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The components of biological samples are complex, and the concentration range of target analytes varies significantly. Therefore, sample pretreatment is particularly important for subsequent analysis. With the continuous development of analytical techniques, the requirements for sample pretreatment are also increasing. Pretreatment technologies are evolving towards microscale, time-saving, high-efficiency, online, and environmentally friendly directions to meet the requirements of complex matrices and trace analysis. Online pretreatment technologies integrate sample pretreatment steps and subsequent detection processes directly into an automated system, which can reduce steps and errors, improve analysis efficiency and sensitivity, and achieve automatic, rapid, and efficient analysis of target compounds. This paper reviews the online pretreatment technologies for biological samples in China and abroad in the past 10 years, offering valuable insights to guide future research and innovation in the realm of biological sample pretreatment.

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生物样品成分复杂,且目标分析物的浓度范围差异显著,因此,样品前处理对后续分析显得尤为重要。随着分析技术的不断发展,对样品前处理的要求也日益提高,前处理技术正在向微量、省时、高效、在线和环保的方向发展,以适应复杂基质和痕量分析的要求。在线前处理技术将样品前处理步骤与后续分析检测过程直接集成到自动化系统中,可减少步骤和误差,提高分析效率和灵敏度,实现目标化合物的自动、快速和高效分析。本文对近10年来国内外生物样品在线前处理技术进行综述,为后续生物样品预处理技术的进一步深入研究及开发提供参考。

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** 刘颖玲 Tel:15808750326;E-mail:;
李霁 Tel:15087085021;E-mail:
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Yunnan Institute of Medical Device Inspection, Kunming 650101, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1206300926940344691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, companyId=1206300926927761777, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.云南省医疗器械检验研究院,昆明 650101)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1206300931679908451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Application of on-line SPE techniques in the analysis of biological samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
在线固相萃取填料/柱
(on-line solid-phase extraction sorbent/column)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(limit of quantitation)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人血清
(human serum)
美坦素(methantheline)C18SPE-LC-MS/MS0.2 ng · mL-110[10]
人血浆
(human plasma)
X射线造影剂
(X-ray contrast agents)
苯基(phenyl)SPE-POPLC10 μg · mL-115[11]
人脑脊液
(human cerebrospinal fluid)
替考拉宁
(teicoplanin)
C8SPE-2DLC-MS/MS25 μg · L-152[12]
人血浆
(human plasma)
雌苷N-氧化物
(estragole N-oxide)
C8SPE-LC-ESI MS/MS25 pg · mL-110.5[13]
人血清
(human serum)
磺胺类药物
(sulfonamides)
阴离子交换吸附剂
(anion exchange sorbent)
SPE-LC-PIF6.0~11.9 mg · L-118[14]
人血浆
(human plasma)
10种抗精神病药
(ten antipsychotics)
C8SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS0.003 21~2.75 μg · L-110[15]
人尿液
(human urine)
巴比妥类药物
(barbiturates)
Oasis HLBSPE-CE-UV10~100 ng · mL-113[16]
人尿液
(human urine)
RS-3,4-MDPVOasis HLBSPE-CE-MS30 ng · mL-135[17]
人血浆
(human plasma)
氨磺必利(amisulpride)Capcell Pak MF Ph-1SPE-HPLC0.012 μg · mL-110[18]
人血清
(human serum)
16种类固醇
(16 steroids)
C8/C18SPE-LC-MS/MSC18 : 2~10 000 pg · mL-1
C8 : 1~25 000 pg · mL-1
5~15[19]
含酶基质
(enzyme-containing
matrix)
肝素类药物
(heparinoids)
C18SPE-LC-MS3 μg · L-14[20]
绵羊尿液
(sheep urine)
β-受体激动剂
(β-agonists)
Turboflow-C18-PSPE-HPLC-MS/MS0.1 μg · L-115[21]
人脑脊液
(human cerebrospinal
fluid)
delamanid及代谢物DM-6705(delamanid and metabolite DM-6705)Phenomenex Gemini-NX C18SPE-LC-MS/MS0.300 ng · mL-17.5[22]
人尿液
(human urine)
肌酐(creatinine)强阳离子交换SPE柱
(strong cation exchange SPE
column)
SPE-UV-Vis0.5 mmol · L-1<3.5[23]
人全血/血清
(human whole blood/serum)
甲氨蝶呤及代谢物
(methotrexate and
metabolites)
Turboflow HTLC CycloneSPE-LC-MS15.6 μg · L-117[24]
人血浆
(human plasma)
α-鹅膏菌素和β-鹅膏菌素(α-amanitin and β-amanitin)Shimadzu-GLSPE-LC-MS/MS0.05 ng · mL-114[25]
韩国人尿液
(Korean human
urine)
双酚A(bisphenol A)ACE 5 C18-五氟苯基柱
(ace 5 C18-pentafluorophenyl
column)
SPE-HPLC-MS/MS1 μg · L-120[26]
人血浆
(human plasma)
奥卡西平及代谢物利卡巴西平(oxcarbazepine and metabolite licarbazepine)亲水-亲脂平衡吸附剂
(hydrophilic-lipophilic
balanced sorbent)
SPE-LC-HRMS0.008 μg · mL-18[27]
人头发
(human hair)
尼古丁、可替宁
(nicotine,cotinine)
Chromolith® Speed ROD RP-18eSPE-LC-MS/MS0.135~1.35 pg · mg-17[28]
人唾液
(human saliva)
皮质醇和可的松
(cortisol and cortisone)
Phenomenex-Strata C18-eSPE-LC-ESI MS/MS5~10 pg · mL-17[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300931788960362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

