Article(id=1263915155138723840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, issueId=1263915140974502579, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=32148.14.kygl.2026.03.001, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=1753891200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779270455393, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779270455393, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779270455393, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779270455393, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1263915140974502579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='208', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779270452016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779272730798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263924699034170232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, issueId=1263915140974502579, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263924699034170233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, issueId=1263915140974502579, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263915157818884107, articleId=1263915155138723840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, language=EN, title=Enterprise digital innovation paradoxes: A literature review and prospects, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science Research Management, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effective response to the paradoxical and unified contradictions in enterprise digital innovation is not only the premise for comprehensive realization of digital innovation but also an important issue for the development of new quality productive forces driven by digital innovation. However,the academic community currently lacks a systematic review of this knowledge framework. This paper adopted a bibliometric and systematic review method,by screening 108 relevant papers from high-level domestic and international journals to organize the enterprise digital innovation paradox. It constructed a research framework of "concept classification-causes-performance-response mechanisms". The main conclusions are as follows: first,the concept of enterprise digital innovation paradox is defined,forming a three-dimensional classification system of digital technology innovation paradox,digital market innovation paradox,and digital organizational innovation paradox;second,the causes and manifestations of enterprise digital innovation paradox are summarized in the technical,market,and organizational levels;and third,19 mechanisms for coping with digital innovation paradoxes are summarized from seven theoretical perspectives: dynamic capabilities,modularity,optimal differentiation,institutional logic,data ethics,paradoxical leadership,and organizational ambidexterity. Finally,the paper has further proposed potential paradoxical issues that may arise in the future,aiming to provide a detailed theoretical basis and analytical tools for subsequent research.

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企业有效应对数字化创新悖论,既是全面实现数字化创新的前提,也是以数字化创新驱动新质生产力发展的重要议题。然而,目前学界暂缺乏对这一知识体系的系统梳理。本文运用文献计量与系统归纳的综述方法,从国内外高水平期刊筛选108篇关联文献对企业数字化创新悖论进行梳理,构建“概念分类-成因表现-应对机制”的整体性研究框架。主要结论如下:第一,企业数字化创新悖论概念呈现出多维度、结构化的内涵特征,包括数字化技术创新悖论、数字化市场创新悖论与数字化组织创新悖论;第二,企业数字化创新悖论在技术、市场与组织层面分别表现出不同成因与典型形态,反映出其内在复杂性与动态发展性;第三,应对企业数字化创新悖论需融合多理论视角,本文基于动态能力、模块化、最优区分、制度逻辑、数据伦理、悖论式领导以及组织双元性七大理论基础,提炼出19种具体应对机制,构成系统化的策略体系;最后,本文进一步提出未来数字化进程中可能涌现的潜在悖论问题,以期为后续理论构建提供详尽的研究方向与分析工具。

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白裕,E-mail:
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周文辉(1967—),男(汉),湖南长沙人,中南大学商学院教授,博导,研究方向:平台创新与创业共创。

白 裕(1998—),男(汉),山西吕梁人,中南大学商学院博士研究生,研究方向:数字创新与科技创新。

周依芳(1992—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,湖南工商大学工商管理学院讲师,博士,研究方向:基于科学的创新创业。

陈晓红(1963—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,中国工程院院士,湖南工商大学、中南大学商学院、湘江实验室教授、博导,研究方向:大数据与人工智能、数字经济等。

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周文辉(1967—),男(汉),湖南长沙人,中南大学商学院教授,博导,研究方向:平台创新与创业共创。

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周文辉(1967—),男(汉),湖南长沙人,中南大学商学院教授,博导,研究方向:平台创新与创业共创。

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白 裕(1998—),男(汉),山西吕梁人,中南大学商学院博士研究生,研究方向:数字创新与科技创新。

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白 裕(1998—),男(汉),山西吕梁人,中南大学商学院博士研究生,研究方向:数字创新与科技创新。

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周依芳(1992—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,湖南工商大学工商管理学院讲师,博士,研究方向:基于科学的创新创业。

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周依芳(1992—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,湖南工商大学工商管理学院讲师,博士,研究方向:基于科学的创新创业。

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陈晓红(1963—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,中国工程院院士,湖南工商大学、中南大学商学院、湘江实验室教授、博导,研究方向:大数据与人工智能、数字经济等。

