述生产环节采样分离出的微生物进行鉴定,比对微生物鉴定结果,分析污染原因,得出初步的解决方案。
本次能力验证为每个参与企业提供10个标准样品,分为2组,包括产品组和生产环节组,每组5个样品。产品组样品中微生物的加入方法:5个样品中,随机抽取1个,加入阴沟肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌混合的定量菌株;另外4个样品不加菌,保持无菌状态。生产环节组样品中微生物的加入方法:5个采样样品中,随机抽取4个,分别加入阴沟肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌(干扰菌)和铜绿假单胞菌(干扰菌)的定量菌体;剩余1个样品不加菌,保持无菌状态。标准样品的分组和含菌情况,见表1
分别接种金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和阴沟肠杆菌至10 mL胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,32.5 ℃培养18~24 h。取以上培养物涂布至胰酪大豆胨琼脂平板上,32.5 ℃培养24 h。用0.1%无菌蛋白胨水溶液10 mL洗下胰酪大豆胨琼脂平板上的培养物,4 000 r·min-1离心3 min,清洗3次,最后离心沉淀物加入0.1%无菌蛋白胨水溶液(稀释溶剂)10 mL。用浊度与该浊度对应的菌数线性关系计算该浊度对应的菌数。根据冻干后与冻干前的回收率,将已知菌悬液的浓度稀释或浓缩至需要的菌浓度。调节好的菌悬液按要求加入冷冻保护液,混匀后定量分配成型,作为阳性样品。另取未加入菌悬液的冷冻保护液定量分配成型,作为阴性样品。以上成型样品放入-18 ℃冰箱预冻,再放入-80 ℃冰箱高冻。高冻后放入真空冷冻干燥机升华,冷冻干燥结束后进行无菌分装。分装后放入自封袋内,封口,并对其进行标识。
每批随机取6个阳性样品,用于菌落计数,选取平板菌落在30~300 cfu稀释级计算。取产品组阳性样品,用稀释溶剂10倍梯度稀释至10-4菌悬液,取10-4菌悬液0.1 mL涂布至胰酪大豆胨琼脂平板,32.5 ℃培养48 h,计数金黄色葡萄球菌。另取10-1菌悬液0.1 mL涂布至紫红胆盐葡萄糖琼脂平板上,计数阴沟肠杆菌。取生产环节组阳性样品,用稀释溶剂稀释至10-3菌悬液,取0.1 mL涂布至在胰酪大豆胨琼脂平板上,32.5 ℃培养48 h,分别计数相应阳性菌数,计数结果均在能力验证方案要求的范围内。结果见表2
产品组阳性样品和生产环节阳性样品,按标准样品生产批量的7%随机取样,接种至胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,32.5 ℃培养18 h,增菌培养物划线接种至胰酪大豆胨琼脂平板上,均检出目标菌,并无其他杂菌污染。
阴性标准样品,按标准样品生产批量8%随机取样,接种至胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,32.5 ℃培养7 d,均无菌生长。
产品组随机选取4个阴性样品和1个含金黄色葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌的阳性样品,每5支放一个盒子,共制备产品组标样320盒,编号PT001-PT320。生产环节组共计320盒标样,编号PT001-PT320,每盒5支样品,分别标注生产纯化水系统、操作员手部、罐装区浮游菌、清洁工具和仪器内壁,编号和加菌要求,见表3。编号相同的产品组和生产环节组作为一个标样,置于装有足够冰袋的隔热泡沫箱,密封。
无菌操作,在西林瓶中加入10 mL胰酪大豆胨液体培养基,溶解,充分混匀后,转移至100 mL胰酪大豆胨液体培养基中,作为增菌液。取上述增菌液,置30~35 ℃培养18~24 h,以涂布或划线的方式接种于胰酪大豆胨琼脂培养基,置30~35 ℃培养3 d,逐日观察,必要时可以延长培养时间,根据菌落生长情况,适时终止培养。仔细观察平板上的菌落形态,挑取不同形态的菌落进行分离、纯化、染色境检、菌种鉴定。可选择商业化的生化鉴定试剂盒、试剂卡或分子生物学方法或其他适宜的方法,进行菌种鉴定,判定其种属。
本次能力验证要求对比产品组与生产环节组污染微生物,分析判断产品组阳性样品中分离出的污染微生物,可能来源于哪个生产环节。并根据检测结果简要介绍污染控制措施。同时建议有能力的企业可采用分子生物学方法,构建系统进化树,进一步分析产品组和生产环节组中的污染微生物的系统进化关系。