在线SPE技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
在线固相萃取填料/柱
(on-line solid-phase extraction sorbent/column)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(limit of quantitation)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人血清
(human serum)
美坦素(methantheline)C18SPE-LC-MS/MS0.2 ng · mL-110[10]
人血浆
(human plasma)
X射线造影剂
(X-ray contrast agents)
苯基(phenyl)SPE-POPLC10 μg · mL-115[11]
人脑脊液
(human cerebrospinal fluid)
替考拉宁
(teicoplanin)
C8SPE-2DLC-MS/MS25 μg · L-152[12]
人血浆
(human plasma)
雌苷N-氧化物
(estragole N-oxide)
C8SPE-LC-ESI MS/MS25 pg · mL-110.5[13]
人血清
(human serum)
磺胺类药物
(sulfonamides)
阴离子交换吸附剂
(anion exchange sorbent)
SPE-LC-PIF6.0~11.9 mg · L-118[14]
人血浆
(human plasma)
10种抗精神病药
(ten antipsychotics)
C8SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS0.003 21~2.75 μg · L-110[15]
人尿液
(human urine)
巴比妥类药物
(barbiturates)
Oasis HLBSPE-CE-UV10~100 ng · mL-113[16]
人尿液
(human urine)
RS-3,4-MDPVOasis HLBSPE-CE-MS30 ng · mL-135[17]
人血浆
(human plasma)
氨磺必利(amisulpride)Capcell Pak MF Ph-1SPE-HPLC0.012 μg · mL-110[18]
人血清
(human serum)
16种类固醇
(16 steroids)
C8/C18SPE-LC-MS/MSC18 : 2~10 000 pg · mL-1
C8 : 1~25 000 pg · mL-1
5~15[19]
含酶基质
(enzyme-containing
matrix)
肝素类药物
(heparinoids)
C18SPE-LC-MS3 μg · L-14[20]
绵羊尿液
(sheep urine)
β-受体激动剂
(β-agonists)
Turboflow-C18-PSPE-HPLC-MS/MS0.1 μg · L-115[21]
人脑脊液
(human cerebrospinal
fluid)
delamanid及代谢物DM-6705(delamanid and metabolite DM-6705)Phenomenex Gemini-NX C18SPE-LC-MS/MS0.300 ng · mL-17.5[22]
人尿液
(human urine)
肌酐(creatinine)强阳离子交换SPE柱
(strong cation exchange SPE
column)
SPE-UV-Vis0.5 mmol · L-1<3.5[23]
人全血/血清
(human whole blood/serum)
甲氨蝶呤及代谢物
(methotrexate and
metabolites)
Turboflow HTLC CycloneSPE-LC-MS15.6 μg · L-117[24]
人血浆
(human plasma)
α-鹅膏菌素和β-鹅膏菌素(α-amanitin and β-amanitin)Shimadzu-GLSPE-LC-MS/MS0.05 ng · mL-114[25]
韩国人尿液
(Korean human
urine)
双酚A(bisphenol A)ACE 5 C18-五氟苯基柱
(ace 5 C18-pentafluorophenyl
column)
SPE-HPLC-MS/MS1 μg · L-120[26]
人血浆
(human plasma)
奥卡西平及代谢物利卡巴西平(oxcarbazepine and metabolite licarbazepine)亲水-亲脂平衡吸附剂
(hydrophilic-lipophilic
balanced sorbent)
SPE-LC-HRMS0.008 μg · mL-18[27]
人头发
(human hair)
尼古丁、可替宁
(nicotine,cotinine)
Chromolith® Speed ROD RP-18eSPE-LC-MS/MS0.135~1.35 pg · mg-17[28]
人唾液
(human saliva)
皮质醇和可的松
(cortisol and cortisone)
Phenomenex-Strata C18-eSPE-LC-ESI MS/MS5~10 pg · mL-17[29]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300931893817965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Application of on-line SPME technique in the analysis of biological samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(limit of quantitation)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人头发(human hair)尼古丁及代谢物可替宁
(nicotine and its metabolite cotinine)
SPME-LC-MS/MS5 pg · mL-15[32]
人呼出气冷凝物
(human exhaled breath
condensate)
6种醛代谢物(six aldehyde metabolites)SPME-HPLC7.7~12.3 nmol · L-120[33]
人唾液、血清或尿液
(human saliva,serum,or urine)
咖啡因及其3种主要代谢物
(caffeine and its three main metabolites)
IT-SPME-Cap-LC1~5 μg · mL-114~22[34]
人唾液(human saliva)4种甾体应激生物标志物
(four steroid stress biomarkers)
IT-SPME-LC-MS/MS0.036~0.768 ng · mL-124[35]
人头发(human hair)多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)IT-SPME-HPLC-FLD20 pg · mL-135[36]
人血浆和尿液
(human plasma and urine)
抗癫痫药物(antiepileptic drugs)IT-SPME-MS0.1~0.2 ng · mL-116[37]
人尿液(human urine)5种雌激素(five estrogens)IT-SPM-HPLC0.008 0~0.16 μg · L-124[38]
人尿液(human urine)8-OHdG、肌酐(8-ohdg,creatinine)IT-SPME-LC-MS/MS0.05~0.5 ng · mL-17[39]
大鼠脑(rat brain)AEA、2-AGIT-SPME-MS/MS6.0~10.0 ng · mL-112[40]
人尿液(human urine)杂环胺(heterocyclic amines)IT-SPME-LC-MS/MS1.7~4.1 pg · mL-115[41]
兔血浆(rabbit plasma)尼古丁及其代谢物
(nicotine and its metabolites)
SPME-LC-MS0.05~1 μg · L-16[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300931990286964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