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陈晓红(1963—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,中国工程院院士,湖南工商大学、中南大学商学院、湘江实验室教授、博导,研究方向:大数据与人工智能、数字经济等。

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Science Research Management, 2022, 43(5):59-66., articleTitle=entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263915216794993325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915155138723840, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=22, issue=6, pageStart=88, pageEnd=98, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=87, authorNames=关新华, 谢礼珊, journalName=南开管理评论, refType=null, unstructuredReference=关新华, 谢礼珊. 价值共毁:内涵、研究问题与展望[J]. 南开管理评论, 2019, 22(6):88-98., articleTitle=价值共毁:内涵、研究问题与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1263915216954376878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915155138723840, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=22, issue=6, pageStart=88, pageEnd=98, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[65], rfOrder=88, authorNames=GUAN Xinhua, XIE Lishan, journalName=Nankai Business Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUAN Xinhua, XIE Lishan. 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Statistics of high-frequency keywords

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 频次 英文关键词 序号 频次 中文关键词
1 18 innovation 1 13 悖论
2 16 technological 2 9 创新悖论
3 16 paradox 3 7 组织变革
4 13 business model innovation 4 6 数字化
5 13 numerical paradox 5 5 悖论管理
6 13 digitization 6 5 创新网络
7 13 dynamic capability 7 4 平台经济
8 12 ambidexterity 8 4 开放悖论
9 12 digital servitization 9 3 创新行为
10 11 knowledge 10 3 权力悖论
), ArticleFig(id=1263915194837811594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915155138723840, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高频关键词统计表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 频次 英文关键词 序号 频次 中文关键词
1 18 innovation 1 13 悖论
2 16 technological 2 9 创新悖论
3 16 paradox 3 7 组织变革
4 13 business model innovation 4 6 数字化
5 13 numerical paradox 5 5 悖论管理
6 13 digitization 6 5 创新网络
7 13 dynamic capability 7 4 平台经济
8 12 ambidexterity 8 4 开放悖论
9 12 digital servitization 9 3 创新行为
10 11 knowledge 10 3 权力悖论
), ArticleFig(id=1263915195114635663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915155138723840, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Research thematic coding of representative literature on enterprise digital innovation paradox