(1)检出所有模拟样品中的阳性样品(包括产品组和生产环节组),判定为结果合格;有1个及以上阳性样品未检出,或阴性样品错判为阳性样品,判定为结果不合格;(2)准确鉴定出阳性样品中的微生物种属,并可以对产品中的污染微生物来源于哪个生产环节做出正确判断,判定为良好;(3)采用分子生物学方法,构建系统进化树,进一步分析产品组和生产环节组污染微生物的系统进化关系,并给出合理的污染控制措施,判断为优秀。
全省16地市共有264家企业报名参加本次能力验证,按时报送结果259家,121家结果良好,129家结果合格,9家结果不合格,分别占比报送结果企业的46.7%,49.8%和3.5%。有4家企业基于16S RNA构建了系统发育树,但未能在菌株水平上进行近缘关系比对和溯源分析,因此,没有企业获得优秀。
根据生产品种类型不同,将报送结果企业划分为中药类91家、化药类81家、综合类(中药和化药)21家、生物制品类16家、原辅料类45家和医疗器械类5家。能力验证结果见图1
根据生产品种微生物荷载量不同,将报送结果企业划分为无菌类54家,非无菌类182家和兼有类(无菌产品和非无菌产品)23家。能力验证结果见图2
9个不合格结果,共计90个样品瓶,包括45个阳性样品瓶和45个阴性样品瓶。结果呈现多种多样的错误操作和记录,见表4
259家参与企业中,有3.5%因操作过程中的交叉污染,没有正确完成相关验证试验,说明基础能力薄弱,判为不合格;超过96%的企业被判为合格,这说明在现行的监管体制下,生产企业微生物检验能力建设是卓有成效的;在259份验证报告中,仅4家企业构建了基于16S rRNA基因的系统发育树,但是未能在菌株水平上进行系统进化关系比对和溯源分析,说明企业在分子生物学层级的鉴定能力、溯源和亲缘关系的分析能力上亟待加强。本次能力验证总体情况良好,但距离真正实现以企业为主体的微生物污染过程控制目标还有一定距离[9]
中药类、化药类和原辅料类生产企业均存在不合格的情况,特别是中药类和原辅料类生产企业,不合格率高且获得良好的比例低,可能的原因是中药饮片、中成药和药用辅料等的微生物限度标准较为宽泛,高温、辐照等灭菌工艺容易降低微生物负载,因而微生物检验能力未能引起生产企业的足够重视。而综合类生产企业获得良好结果的比例明显高于其他类生产企业,且没有不合格的情况。微生物检验检测能力与产品种类、生产环境、企业规模等因素存在关联性,相对于其他企业,综合类生产企业规模大,产品质量意识更强,生产研发的洁净环境控制较好,不断的接受企业内外部的各种检查、培训,检验检测的硬件和软件建设水平相对较高,其微生物检验能力可以有效保障产品的微生物质量安全,但是鉴于本次能力验证结果,企业在分子生物学检验能力上需要持续加强[10]
根据微生物荷载分类的结果,生产环境和产品中微生物荷载较高的非无菌类生产企业相较于无菌类生产企业和兼有型生产企业,不合格率更高而良好率更低。非无菌药品往往只重视微生物数量,即是否超限,很多异常情况,如批次产品菌数的突然增加、异常形态的菌落等,不会得到关注。简单的重复性的工作,其能力得不到锻炼。非无菌类企业应摒弃产品有菌正常的放行观念,应深入探讨污染菌是否可接受,不断提高污染菌鉴定和溯源的能力,真正把过程控制作为质量目标[11]
阴性样品中错判的金黄色葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌为人源性的微生物,蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和白色念珠菌为环境常见的微生物,而检出阴沟肠杆菌说明操作过程中存在10个样品瓶的交叉污染的可能,操作过程的规范性和洁净环境控制存在问题;表皮葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌未被药典收载,部分实验室仅能检测药典要求的控制菌;金黄色葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌的混合样品仅能检出一种,这反映了部分企业缺乏解析复杂污染样品的能力。
葡萄球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和肠道菌群是药品微生物污染的常见菌,根据《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》[12],生物学分类同属的细菌有很多相同的生化反应,因此常规的几个生化反应有时不能有效区分亲缘关系接近的微生物,需要借助集成的生化反应鉴定卡或仪器方能鉴定准确[13-15]。药品生产企业应按照通则9204[5]微生物的鉴定程序,并结合自身条件建立菌种鉴定的SOP,能够熟练掌握待检菌的分离纯化和初筛试验,进而完成表型微生物鉴定。