在线SPME技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(limit of quantitation)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人头发(human hair)尼古丁及代谢物可替宁
(nicotine and its metabolite cotinine)
SPME-LC-MS/MS5 pg · mL-15[32]
人呼出气冷凝物
(human exhaled breath
condensate)
6种醛代谢物(six aldehyde metabolites)SPME-HPLC7.7~12.3 nmol · L-120[33]
人唾液、血清或尿液
(human saliva,serum,or urine)
咖啡因及其3种主要代谢物
(caffeine and its three main metabolites)
IT-SPME-Cap-LC1~5 μg · mL-114~22[34]
人唾液(human saliva)4种甾体应激生物标志物
(four steroid stress biomarkers)
IT-SPME-LC-MS/MS0.036~0.768 ng · mL-124[35]
人头发(human hair)多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)IT-SPME-HPLC-FLD20 pg · mL-135[36]
人血浆和尿液
(human plasma and urine)
抗癫痫药物(antiepileptic drugs)IT-SPME-MS0.1~0.2 ng · mL-116[37]
人尿液(human urine)5种雌激素(five estrogens)IT-SPM-HPLC0.008 0~0.16 μg · L-124[38]
人尿液(human urine)8-OHdG、肌酐(8-ohdg,creatinine)IT-SPME-LC-MS/MS0.05~0.5 ng · mL-17[39]
大鼠脑(rat brain)AEA、2-AGIT-SPME-MS/MS6.0~10.0 ng · mL-112[40]
人尿液(human urine)杂环胺(heterocyclic amines)IT-SPME-LC-MS/MS1.7~4.1 pg · mL-115[41]
兔血浆(rabbit plasma)尼古丁及其代谢物
(nicotine and its metabolites)
SPME-LC-MS0.05~1 μg · L-16[42]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300932065784439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Application of CS technology in biological sample analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
是否需要样品预处理
(sample pretreatment required)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technology)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人血浆31种苯二氮卓类药物乙酸铵-乙腈(33 : 67)CS-UFLC-MS/MS50 ng · mL-17[44]
(human plasma)(31 benzodiazepines)稀释、离心、过滤
(ammonium acetate-acetonitrile 33 : 67,v/v
dilution,centrifugation,filtration)
人尿液
(human urine)
3种β受体阻滞剂
(3 β-blockers)
稀释(dilution)CS-HPLC4.6~9.2 ng · mL-18[45]
人血清
(human serum)
5种不同药理学类别的降压药物(5 antihypertensive drugs of different pharmacological classes)稀释(dilution)CS-UHPLC-MS/MS0.40~60 μg · L-112[46]
人脑脊液
(human
cerebrospinal
fluid)
delamanid及主要代谢物
DM-6705(delamanid and main metabolite DM-6705)
PPCS-LC-MS/MS0.3~30 ng · mL-17.5[22]
人尿液
(human urine)
安非他明对映体
(amphetamine enantiomers)
稀释(dilution)CS-LC-MS/MS0.05 mg · L-16.4[47]
人尿液
(human urine)
12种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物
(12 phthalate metabolites)
葡萄糖化、解偶联、甲酸停
止反应
(glucosylation,decoupling,formic acid quenching)
CS-LC-MS/MS0.1 ng · mL-125[48]
狗血清
(dog serum)
9种类固醇(9 steroids)PP(protein precipitation)CS-LC-MS/MS5~50 pg · mL-112[49]
人血清
(human serum)
10种抗精神病药物
(10 antipsychotics)
过滤(filtration)CS-UHPLC-MS/MS0.003 21~2.75 g · L-110[50]
人唾液
(human saliva)
皮质醇和可的松
(cortisol and cortisone)
衍生化(derivatization)CS-LC-ESI MS/MS5~10 pg · mL-17[29]
人血清
(human serum)
非甾体抗炎药(nsaids)稀释、离心
(dilution,centrifugation)
CS-HPLC-UV50 ng · mL-115[51]
人血浆
(human plasma)
模型药物Tetrandrine
(model drug tetrandrine)
否(no)CS-LC-MS/MS40.0 ng · mL-112[52]
人头发
(human hair)
乙基葡糖苷酸
(ethyl glucuronide)
4 ℃水孵育、离心、过滤
(4 ℃ water incubation,centrifugation,filtration)
CS-HPLC-MS/MS5 pg · mg-113[53]
人尿液
(human urine)
阿片类和苯二氮䓬类
(opioids and benzodiazepines)
离心取上清液
(centrifugation to collect
supernatant)
CS-LC-MS/MS1~20 ng · mL-120[54]
大鼠血浆
(rat plasma)
利福平(rifampicin)否(no)CS-HPLC0.25 μg · mL-115[55]
人血清
(human serum)
利奈唑胺(linezolid)PPCS-LC-MS/MS1.2 mg · L-14[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300932187419259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CS技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
是否需要样品预处理
(sample pretreatment required)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technology)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人血浆31种苯二氮卓类药物乙酸铵-乙腈(33 : 67)CS-UFLC-MS/MS50 ng · mL-17[44]
(human plasma)(31 benzodiazepines)稀释、离心、过滤
(ammonium acetate-acetonitrile 33 : 67,v/v
dilution,centrifugation,filtration)
人尿液
(human urine)
3种β受体阻滞剂
(3 β-blockers)
稀释(dilution)CS-HPLC4.6~9.2 ng · mL-18[45]
人血清
(human serum)
5种不同药理学类别的降压药物(5 antihypertensive drugs of different pharmacological classes)稀释(dilution)CS-UHPLC-MS/MS0.40~60 μg · L-112[46]
人脑脊液
(human
cerebrospinal
fluid)
delamanid及主要代谢物
DM-6705(delamanid and main metabolite DM-6705)
PPCS-LC-MS/MS0.3~30 ng · mL-17.5[22]
人尿液
(human urine)
安非他明对映体
(amphetamine enantiomers)
稀释(dilution)CS-LC-MS/MS0.05 mg · L-16.4[47]
人尿液
(human urine)
12种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物
(12 phthalate metabolites)
葡萄糖化、解偶联、甲酸停
止反应
(glucosylation,decoupling,formic acid quenching)
CS-LC-MS/MS0.1 ng · mL-125[48]
狗血清
(dog serum)
9种类固醇(9 steroids)PP(protein precipitation)CS-LC-MS/MS5~50 pg · mL-112[49]
人血清
(human serum)
10种抗精神病药物
(10 antipsychotics)
过滤(filtration)CS-UHPLC-MS/MS0.003 21~2.75 g · L-110[50]
人唾液
(human saliva)
皮质醇和可的松
(cortisol and cortisone)
衍生化(derivatization)CS-LC-ESI MS/MS5~10 pg · mL-17[29]
人血清
(human serum)
非甾体抗炎药(nsaids)稀释、离心
(dilution,centrifugation)
CS-HPLC-UV50 ng · mL-115[51]
人血浆
(human plasma)
模型药物Tetrandrine
(model drug tetrandrine)
否(no)CS-LC-MS/MS40.0 ng · mL-112[52]
人头发
(human hair)
乙基葡糖苷酸
(ethyl glucuronide)
4 ℃水孵育、离心、过滤
(4 ℃ water incubation,centrifugation,filtration)
CS-HPLC-MS/MS5 pg · mg-113[53]
人尿液
(human urine)
阿片类和苯二氮䓬类
(opioids and benzodiazepines)
离心取上清液
(centrifugation to collect
supernatant)
CS-LC-MS/MS1~20 ng · mL-120[54]
大鼠血浆
(rat plasma)
利福平(rifampicin)否(no)CS-HPLC0.25 μg · mL-115[55]
人血清
(human serum)
利奈唑胺(linezolid)PPCS-LC-MS/MS1.2 mg · L-14[56]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300932397134466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Application of in-line RAM technique in the analysis of biological samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
限进填料/柱
(restricted access material/column)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人血清
(human serum)
非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)微纳米纤维组成的聚-ɛ-己内酯复合吸附剂(poly-ɛ-caprolactone composite adsorbent composed of micro-nanofibers)RAM-HPLC50 ng · mL-115[51]
人血浆
(human plasma)
氨磺必利(amisulpride)Capcell Pak MF Ph-1RAM-HPLC0.012 μg · mL-110[18]
血清(serum)雌激素(estrogens)WCX RAMRAM-LC-MS/MS3~7 pg · mL-115[59]
大鼠血浆
(rat plasma)
利福平(rifampin)RAM柱(45 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm,国产)
[RAM column(45 mm×4.6 mm,5 mm),made in China]
RAM-HPLC0.25 μg · mL-115[55]
人脑脊液
(human cerebrospinal
fluid)
4种内源性雌激素
(4 endogenous estrogens)
Shim-pack MAYI-C4,10 mm×4.6 mmRAM-LC-MS/MS13~30 pg · mL-122[60]
人血清
(human serum)
5种不同药理学类别的降压药物(5 antihypertensive drugs from different pharmacological classes)RACNTsRAM-UHPLC-MS/MS0.4~60 μg · L-112[46]
人血清
(human serum)
抗吸烟药物(伐尼克兰和安非他酮)、尼古丁及其代谢物[anti-smoking drugs(varenicline and bupropion),nicotine and its metabolites]RAHCNTsRAM-UHPLC-MS/MS1.0~5.0 μg · L-115[61]
人血浆
(human plasma)
苯巴比妥、卡马西平和扑米酮
(phenobarbital,carbamazepine,and primidone)
RACNTRAM-HPLC2.0 mg · L-112[62]
人血浆
(human plasma)
中枢神经系统药物
(central nervous system drugs)
C8-ADSRAM-UHPLC-MS/MS0.025~0.625 ng · mL-110[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300932481020547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