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究
分类
核心提炼 初级文献
作者/年份 文献来源 主要观点
数字化技术悖论 悖论成因与表现 认知
双元
冲突
稳定性-
灵活性
Gregory等/
2015
Information
Systems Research
平台架构的生成性以及稳定性和灵活性的悖论[20]
标准化-
个性化
王节祥等/
2021
管理世界 生态领先用户构建子平台,满足大量细分行业的个性需求,平台企业则转向建设更共性的使能模块[5]
行动
资源
技术
失衡
开放式-
封闭式
Svahn等/
2017
MIS Quarterly 企业数字化创新的内外部协作与治理相互关联[21]
探索式-
利用式
Lin等/
2013
Journal of Product
Innovation Management
探索式创新与利用式创新的学习能力和创新双元性以应对技术创新中的矛盾[22]
反馈
系统
反噬
积极性-
阴暗面
Köbis等/
2021
Journal of Management 技术创新带来社会不平等和对生态的消极影响[23]
效率-效果 Gebauer等/
2020
Business Horizons 数字技术创新普及化、周期短等特征导致企业虽然投入大量资源但收效甚微[24]
理论视角
应对机制
动态能力 吴瑶等/
2022
管理世界 数字化技术分别在组织间管理认知一致和不一致两种条件下发挥强化创新和抑制冲突的双重作用[12]
模块化 Jacobides等/
2018
Strategic
Management Journal
组织模块的协同性为组织外部技术吸收提供有利条件[25]
数字化市场悖论 悖论成因与表现 数据控制
张力
数据利用-
数据安全
Liu等/
2022
Information Systems
Research
在数据要素带来的个性化服务时代,在隐私保护和数据收集之间取得平衡[26]
市场转型
张力
合法性-
独特性
Shepherd等/
2023
Academy of
Management Review
平台创业企业既要创造独特性以脱颖而出,又要寻求合法性以获得创业机会资源[27]
生态位博弈
张力
依赖-
独立
Cennamo等/
2018
Information
Systems Research
平台生态系统中的参与者互补与依赖关系的解耦[28]
知识权力
张力
机会发掘-
风险承担
Lauritzen和
Karafyllia/2019
Journal of Product
Innovation Management
在资源合作过程中,企业需要有控制地进行知识保护以提高竞争力[29]
理论视角
应对机制
最优区分 Taeuscher等/
2021
Academy of
Management Journal
企业应该追求高度一致性或者高度差异化,进而凭借市场极高合法性或极强竞争优势来谋求发展[10]
制度逻辑 Smith和Besharov/
2019
Administrative Science
Quarterly
制度逻辑的动态变化能够解决竞争与冲突[30]
数据伦理 Liu等/
2022
Information Systems
Research
企业可能会选择补贴消费者,或适当保护消费者隐私[26]
数字化组织悖论 悖论成因与表现 个体权力
冲突
集权-
分权
谢小云等/
2021
管理世界 数字人力资源管理中的数字绩效与员工个性化的冲突[31]
Simeonova等/
2022
Information
Systems Journal
信息化可成为员工跨层级协作的赋能工具,也可能被管理层视为对其权威的威胁[32]
团队协作
冲突
分工-
合作
Smith和Beretta/
2021
Journal of Product
Innovation Management
组织决策敏捷化和去中心化会使团队之间的分工更加灵活,但会造成团队之间各自为政[33]
自主性-
规范性
Brunswicker和
Schecter/2019
Research Policy 给予自主权、充分交流碰撞思维[34]
组织制度
冲突
稳定-
变革
Wareham等/
2014
Organization
Science
组织需要稳定性和同质性,以便对战略的执行,也需要变异性和异质性,满足不断变化的市场需求[35]
跨组织
治理冲突
开放治理-
闭合控制
Zhang等/
2022
Strategic
Management Journal
数字平台的治理与平衡跨组织之间的激励与控制[36]
理论视角
应对机制
悖论式
领导
Pearce和
Knippenberg/2024
Journal of Product
Innovation Management
提出了同时整合垂直型领导和共享型领导的协调机制以缓和矛盾的领导[37]
组织
双元性
Ouyang等/
2024
Internet Research 领导双元性、组织层面结构双元性和个人层面语境双元性共同解决利用式创新和探索性创新之间的悖论[11]
), ArticleFig(id=1263915195336933778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915155138723840, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