从本次能力验证参与单位提交的报告书和原始记录中发现诸多问题有待企业完善,问题如下:(1)实验操作基本功不扎实,无菌操作、耗材使用、平板划线等不规范,不能分区划线获得单菌落;(2)原始记录书写不规范,缺少必要的培养基和仪器介绍,未能严格按照作业指导书进行实验操作,菌落形态观察不准确、革兰染色结果异常、生化反应结果等表述不清楚;(3)洁净环境、仪器设备表面、实验耗材和培养基等消毒灭菌不彻底,操作过程中存在污染,阴性样品错判为阳性或检出本次能力验证范围之外的微生物;(4)微生物生化鉴定能力不足,参与企业仅能按照作业指导书要求进行至非选择性平板划线,或参照《中华人民共和国药典》控制菌检查的方法和选择性培养基进行基本判断,部分参与企业虽使用生化鉴定管或集成的生化鉴定卡,但由于缺乏经验和生物学知识导致结果的误判;(5)分子生物学手段鉴定溯源的能力整体欠缺,259家参与企业仅有4家企业委托外部检测机构进行了16S rRNA基因测序,构建了系统发育树,但是也未达到在菌株水平上鉴定溯源的目的。
通则9203[5]从人员、设施和环境条件、检验方法、实验记录、结果的判断等13个方面对药品微生物实验室质量管理进行了详细的阐述和规定,而本次能力验证进一步证实了部分生产企业在微生物实验室质量管理能力上的不足,缺少合理且健全的管理规程和SOP来保障检验结果的准确性和可靠性。针对能力验证报告中发现的问题,结合通则9203,提出以下整改意见:(1)切实做好检验人员的理论教学和实操培训,必须对无菌操作、菌落形态学观察、菌种的转接、菌种染色和鉴定等基础的微生物检验技术考核合格后方可上岗,并建立继续教育平台,及时更新知识和技能,培养具备微生物学教育背景的管理人员,以应对突发的微生物污染事件;(2)实验记录必须原始、准确、清晰,需对实验中涉及的环境、设备、培养基和批号以及培养条件等记录和保存,具备追溯性。检验人员应严格按照SOP开展试验操作,尽可能降低人员操作造成的系统误差;(3)实验室的环境监测应根据日常监控和污染情况及时调整,通过监测结果的统计学分析,完成洁净室的风险评估,并制定有效的管理手段,保证实验环境不影响检验结果的准确性。实验室使用前后的清洁、消毒和卫生要彻底,要根据微生物的污染情况选择消毒效果最佳的消毒剂;(4)实验耗材和培养基应严格按照经验证的灭菌程序灭菌,灭菌设备实际应用的灭菌条件和装载状态需定期使用生物指示剂进行性能验证,以确保实验用耗材和培养基的无菌性;(5)微生物鉴定和溯源是生产企业过程控制微生物污染的理论和实践基础,也是建立符合自己生产特征污染菌种库的途径,更是药品质量控制的重要手段,企业应提高风险意识,加强人员管理,加大设备投入,不断提升药品微生物检验的水平[1-2]
  • *山东省重点研发计划重大科技创新工程项目(2021CXGC010511)
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2024年第44卷第3期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024.03.07
  • 接收时间:2023-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2024-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-23
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*山东省重点研发计划重大科技创新工程项目(2021CXGC010511)
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    1.山东省食品药品检验研究院,济南 250101
    2.山东省食品药品安全检测工程技术研究中心,济南 250101
    3.产业技术基础公共服务平台,济南 250101
    4.山东大学药学院,济南 250012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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