在线RAM技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
限进填料/柱
(restricted access material/column)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人血清
(human serum)
非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)微纳米纤维组成的聚-ɛ-己内酯复合吸附剂(poly-ɛ-caprolactone composite adsorbent composed of micro-nanofibers)RAM-HPLC50 ng · mL-115[51]
人血浆
(human plasma)
氨磺必利(amisulpride)Capcell Pak MF Ph-1RAM-HPLC0.012 μg · mL-110[18]
血清(serum)雌激素(estrogens)WCX RAMRAM-LC-MS/MS3~7 pg · mL-115[59]
大鼠血浆
(rat plasma)
利福平(rifampin)RAM柱(45 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm,国产)
[RAM column(45 mm×4.6 mm,5 mm),made in China]
RAM-HPLC0.25 μg · mL-115[55]
人脑脊液
(human cerebrospinal
fluid)
4种内源性雌激素
(4 endogenous estrogens)
Shim-pack MAYI-C4,10 mm×4.6 mmRAM-LC-MS/MS13~30 pg · mL-122[60]
人血清
(human serum)
5种不同药理学类别的降压药物(5 antihypertensive drugs from different pharmacological classes)RACNTsRAM-UHPLC-MS/MS0.4~60 μg · L-112[46]
人血清
(human serum)
抗吸烟药物(伐尼克兰和安非他酮)、尼古丁及其代谢物[anti-smoking drugs(varenicline and bupropion),nicotine and its metabolites]RAHCNTsRAM-UHPLC-MS/MS1.0~5.0 μg · L-115[61]
人血浆
(human plasma)
苯巴比妥、卡马西平和扑米酮
(phenobarbital,carbamazepine,and primidone)
RACNTRAM-HPLC2.0 mg · L-112[62]
人血浆
(human plasma)
中枢神经系统药物
(central nervous system drugs)
C8-ADSRAM-UHPLC-MS/MS0.025~0.625 ng · mL-110[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300932602655368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Application of online MI-SPE technique in the analysis of biological samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
模板分子
(template molecule)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人尿液
(human urine)
1-羟基芘(1-hydroxypyrene)MIP-LS-50B型发光光谱仪
(MIP-LS-50B Luminescence Spectrometer)
10.5 μg · L-11.5[65]
人血清
(human serum)
ProGastrin释放肽
(ProGastrin-releasing peptide)
MIP-LC-MS/MS17.2 pmol · L-150[66]
人血浆、唾液
(human plasma,saliva)
可卡因(cocaine)MIP-NanoLC-UV6.1~25.5 ng · mL-110[67]
人血清
(human serum)
六肽ELPLYR
(hexapeptide ELPLYR)
MIP-LC-MS/MS3.4 ng · mL-133[68]
人血浆、尿液
(human plasma,urine)
胆红素(bilirubin)MIP-LC-MS/MS血浆(plasma):1.6 nmol · L-
尿液(urine):5 nmol · L-1
1
7
[69]
人血浆
(human plasma)
氟西汀、甲基丙烯酸和乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(fluoxetine,methyl methacrylate,and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)MIP-HPLC-UV20 μg · L-123[70]
人血浆、尿液
(human plasma,urine)
胰岛素(insulin)MIP-HPLC血浆(plasma):0.7 ng · mL-
尿液(urine):0.1 ng · mL-1
1
30
[71]
人尿液(human urine)氧烯洛尔(oxprenolol)MIP-LC-MS/MS1~3 μg · L-113[72]
人血浆(human plasma)阿米替林(amitriptyline)MIP-LC-MS/MS15.0 μg · L-110.4[73]
人尿液(human urine)邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate)MIP-GC-MS0.18~4.01 ng · mL-112[74]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300932694930060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

在线MI-SPE技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
模板分子
(template molecule)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人尿液
(human urine)
1-羟基芘(1-hydroxypyrene)MIP-LS-50B型发光光谱仪
(MIP-LS-50B Luminescence Spectrometer)
10.5 μg · L-11.5[65]
人血清
(human serum)
ProGastrin释放肽
(ProGastrin-releasing peptide)
MIP-LC-MS/MS17.2 pmol · L-150[66]
人血浆、唾液
(human plasma,saliva)
可卡因(cocaine)MIP-NanoLC-UV6.1~25.5 ng · mL-110[67]
人血清
(human serum)
六肽ELPLYR
(hexapeptide ELPLYR)
MIP-LC-MS/MS3.4 ng · mL-133[68]
人血浆、尿液
(human plasma,urine)
胆红素(bilirubin)MIP-LC-MS/MS血浆(plasma):1.6 nmol · L-
尿液(urine):5 nmol · L-1
1
7
[69]
人血浆
(human plasma)
氟西汀、甲基丙烯酸和乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(fluoxetine,methyl methacrylate,and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)MIP-HPLC-UV20 μg · L-123[70]
人血浆、尿液
(human plasma,urine)
胰岛素(insulin)MIP-HPLC血浆(plasma):0.7 ng · mL-
尿液(urine):0.1 ng · mL-1
1
30
[71]
人尿液(human urine)氧烯洛尔(oxprenolol)MIP-LC-MS/MS1~3 μg · L-113[72]
人血浆(human plasma)阿米替林(amitriptyline)MIP-LC-MS/MS15.0 μg · L-110.4[73]
人尿液(human urine)邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate)MIP-GC-MS0.18~4.01 ng · mL-112[74]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300932787204752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=

Application of on-line MD sampling technique in biological sample analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品组织
(biological sample tissue)
被检测物
(analyte)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
探针回收率
(probe recovery rate)/%
文献
(Ref.)
大鼠肝脏(rat liver)24种代谢物(24 metabolites)MD-OE-ESI-MS0.005 mg · mL-1-[75]
大鼠脑(rat brain)内源性代谢物(endogenous metabolites)MD-CE-MS37~946 ng · mL-1-[76]
大鼠血浆、脑
(rat plasma,brain)
头孢洛林(cefalonium)MD-LC-MS/MS0.5 ng · mL-118.3±1.5,19.40±1.91[77]
大鼠脑(rat brain)巴胺、血清素、甲基苯丙胺、安非他明、4-羟安非他明
(dopamine,serotonin,methamphetamine,amphetamine,4-hydroxyamphetamine)
MD-LC-MS/MS0.01 ng · mL-112.0~37.5[78]
大鼠脑(rat brain)补阳还五汤中7种成分
(seven components in buyang huanwu decoction)
MD-HPLC-MS/MS0.4~5 ng · mL-17.84~89.14[79]
大鼠脑(rat brain)汞(mercury)MD-μFPCAVD-ICP MS10 ng · L-15~10[80]
大鼠心脏(rat heart)丙烯酰胺及其初级代谢产物
(acrylamide and its primary metabolites)
MD-LC-MS/MS0.01~0.05 µg · mL-110~15[81]
大鼠血液(rat blood)马兜铃酸I和Ⅱ、马兜铃内酰胺I和Ⅱ
(aristolochic acid i and Ⅱ,aristolactam i and Ⅱ)
MD-LC-MS/MS1~32.5 ng · mL-13.0~15.4[82]
鼠脑纹状体
(rat brain striatum)
DA、DOPAc、HvA、5 · HT、5 · HIAAMD-HPLC-ECD0.2 ng · mL-15.3~28.3[83]
大鼠脑(rat brain)烟碱及其5种代谢物(nicotine and its 5 metabolites)MD-UPLC-MS/MS0.039~0.098 ng · mL-14.7~9.3[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300933982581395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

在线MD取样技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品组织
(biological sample tissue)
被检测物
(analyte)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
探针回收率
(probe recovery rate)/%
文献
(Ref.)
大鼠肝脏(rat liver)24种代谢物(24 metabolites)MD-OE-ESI-MS0.005 mg · mL-1-[75]
大鼠脑(rat brain)内源性代谢物(endogenous metabolites)MD-CE-MS37~946 ng · mL-1-[76]
大鼠血浆、脑
(rat plasma,brain)
头孢洛林(cefalonium)MD-LC-MS/MS0.5 ng · mL-118.3±1.5,19.40±1.91[77]
大鼠脑(rat brain)巴胺、血清素、甲基苯丙胺、安非他明、4-羟安非他明
(dopamine,serotonin,methamphetamine,amphetamine,4-hydroxyamphetamine)
MD-LC-MS/MS0.01 ng · mL-112.0~37.5[78]
大鼠脑(rat brain)补阳还五汤中7种成分
(seven components in buyang huanwu decoction)
MD-HPLC-MS/MS0.4~5 ng · mL-17.84~89.14[79]
大鼠脑(rat brain)汞(mercury)MD-μFPCAVD-ICP MS10 ng · L-15~10[80]
大鼠心脏(rat heart)丙烯酰胺及其初级代谢产物
(acrylamide and its primary metabolites)
MD-LC-MS/MS0.01~0.05 µg · mL-110~15[81]
大鼠血液(rat blood)马兜铃酸I和Ⅱ、马兜铃内酰胺I和Ⅱ
(aristolochic acid i and Ⅱ,aristolactam i and Ⅱ)
MD-LC-MS/MS1~32.5 ng · mL-13.0~15.4[82]
鼠脑纹状体
(rat brain striatum)
DA、DOPAc、HvA、5 · HT、5 · HIAAMD-HPLC-ECD0.2 ng · mL-15.3~28.3[83]
大鼠脑(rat brain)烟碱及其5种代谢物(nicotine and its 5 metabolites)MD-UPLC-MS/MS0.039~0.098 ng · mL-14.7~9.3[84]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300934091633305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=