代表性文献研究主题编码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究
分类
核心提炼 初级文献
作者/年份 文献来源 主要观点
数字化技术悖论 悖论成因与表现 认知
双元
冲突
稳定性-
灵活性
Gregory等/
2015
Information
Systems Research
平台架构的生成性以及稳定性和灵活性的悖论[20]
标准化-
个性化
王节祥等/
2021
管理世界 生态领先用户构建子平台,满足大量细分行业的个性需求,平台企业则转向建设更共性的使能模块[5]
行动
资源
技术
失衡
开放式-
封闭式
Svahn等/
2017
MIS Quarterly 企业数字化创新的内外部协作与治理相互关联[21]
探索式-
利用式
Lin等/
2013
Journal of Product
Innovation Management
探索式创新与利用式创新的学习能力和创新双元性以应对技术创新中的矛盾[22]
反馈
系统
反噬
积极性-
阴暗面
Köbis等/
2021
Journal of Management 技术创新带来社会不平等和对生态的消极影响[23]
效率-效果 Gebauer等/
2020
Business Horizons 数字技术创新普及化、周期短等特征导致企业虽然投入大量资源但收效甚微[24]
理论视角
应对机制
动态能力 吴瑶等/
2022
管理世界 数字化技术分别在组织间管理认知一致和不一致两种条件下发挥强化创新和抑制冲突的双重作用[12]
模块化 Jacobides等/
2018
Strategic
Management Journal
组织模块的协同性为组织外部技术吸收提供有利条件[25]
数字化市场悖论 悖论成因与表现 数据控制
张力
数据利用-
数据安全
Liu等/
2022
Information Systems
Research
在数据要素带来的个性化服务时代,在隐私保护和数据收集之间取得平衡[26]
市场转型
张力
合法性-
独特性
Shepherd等/
2023
Academy of
Management Review
平台创业企业既要创造独特性以脱颖而出,又要寻求合法性以获得创业机会资源[27]
生态位博弈
张力
依赖-
独立
Cennamo等/
2018
Information
Systems Research
平台生态系统中的参与者互补与依赖关系的解耦[28]
知识权力
张力
机会发掘-
风险承担
Lauritzen和
Karafyllia/2019
Journal of Product
Innovation Management
在资源合作过程中,企业需要有控制地进行知识保护以提高竞争力[29]
理论视角
应对机制
最优区分 Taeuscher等/
2021
Academy of
Management Journal
企业应该追求高度一致性或者高度差异化,进而凭借市场极高合法性或极强竞争优势来谋求发展[10]
制度逻辑 Smith和Besharov/
2019
Administrative Science
Quarterly
制度逻辑的动态变化能够解决竞争与冲突[30]
数据伦理 Liu等/
2022
Information Systems
Research
企业可能会选择补贴消费者,或适当保护消费者隐私[26]
数字化组织悖论 悖论成因与表现 个体权力
冲突
集权-
分权
谢小云等/
2021
管理世界 数字人力资源管理中的数字绩效与员工个性化的冲突[31]
Simeonova等/
2022
Information
Systems Journal
信息化可成为员工跨层级协作的赋能工具,也可能被管理层视为对其权威的威胁[32]
团队协作
冲突
分工-
合作
Smith和Beretta/
2021
Journal of Product
Innovation Management
组织决策敏捷化和去中心化会使团队之间的分工更加灵活,但会造成团队之间各自为政[33]
自主性-
规范性
Brunswicker和
Schecter/2019
Research Policy 给予自主权、充分交流碰撞思维[34]
组织制度
冲突
稳定-
变革
Wareham等/
2014
Organization
Science
组织需要稳定性和同质性,以便对战略的执行,也需要变异性和异质性,满足不断变化的市场需求[35]
跨组织
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企业数字化创新悖论:研究综述与展望
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周文辉 1 , 白裕 1 , 周依芳 2 , 陈晓红 1, 3, 4
科研管理 | 2026,47(3): 1-12
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科研管理 | 2026, 47(3): 1-12
企业数字化创新悖论:研究综述与展望
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周文辉1, 白裕1 , 周依芳2, 陈晓红1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.中南大学 商学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 2.湖南工商大学 工商管理学院,湖南 长沙 410205
  • 3.湖南工商大学 前沿交叉学院/管理科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410205
  • 4.湘江实验室,湖南 长沙 410205
  • 周文辉(1967—),男(汉),湖南长沙人,中南大学商学院教授,博导,研究方向:平台创新与创业共创。

    白 裕(1998—),男(汉),山西吕梁人,中南大学商学院博士研究生,研究方向:数字创新与科技创新。

    周依芳(1992—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,湖南工商大学工商管理学院讲师,博士,研究方向:基于科学的创新创业。

    陈晓红(1963—),女(汉),湖南长沙人,中国工程院院士,湖南工商大学、中南大学商学院、湘江实验室教授、博导,研究方向:大数据与人工智能、数字经济等。

通讯作者:

白裕,E-mail:
Enterprise digital innovation paradoxes: A literature review and prospects
Wenhui Zhou1, Yu Bai1 , Yifang Zhou2, Xiaohong Chen1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Business,Central South University,Changsha 410083,Hunan,China
  • 2. School of Business Administration,Hunan University of Technology and Business,Changsha 410205,Hunan,China
  • 3. School of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies / School of Management Science and Engineering,Hunan University of Technology and Business,Changsha 410205,Hunan,China
  • 4. Xiangjiang Laboratory,Changsha 410205,Hunan,China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.001
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企业有效应对数字化创新悖论,既是全面实现数字化创新的前提,也是以数字化创新驱动新质生产力发展的重要议题。然而,目前学界暂缺乏对这一知识体系的系统梳理。本文运用文献计量与系统归纳的综述方法,从国内外高水平期刊筛选108篇关联文献对企业数字化创新悖论进行梳理,构建“概念分类-成因表现-应对机制”的整体性研究框架。主要结论如下:第一,企业数字化创新悖论概念呈现出多维度、结构化的内涵特征,包括数字化技术创新悖论、数字化市场创新悖论与数字化组织创新悖论;第二,企业数字化创新悖论在技术、市场与组织层面分别表现出不同成因与典型形态,反映出其内在复杂性与动态发展性;第三,应对企业数字化创新悖论需融合多理论视角,本文基于动态能力、模块化、最优区分、制度逻辑、数据伦理、悖论式领导以及组织双元性七大理论基础,提炼出19种具体应对机制,构成系统化的策略体系;最后,本文进一步提出未来数字化进程中可能涌现的潜在悖论问题,以期为后续理论构建提供详尽的研究方向与分析工具。