Application of online TFC technique in the analysis of biological samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人尿液
(human urine)
α-鹅膏菌素和β-鹅膏菌素
(α-amanitin and β-amanitin)
TFC-(HR)-MS/MS1 ng · mL-115[87]
人尿液
(human urine)
游离皮质醇和游离可的松
(free cortisol and free cortisone)
TFC-HPLC-MS/MS1~2 ng · mL-19.5[88]
人血清
(human serum)
西酞普兰、舍曲林、安非他酮及其活性代谢物羟基胺
非他酮(OH-安非他酮)
(citalopram,sertraline,bupropion and its active
metabolite hydroxybupropion)
TFC-MS/MS5 ng · mL-15[89]
人血浆
(human plasma)
美布汀及其活性代谢物N-单去甲基三美布汀
(mebeverine and its active metabolite
N-desmethylmebeverine)
TFC-HPLC-MS/MS10 ng · mL-17[90]
人血清
(human serum)
6种全氟烷基物质、2种磺酸盐、3种羧酸盐和1种磺
酰胺
(6 perfluoroalkyl substances,2 sulfonates,3 carboxylates,and 1 sulfonamide)
TFC-HPLC-MS/MS0.1 μg · L-18.5[91]
人尿液
(human urine)
有机磷和拟除虫菊酯代谢物
(organophosphorus and pyrethroid metabolites)
TFC-UHPLC-Orbitrap MS1~10 μg · L-113.83[92]
人血浆、脑脊液
(human plasma,cerebrospinal fluid)
苯唑西林和氯唑西林(oxacillin and cloxacillin)TFC-LC-MS0.5 μg · mL-110[93]
人血清
(human serum)
MTX、7-OH MTX、DAMPATFC-LC-MS/MS5 ng · mL-15[94]
人血浆
(human plasma)
伊立替康及其代谢物SN38(irinotecan and its metabolite SN38)TFC-LC-MS/MS5~25 ng · mL-110.29[95]
血清
(serum)
羟孕酮、雄烯二酮、17-皮质醇和睾酮
(hydroxyprogesterone,androstenedione,cortisol,and
testosterone)
TFC-LC-MS/MS0.02~1 ng · mL-19[96]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300934200685212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

在线TFC技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(Ref.)
人尿液
(human urine)
α-鹅膏菌素和β-鹅膏菌素
(α-amanitin and β-amanitin)
TFC-(HR)-MS/MS1 ng · mL-115[87]
人尿液
(human urine)
游离皮质醇和游离可的松
(free cortisol and free cortisone)
TFC-HPLC-MS/MS1~2 ng · mL-19.5[88]
人血清
(human serum)
西酞普兰、舍曲林、安非他酮及其活性代谢物羟基胺
非他酮(OH-安非他酮)
(citalopram,sertraline,bupropion and its active
metabolite hydroxybupropion)
TFC-MS/MS5 ng · mL-15[89]
人血浆
(human plasma)
美布汀及其活性代谢物N-单去甲基三美布汀
(mebeverine and its active metabolite
N-desmethylmebeverine)
TFC-HPLC-MS/MS10 ng · mL-17[90]
人血清
(human serum)
6种全氟烷基物质、2种磺酸盐、3种羧酸盐和1种磺
酰胺
(6 perfluoroalkyl substances,2 sulfonates,3 carboxylates,and 1 sulfonamide)
TFC-HPLC-MS/MS0.1 μg · L-18.5[91]
人尿液
(human urine)
有机磷和拟除虫菊酯代谢物
(organophosphorus and pyrethroid metabolites)
TFC-UHPLC-Orbitrap MS1~10 μg · L-113.83[92]
人血浆、脑脊液
(human plasma,cerebrospinal fluid)
苯唑西林和氯唑西林(oxacillin and cloxacillin)TFC-LC-MS0.5 μg · mL-110[93]
人血清
(human serum)
MTX、7-OH MTX、DAMPATFC-LC-MS/MS5 ng · mL-15[94]
人血浆
(human plasma)
伊立替康及其代谢物SN38(irinotecan and its metabolite SN38)TFC-LC-MS/MS5~25 ng · mL-110.29[95]
血清
(serum)
羟孕酮、雄烯二酮、17-皮质醇和睾酮
(hydroxyprogesterone,androstenedione,cortisol,and
testosterone)
TFC-LC-MS/MS0.02~1 ng · mL-19[96]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300934326514336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=

Application of on-line LPME technique in the analysis of biological samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
SLM耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(reference)
人尿液
(human urine)
四环素(tetracycline)1-辛胺
(1-octylamine)
LPME-HPLC-UV0.5 mg · L-16.7[102]
生理溶液、尿液和干血斑(physiological solution,urine,and dried blood spot)模型碱性药物:去甲替林、氟哌
啶醇、洛哌丁胺和罂粟碱
(model basic drugs:nortriptyline,haloperidol,loperamide,and
papaverine)
DHE-ENB(1 : 1)
的混合溶剂
(DHE and ENB
(1 : 1 mixed
solvent))
HF-LPME/CE-UV2 μg · L-110[103]
干血斑和废水
(dried blood spot and
wastewater)
酸性药物:布洛芬、萘普生、酮洛芬和双氯芬酸(acidic drugs:ibuprofen,naproxen,ketoprofen,and diclofenac)DHEHF-LPME/CE-UV0.3~5.5 μg · L-130[104]
尿液(urine)非甾体抗炎药的模型:酮洛芬、
萘普生、双氯芬酸和布洛芬
(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs:ketoprofen,naproxen,diclofenac,and ibuprofen)
DHECNF@HF-LPME-HPLC5.3~14.3 μg · L-122[105]
人尿液
(human urine)
4种氟喹诺酮类药物
(4 fluoroquinolones)
1-辛醇
(1-octanol)
LPME-HPLC0.29~0.38 μg · mL-17[106]
水和人尿液
(water and human
urine)
依西美坦、来曲唑和紫杉醇
(exemestane,letrozole,and
paclitaxel)
正十二烷
n-dodecane)
HF-LPME-HPLC-UV0.9~1.8 μg · L-135[107]
), ArticleFig(id=1206300934427177637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205117023404326918, articleId=1206272756430205270, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

在线LPME技术在生物样品分析中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物样品
(biological sample)
被检测物
(analyte)
SLM耦合检测技术
(coupled detection technique)
定量限
(quantitation limit)
单次分析时间
(time for a single analysis)/min
文献
(reference)
人尿液
(human urine)
四环素(tetracycline)1-辛胺
(1-octylamine)
LPME-HPLC-UV0.5 mg · L-16.7[102]
生理溶液、尿液和干血斑(physiological solution,urine,and dried blood spot)模型碱性药物:去甲替林、氟哌
啶醇、洛哌丁胺和罂粟碱
(model basic drugs:nortriptyline,haloperidol,loperamide,and
papaverine)
DHE-ENB(1 : 1)
的混合溶剂
(DHE and ENB
(1 : 1 mixed
solvent))
HF-LPME/CE-UV2 μg · L-110[103]
干血斑和废水
(dried blood spot and
wastewater)
酸性药物:布洛芬、萘普生、酮洛芬和双氯芬酸(acidic drugs:ibuprofen,naproxen,ketoprofen,and diclofenac)DHEHF-LPME/CE-UV0.3~5.5 μg · L-130[104]
尿液(urine)非甾体抗炎药的模型:酮洛芬、
萘普生、双氯芬酸和布洛芬
(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs:ketoprofen,naproxen,diclofenac,and ibuprofen)
DHECNF@HF-LPME-HPLC5.3~14.3 μg · L-122[105]
人尿液
(human urine)
4种氟喹诺酮类药物
(4 fluoroquinolones)
1-辛醇
(1-octanol)
LPME-HPLC0.29~0.38 μg · mL-17[106]
水和人尿液
(water and human
urine)
依西美坦、来曲唑和紫杉醇
(exemestane,letrozole,and
paclitaxel)
正十二烷
n-dodecane)
HF-LPME-HPLC-UV0.9~1.8 μg · L-135[107]
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在线前处理技术在生物样品分析中的应用进展*
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李海兰 1, 2 , 刘玉苹 1 , 姚建能 1, 2 , 刘颖玲 3, ** , 李霁 1, 2, **
药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025,45(5): 739-753
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药物分析杂志 | 综述专论 2025, 45(5): 739-753
在线前处理技术在生物样品分析中的应用进展*
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李海兰1, 2 , 刘玉苹1, 姚建能1, 2, 刘颖玲3, ** , 李霁1, 2, **
作者信息
  • 1.昆明医科大学药学院暨云南省天然药物药理重点实验室,昆明 650500
  • 2.云南省现代生物医药产业学院,昆明 650500
  • 3.云南省医疗器械检验研究院,昆明 650101
  • Tel:13988403650;E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 刘颖玲 Tel:15808750326;E-mail:;
李霁 Tel:15087085021;E-mail:
Progress of online pretreatment technology in the application of biological sample analysis
Hai-lan LI1, 2 , Yu-ping LIU1, Jian-neng YAO1, 2, Ying-ling LIU3, ** , Ji LI1, 2, **
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
  • 2. Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming 650500, China
  • 3. Yunnan Institute of Medical Device Inspection, Kunming 650101, China
doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1062
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生物样品成分复杂,且目标分析物的浓度范围差异显著,因此,样品前处理对后续分析显得尤为重要。随着分析技术的不断发展,对样品前处理的要求也日益提高,前处理技术正在向微量、省时、高效、在线和环保的方向发展,以适应复杂基质和痕量分析的要求。在线前处理技术将样品前处理步骤与后续分析检测过程直接集成到自动化系统中,可减少步骤和误差,提高分析效率和灵敏度,实现目标化合物的自动、快速和高效分析。本文对近10年来国内外生物样品在线前处理技术进行综述,为后续生物样品预处理技术的进一步深入研究及开发提供参考。

在线前处理  /  生物样品  /  固相萃取技术  /  固相微萃取技术  /  柱切换技术  /  限进填料技术  /  分子印迹技术  /  微透析技术  /  湍流色谱技术  /  液相微萃取技术

The components of biological samples are complex, and the concentration range of target analytes varies significantly. Therefore, sample pretreatment is particularly important for subsequent analysis. With the continuous development of analytical techniques, the requirements for sample pretreatment are also increasing. Pretreatment technologies are evolving towards microscale, time-saving, high-efficiency, online, and environmentally friendly directions to meet the requirements of complex matrices and trace analysis. Online pretreatment technologies integrate sample pretreatment steps and subsequent detection processes directly into an automated system, which can reduce steps and errors, improve analysis efficiency and sensitivity, and achieve automatic, rapid, and efficient analysis of target compounds. This paper reviews the online pretreatment technologies for biological samples in China and abroad in the past 10 years, offering valuable insights to guide future research and innovation in the realm of biological sample pretreatment.