企业数字化创新悖论  /  概念  /  分类  /  成因  /  应对机制  /  文献综述

The effective response to the paradoxical and unified contradictions in enterprise digital innovation is not only the premise for comprehensive realization of digital innovation but also an important issue for the development of new quality productive forces driven by digital innovation. However,the academic community currently lacks a systematic review of this knowledge framework. This paper adopted a bibliometric and systematic review method,by screening 108 relevant papers from high-level domestic and international journals to organize the enterprise digital innovation paradox. It constructed a research framework of "concept classification-causes-performance-response mechanisms". The main conclusions are as follows: first,the concept of enterprise digital innovation paradox is defined,forming a three-dimensional classification system of digital technology innovation paradox,digital market innovation paradox,and digital organizational innovation paradox;second,the causes and manifestations of enterprise digital innovation paradox are summarized in the technical,market,and organizational levels;and third,19 mechanisms for coping with digital innovation paradoxes are summarized from seven theoretical perspectives: dynamic capabilities,modularity,optimal differentiation,institutional logic,data ethics,paradoxical leadership,and organizational ambidexterity. Finally,the paper has further proposed potential paradoxical issues that may arise in the future,aiming to provide a detailed theoretical basis and analytical tools for subsequent research.

enterprise digital innovation paradox  /  concept  /  classification  /  cause  /  coping mechanism  /  literature review
周文辉, 白裕, 周依芳, 陈晓红. 企业数字化创新悖论:研究综述与展望. 科研管理, 2026 , 47 (3) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.001
Wenhui Zhou, Yu Bai, Yifang Zhou, Xiaohong Chen. Enterprise digital innovation paradoxes: A literature review and prospects[J]. Science Research Management, 2026 , 47 (3) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.001