online pretreatment  /  biological samples  /  solid phase extraction  /  solid phase microextraction  /  column switching  /  restricted access media  /  molecularly imprinted polymer  /  microdialysis  /  turbulent flow chromatograph  /  liquid phase microextraction
李海兰, 刘玉苹, 姚建能, 刘颖玲, 李霁. 在线前处理技术在生物样品分析中的应用进展*. 药物分析杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 739 -753 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1062
Hai-lan LI, Yu-ping LIU, Jian-neng YAO, Ying-ling LIU, Ji LI. Progress of online pretreatment technology in the application of biological sample analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2025 , 45 (5) : 739 -753 . DOI: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1062
生物样品预处理是体内分析中重要的一环,关系到最终分析结果是否准确。由于药物在人体内的存在形式多样,被测药物浓度较低,生物基质成分复杂,被测药物种类繁多,药物的理化性质各不相同等原因,造成了分析样品预处理过程困难、烦琐[1]。常见的预处理方法主要包括蛋白沉淀(protein precipitation,PP)、液液萃取(liquid-liquid extraction,LLE)和固相萃取(solid phase extraction,SPE)。PP是通过加入特定试剂使蛋白质沉降,将与蛋白结合的药物释放出来,以初步分离和富集目标成分;LLE利用待测物在2种不互溶的溶剂中的分配差异来实现分离,常用于提取亲脂性成分;SPE是先通过固相吸附剂选择性地吸附目标化合物,然后再用适当的溶剂进行洗脱。这些方法通常需要消耗大量的有毒试剂,不利于环保和且有损操作人员的健康,多个手动操作步骤也可能会引入误差,不利于在线处理和实现自动化[2]。理想的样品处理方法需快速、准确,只消耗少量的试剂[3],同时还要求样品完整性、高通量并能与后续分析兼容。
近年来,一些新的前处理技术不断涌现,如:微萃取技术可使用少量溶剂实现快速、高效富集;柱切换技术将预处理和分析同时运用于分析体系中;限进填料(RAM)技术能选择性地保留小分子,去除蛋白质等大分子基质成分,消除它们对分析物分离和检测的干扰;分子印迹技术具有分子识别能力和高选择性,可以对目标物进行专一识别;微透析技术可在活体状态下进行实时采样和分析;湍流色谱技术能将大的基质成分(如蛋白质)从小分子中分离出来,快速分析生物流体。这些新技术、新方法的出现,使生物样品处理技术正朝着低污染、低消耗、高选择性、高通量、自动化和在线分析的方向发展。
与离线分析相比,样品预处理技术与分析仪器的在线结合能显著减少因人员操作误差造成的个体差异,使定性和定量分析更精确,灵敏度更高。在线分析操作简单、环保,减少了样品处理过程中的溶剂用量,降低了对实验者和生态系统的危害[4-5],减少了工作量和分析时间。
自动在线前处理系统主要运用于药代动力学研究、治疗药物浓度监测、人体内源性物质分析、毒品毒物分析等,使用的样品包括全血、血浆、血清、尿液、唾液、组织等。此外,该技术还可用于其他多个领域,如:环境监测,可对环境样品(如水、土壤、空气等)中的污染物含量进行快速、准确的分析和检测;食品安全检测,用于食品样品的前处理,检测其中的有害物质、添加剂、农药残留等。自动在线前处理技术能够提高检验效率并充分保证操作者的安全,将人和实验中的废弃物完全隔离,实现高效、高通量分析。
SPE技术是一种广泛使用的样品处理技术,Broich等[6]在1971年首次将该技术用于尿液中滥用药物的提取,可同时完成样品富集和净化,主要优势是工艺简单,经济高效,有机溶剂消耗少,操作简单,与不同检测技术耦合的可能性大。无论是在线模式还是离线模式,吸附剂的种类繁多,使得SPE技术在样品处理中位于高适用性的地位。
SPE技术不仅可以在离线模式下进行,基于填料吸附剂的SPE技术与自动化萃取模式更为兼容,可以与分析仪器联用。例如,与HPLC及紫外-可见(ultraviolet-visible,UV-Vis)、荧光(fluorescence,FL)、二极管阵列(Photo-diode array,PDA)、质谱(mass spectrometry,MS)、气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)和气相色谱-火焰电离检测器(gas chromatography-flame ionization detection,GC-FID)等联用,可实现分析过程的部分或全部自动化(见表1),可节约分析时间,减少分析物损失,提高灵敏度,提高准确性和精密度[7-9]
固相微萃取(solid phase micro-extraction,SPME)是SPE的延伸和发展,其原理基于液-固平衡吸附。该技术由Arthur等[30]首次引入并应用于分析领域。SPME技术使用涂有固定相的熔融石英纤维来吸附和富集样品中的待测物质,萃取过程基于待测组分在基质中与提取剂之间的分配平衡,通过直接或顶空方式对待测物进行提取、富集、进样分析。常规SPE为固定相中的吸附剂吸附目标物质,而后通过洗脱的方式将目标物分离出来,需要使用大量的提取剂来确保分析物从样品基质中分离;相比之下,基于分配平衡的SPME样品处理技术,用少量的提取剂就能从生物基质中分离出一定比例的分析物,所需样品量小。SPME技术集萃取和富集于一体,快速、高效,避免了多级操作带来的误差,通常适用于分析挥发性和半挥发性物质[31]
与离线SPME法相比,在线方法具有一些优势,如样品用量少,无溶剂污染,样品处理时间缩短,样品操作步骤减少等(表2)。但SPME技术萃取过程受到不同萃取涂层、温度、pH、离子浓度、萃取时间等的影响,使得定量分析的准确性和重复性较差。为达到可接受的精度,还需掌握SPME技术的基本理论和适当的校准方法,以正确地设置提取过程中所有必要的参数。因萃取过程中的细微变化都会对SPME技术的萃取结果产生重大影响,故须严格控制和妥善处理这些因素,才能开发方法,这些在一定程度上限制了在线SPME技术的应用和开发。
柱切换(column switching,CS)技术由Snyder于1970年提出[43],其原理是通过切换阀改变流动相系统及走向,控制洗脱液在预处理柱中实现待测物与生物基质分离后流向分析柱。在传统高效液相色谱仪上增加1个或多个切换阀(六通阀或十通阀),即可实现CS技术,切换阀的切换时间通常由色谱系统中的程序控制,主要用于在线净化样品。开始时,将样品直接或经过简单处理后通过注射阀注入,待测组分被保留在预处理柱中,大部分内源性杂质被预处理流动相随废液排出,达到纯化和富集的目的。预处理结束后,六通阀被切换至分析状态,保留在预处理柱上的待测组分随流动相进入分析柱进行分离和测定,一定时间后,切换阀返回预处理状态(再生处理),为下一次进样作准备。此外,每次进样前后必须使用合适的清洗液清洗进样系统和预处理柱,以消除残留物对下一次检测的影响,从而延长预处理柱和分析柱的使用寿命。
CS技术具有以下优点:在线纯化,简单预处理,自动化操作,只需简单处理即可直接进样测定;富集待测组分,提高分析灵敏度,适用于不易纯化和富集的大极性成分;无须内标,进样量大,因处理过程由仪器程序控制,可达到较高的准确度和重现性(表3)。但是,CS技术容易出现峰展宽,可以使用保留能力强的预处理填料,或者在预处理时用洗脱能力较弱的流动相,分析过程则用洗脱能力较强的流动相,必要时还可在预处理流动相中使用离子偶联试剂,以增加保留能力,减弱峰展宽。此外,CS技术需要切换阀和额外的色谱柱和/或泵送系统,这会增加分析系统购置的初始成本。
近年来,限进填料(restricted access media,RAM)技术作为传统样品处理技术的替代方案,受到越来越多的关注。它于1991年由Desilets等[57]年提出,基于尺寸排阻原理,即大分子物质排阻,小分子物质富集。根据RAM吸附剂的结构和性质,可将其分为内表面反相填料、半渗透表面填料、屏蔽疏水相填料、蛋白涂覆C18硅胶填料、混合功能填料[58],这些RAM具有特殊的结构和孔径大小设计,其内部存在一定尺寸的孔隙通道,其尺寸经过精确调控,允许小分子物质(如目标分析物)通过,而生物样品中的大分子物质(如蛋白质、核酸等),由于分子尺寸较大,无法进入填料的内部孔隙。基于对生物大分子的排阻作用和对小分子物质的富集作用,样品无须经过复杂的前处理步骤,即可直接进样到含有RAM的分析系统,生物大分子被快速洗脱,而小分子物质则被保留在填料上,进行后续的分离和检测。
RAM技术有效地解决了生物样品中蛋白质等大分子物质对小分子待测组分测定的干扰,并可实现小分子分析物的在线富集,能与液相色谱在线联用,符合体内药物分析方法向高灵敏度、高选择性、高通量分析发展的需求。将RAM技术与CS色谱相结合,可实现自动化分析,目前已广泛用于复杂生物基质(表4)的分析。与传统的SPE相比,RAM材料能选择性地保留小分子,去除蛋白质等大分子基质成分,消除它们对被测物分离和检测时的干扰,但这种方法还是存在样品富集程度低和选择性有限等缺点,因此,需要探索新的RAM材料。
分子印迹聚合物(molecularly imprinted polymers,MIPs)是由特殊单体通过不同聚合方法(如自由基或缩聚)制备而成的稳定聚合物,具有分子识别能力和高选择性,是样品处理中能提供高选择性的优良材料[64],具有物理坚固性,可耐高温和高压,在酸、碱和各种有机溶剂条件下都很稳定。MIPs技术在20世纪70年代初引入我国,多年来在医学和环境等领域得到了发展,分子印迹固相萃取技术(molecularly imprinted-solid phase extraction,MI-SPE)在提高识别选择性和检测灵敏度方面引起了人们的广泛关注。MIPs可作为SPE滤芯内部的固定相,其稳定性使SPE适用于极端pH的样品或在高温下分离样品,此外,MIPs合成的成本效益和简单程序也可降低SPE卡盒的成本。
MIPs作为一种操作简单、低成本、选择性强的分子识别材料,在分子识别策略中发挥着重要作用。MIPs作为柱前的选择性吸附剂,已广泛应用于SPE、SPME、LPME等分离和生物分析分离领域,但大多是在用LC、GC、LC-MS/MS和GC-MS/MS等仪器进行分析之前作为离线分离方法,存在一定的分析误差,且耗时较长。因此,逐步开发了利用MIPs的在线样品处理分析方法。MIPs可以作为样品处理方法的吸附剂,如SPE、SPME和填充吸附剂微萃取(packed sorbent microextraction,PSME),通过填充吸附剂在线连接到分析仪器,在计算机程序控制下自动完成分析(表5)。MI-SPE为复杂基质的化学/生物分析提供了强有力的工具,同时具有操作简便、高通量、低成本、高选择性和耐用性等优点。
微透析(microdialysis,MD)技术主要基于浓度梯度原理收集透析膜上扩散的分析物,结合灌注取样和透析技术进行体内取样,采样过程仅需从含分析物的目标组织中收集少量体液,因此,可以在对生理系统的干扰最小且不过度刺激组织的情况下连续进行监测研究。由于能够同时监测多种分析物,MD技术已被广泛应用于生物体内的内/外源性代谢物,以连续监测体内外的动态过程,特别是深层组织和重要器官的生化研究。与传统的微萃取技术相比,MD技术在取样后,透析液不含蛋白质等大分子物质,可直接自动注入检测仪器中,防止了透析液的损失,提高了方法精度和灵敏度,且具有良好的时间和空间分辨率。
MD技术与HPLC、MS、CE、UV-Vis等现代分析技术的在线结合,灵敏度高,选择性好,真正实现了体内内源物质和药物的实时测定,可有效缩短采样时间,增强样品的稳定性,提高时间分辨率,准确观察快速变化,使得微萃取技术的生物分析取得了重大突破(表6)。MD采样作为一种创新技术,具有广阔的应用前景,未来可能会朝着新材料的合成和采样器技术的改进,多参数和连续监测以及生物分析应用的扩展方向发展,这将为生物分析提供更全面、更准确的体内生物代谢信息。
1998年,Quinn等[85]开发了一种大粒径的高流速分析填料,并开发了一种新的色谱分析方法——湍流色谱(turbulent flow chromatography,TFC)技术。TFC是一种相对较新的技术,用于分析生物流体中的小分子药物和生物标志物。TurboFlowTM色谱柱填充物为特殊多孔颗粒,颗粒间存在间隙空间,可以将生物样品直接注入高流速的流动相中。在高流速流动相的扩散作用下,低分子量组分(用于分析的目标化合物)广泛扩散,并且能够进入到色谱柱填充颗粒的孔隙中,被保留在固定相上;高分子量组分(如血浆蛋白)扩散慢,保留较少,被快速洗脱。提取后的目标分析物通过CS洗脱进入分析柱,用于MS或LC-MS分析[86]。由于能够实现完全自动化分析,并且可以直接进样,因此,该技术非常适合高通量分析。多路双通道或四通道分析意味着,可以很容易地缩短靶向分析的分析时间。
TFC技术速度快,稳定性好,残留效果与在层流条件下获得的效果无异,与HPLC、MS等耦合进行在线样品预处理时,在不降低分辨率和灵敏度的情况下,可以提高分析速度,同时显著提高生物样品的分析吞吐量(表7)。结合MS检测和易于使用的阀门开关控制软件,方法开发将非常简单,因此,TFC技术可用于分析难以用传统样品处理方法(如LLE)从生物样品中提取分离的化合物,以及在样品提取过程中不适合使用蒸发步骤的热不稳定化合物。目前,TFC技术已被用于分析范围广泛的生物基质,包括替代基质,如干血斑等。
液相微萃取(liquid phase microextraction,LPME)原理与液-液萃取相似,是利用分析物和微量萃取溶剂之间的分配系数不同,达到萃取富集的目的。生物样品可以通过传统的LLE或SPE预处理技术进行处理,尽管优势明显,但也有明显的局限性。例如,对环境影响大,成本高,样品/试剂消耗大,工艺复杂费力,自动化程度低等。因此,在过去20年中,将缩小比例的提取技术纳入分析工作流程,引起了广泛关注[97-98]。SPME、LPME为新的微量制备方法在分析化学中的应用铺平了道路,并在更好地适应样品处理和实现分析的自动化方面提供了额外的好处。在众多的LPME设置中,单滴微萃取(single drop microextraction,SDME)和负载液膜(supported liquid membrane,SLM)萃取易于操作和适用于自动化,所得提取物的体积在μL范围内,与LC、GC以及非分离分析技术中的进样体积相当,因此,SDME或SLM萃取与这些分析技术的直接耦合,可以通过使用注射器或蠕动泵,将整个提取物转移到进样系统中来实现[99-100]表8)。利用SLM萃取原理的最突出技术是中空纤维-液相微萃取(hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction,HF-LPME)[101],萃取原理简单,仪器廉价,耗材一次性,使其成为一种成熟的技术。然而,尽管HF-LPME灵活性高,样品净化性出色,预浓缩能力高,可用于分离挥发性物质、疏水性物质和可电离的酸碱性物质,但对所得提取液的后续分析大多是离线进行的。将HF-LPME与流通、LC或GC技术耦合,并将整个提取物转移到分析系统中,可实现整个分析过程的自动化。但因这种耦合需要应用外部仪表,即流量注入或顺序注入歧管、注射泵、商用自动进样器和传输管线,操作相当复杂,故而限制了其应用。
生物样品的在线预处理方法是现代分析化学的重要组成部分,旨在从复杂的生物基质中自动、高效、准确地提取、纯化和浓缩目标分析物,从而获得高质量的样品用于下游分析。近年来,开发了多种实时预处理方法,如在线SPE、在线SPME、CS、在线RAM、在线分子印迹、在线MD、在线TFC、在线LPME等。这些方法具有以下优势:提高分析效率,在线预处理减少了样品转移和处理步骤,节省了时间和人力;降低样品损失和污染,自动化减少了人为误差,确保了样品的完整性和纯度;通过有效的浓缩和纯化,提高了测定方法的灵敏度和准确性。然而,现有的生物样品在线预纯化技术仍存在一些局限性,例如:对一些复杂基质的处理效果仍有待提高;一些方法成本较高,限制了其大规模应用;某些方法的用途不够广泛,需要针对不同类型的生物样本进行优化。
预计未来将开发出新的、更有效的生物样品预处理方法,并将多种方法整合在一起,以满足日益复杂的生物样品分析需求:随着微流体技术的发展,生物样品在线预处理技术将朝着微型化和集成化发展,预处理设备将进一步微型化和集成化,从而实现快速、便携的现场分析;借助人工智能和先进的控制算法,在线预处理技术将更加智能化和自动化,通过智能优化操作参数,处理效率和准确性将变得更高;使用环保材料和试剂,减少预处理过程对环境的影响,加强环境保护。除了在医学、药学领域的应用外,在线生物样品预处理技术在农业、食品安全等领域也发挥着重要作用。总之,在线生物样品前处理技术通过不断发展和完善,将会带来更加高效、准确和实用的生物分析解决方案。
  • *云南省科技计划项目-昆医联合专项-面上项目(202401AY070001-206)
  • 云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目(2024J0327)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.16155/j.0254-1793.2024-1062
  • 接收时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-20
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*云南省科技计划项目-昆医联合专项-面上项目(202401AY070001-206)
云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目(2024J0327)
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    1.昆明医科大学药学院暨云南省天然药物药理重点实验室,昆明 650500
    2.云南省现代生物医药产业学院,昆明 650500
    3.云南省医疗器械检验研究院,昆明 650101

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** 刘颖玲 Tel:15808750326;E-mail:;
李霁 Tel:15087085021;E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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