随着人工智能、云计算、大数据等数字技术在产品、市场与组织中的颠覆式创新应用,企业数字化创新正成为发展新质生产力的重要引擎[1]。党的二十届三中全会强调“健全促进实体经济和数字经济深度融合制度,完善促进数字产业化和产业数字化政策体系”,数字化已然成为企业创新的主旋律。然而,数字技术与市场的高不确定性给企业创新带来诸多悖论。例如,过于激进的数字化探索会对现有流程造成影响[2],侧重于现有资源利用又会限制技术更新速度[3];数据要素共享性促进了平台企业市场开发,但数据同质性会阻碍企业创造独特性价值[4-5];人工智能使用虽提高了组织决策力,但同时也造成员工工作超载和信息疲劳[6-7],使生产关系陷入僵局。因此,企业需要在多个相互冲突的目标之间找到平衡以进行长期可持续的创新活动。实践中,树根互联在面临企业“共性”能力开发与用户“个性”方案需求的悖论时,采取模块化策略与用户共创措施,实现了从项目到产品到模块再到生态的工业互联网平台构建[8];水羊股份在依托淘宝、天猫以及京东等数字平台创业中面临品牌独特性与规范合法性悖论,通过错位竞争、多栖互补与差异定制等战略实现自建水羊国际平台,成功完成自主品牌转型[9]。相反,诺基亚曾经拥有塞班系统的硬件技术优势,在面临Android与iOS两大智能生态新势力时未能及时融入软件生态,陷入“硬件技术领先”与“软件生态落后”的困境,最终导致市场崩盘。可见,企业精准识别与应对数字化创新悖论是实现数字化创新发展的关键前提。那么,什么是企业数字化创新悖论(Digital innovation paradox)?如何有效化解企业数字化创新悖论?未来会出现哪些潜在的数字化创新悖论?这些都是亟待关注和回答的科学问题。
企业数字化创新悖论缘起于创新悖论(innovation paradox),近年来,Journal of MarketingJournal of ManagementOrganization ScienceAcademy of Management ReviewMISQ、《管理世界》等权威期刊围绕创新悖论展开了丰富研究。以往创新悖论研究虽从组织合作与竞争、开放与封闭、刚性与柔性等特征表现着手,揭示了应对创新悖论的路径与机制[10-12]。但忽略了数字化情境下创新悖论的内涵演进,导致对数字化创新悖论概念界定不清晰、解释机制不成熟等问题,且现有研究大多围绕单一领域与单一问题展开,存在一定程度的碎片化与割裂化,亟需进行系统梳理与总结。国内外已有几篇文献综述主要基于不同学科视角展开[13-15],只聚焦于创新悖论的某方面或某层次,未能呈现出企业数字化创新全局过程。此外,随着以人工智能、大数据与云计算等新技术催生的多种不确定性,企业创新涌现出新悖论,如人工智能阴暗面[6]、数据利用安全[16]、组织边界模糊[17]等,已有综述研究尚未涉及。因此,有必要重新梳理与整合已有研究,构建企业数字化创新悖论研究框架,并结合国际前沿与中国情境,提出未来值得关注的研究议题。
本文围绕数字化创新悖论对国内外顶刊相关成果进行系统梳理,以期回答以下问题:(1)如何界定企业数字化创新悖论概念与分类?(2)悖论成因及表现?(3)有哪些动态应对机制或策略?(4)未来研究应关注哪些潜在悖论?与已有综述研究相比,本文主要有以下增量贡献:一是基于企业数字化创新全局视角,界定了企业数字化创新悖论概念与分类;二是从技术、市场与组织三维层面系统解构了企业数字化创新悖论的成因与表现;三是从不同理论视角切入,明晰了企业面对不同数字化创新悖论的应对机制,并构建了整合研究框架;四是基于数字化多变性、复杂性与不确定性特征,进一步提出未来数字化创新悖论出现的若干可能性,期望为企业应对数字化创新悖论提供理论指引。
遵循文献计量与系统归纳研究方法,对企业数字化创新悖论相关文献评述如下:首先确定文献检索、筛选以及补充,以系统全面获取文献数据;其次,借助文献计量分析工具,对文本数据进行内容分析;最后,通过内容编码分析,整合得到主要研究分类,为后续构建综合评述框架奠定基础。
本文以Web of Science核心数据库SCI/SSCI、ESCI数据库和CNKI数据库CSSCI/CSCD中经典代表文献确定“innovation*paradox/tension/dilemma”“创新悖论”为主题并分别与关键词“digital technology”“digital market”和“digital organization”相结合,并将检索时间跨度确定为以Smith和Lewis[18]正式发表在Academy of Management Review的文章开启创新悖论研究,即2011—2024年。在剔除社论、新闻、会议论文、工作论文、评论等类型文献后,初步得到122篇英文文献和84篇中文文献。随后,作者逐一阅读文章的标题、摘要及正文,进一步将主题与“数字化创新”相结合,围绕“Artificial Intelligence”“big data”“industrial internet platform”“digital transformation”等主题进行筛选,准确锁定研究方向,并增加了文献中被遗漏的参考文献。最终,本文共获得符合条件的重要文献108篇(英文75篇,中文33篇)作为文献计量样本。
对已有108篇文献进行分析。首先,从发文数量看,数字化创新悖论相关文献数量呈现逐年上升趋势,且期刊级别逐年提升;国际文献较早开展了“人工智能”“数字化创新”等前沿问题悖论研究。近年来,国内学者逐渐关注到数字情境下的企业创新悖论,特别是在2017年后,我国相继出台多项支持数字经济发展的相关政策方针,以“数字化技术”“数字平台”“数字网络”等为主题的创新悖论文章迅速增长,呈现出对国际研究的赶超趋势(见图1)。
其次,通过Citespace 软件对高频关键词与主题聚类进行了知识图谱计量分析。高频关键词(见表1)显示出国内文献热点关键词与国际趋势基本保持一致,如innovation(创新)、paradox(悖论)、digitization(数字化)。受东方哲学思想与社会关系的影响,国内学者较多关注组织变革、权力悖论以及矛盾管理等问题。主题聚类(见图2)显示出数字化技术与数字化转型的矛盾、悖论、对立或冲突等主题是国际文献关注的焦点,悖论关系、组织变革与创新网络则是国内学者关注的焦点。
进一步,参考刘善仕等[19]的文献计量分析方法,本文在阅读最终文献基础上通过提取作者/年份、文献来源、核心观点等关键内容对已有文献进行编码,并与上述知识图谱计量分析形成相互验证。最终确定了企业数字化创新悖论中的数字化技术悖论、数字化市场悖论与数字化组织悖论的分类编码结果(见表2)。该分类既反映了企业数字化创新实践过程,也统筹了技术创新、市场营销(商业模式)与组织管理等不同研究领域。
关于企业数字化创新悖论的概念最早可追溯于奎因1988年在组织行为中关于悖论管理的开创性研究,他指出悖论是组织中相互对立又彼此依存的矛盾关系[38]。随后,史密斯等提出“组织悖论动态平衡模型”,强调组织通过持续认知、管理和动态平衡来处理创新活动中长期存在的冲突或张力[18,39]。数字化是指利用数字技术(如人工智能、大数据、云计算、物联网、区块链等)将物理世界的信息转化为数字形式,并通过数据的采集、传输、存储、分析和应用,深刻改变产品/服务、业务流程、商业模式、组织结构乃至产业生态的过程[1,12]。由于数字化颠覆了企业传统的业务模式与创新方式,使得嵌入在企业数字化创新活动中的冲突日益突显,导致了诸多企业未从数字化创新中受益[20]。在此基础上,学者提出数字化悖论的概念,认为企业投资于数字化却未获得预期的收益增长,强调数字技术并非正向影响企业生产率或绩效[24]。然而,现有研究大多聚焦于悖论带来的冲突与张力,将其视为数字化进程中的效率损耗,但忽视了悖论本质上是一种“既要又要”的平衡管理思维,即强调企业在看似对立的目标中寻求动态协同。
因此,本文认为企业数字化创新悖论是指企业在人工智能、大数据、平台市场与组织关系等数字化创新、变革或转型过程中,不可避免与传统业务、组织惯例与价值网络等发生冲突,包括数字技术创新、数字市场创新与数字组织创新中既相互对立又相互依存的矛盾关系,企业需要在多个相互冲突的目标之间找到平衡以进行长期可持续的创新活动。本文提出的企业数字化创新悖论不仅是企业数字化创新活动中的矛盾表现,更是一种数字技术特性与组织管理情境交互作用下的动态平衡机制。
进一步根据文献编码分析,本文将企业数字化创新悖论分为三类:数字化技术悖论、数字化市场悖论与数字化组织悖论,该分类解构了企业数字化创新活动中全价值链的悖论关系。具体而言,数字化技术悖论是指企业在拥抱快速更迭的人工智能、大数据、物联网等数字技术中,常因效率滞后或策略激进导致效益偏离预期,陷入驱动变革与风险规避的双重约束;数字化市场悖论是随着资源共享边界拓展,数据逐渐取代有形资源成为企业市场创新的核心要素,平台生态构建成为主流,导致企业面临平台海量数据资源利用与信息过载突围的协同困境;数字化组织悖论是企业数字化转型中会出现新惯例、新结构与新模式的重塑,造成与原有组织业务、组织流程或组织关系的冲突,使企业面临既需要保持组织结构稳定性又需要营造数字化组织灵活性的矛盾。
围绕“哪些因素导致企业产生数字化创新悖论?企业数字化创新悖论有何具体表现?”等问题,已有研究从数字化情境、创新认知、创新资源等方面进行了研究,本文根据数字化技术悖论、数字化市场悖论和数字化组织悖论的分类视角,进一步归纳企业数字化创新悖论的成因与表现。
第一,认知层面的二元对立冲突。数字技术变革的颠覆性创新冲击着企业原有技术的稳定性,与企业原有技术形成结构性断层[40],导致企业陷入双重技术认知困境。一方面表现为“稳定性-灵活性”的张力,企业既需维持现有技术系统运行可靠性,又面临突破性技术变革压力[20];另一方面表现为“标准化-个性化”冲突,数字多样性使企业面临标准化集成带来的规模效应与客户个性化需求的技术适配之间的两难抉择[8]
第二,行动层面的资源配置失衡。企业数字资源禀赋是进行数字化创新的关键,激进式创新突破会导致现有技术流程失序,保护主义又会造成知识资源流动阻滞与技术更新停滞[2]。这种深层矛盾具体外化企业“探索式-利用式”创新路径的资源配置矛盾[22],以及“开放式-封闭式”创新模式的边界选择难题[21]
第三,反馈层面的效益正负相抵。数字化技术指数级迭代会引发企业数字技术创新的负面效应:一方面表现为数字技术创新普及化、周期短等特征导致企业虽然投入大量资源但收效甚微,产生“高投入-低回报”的生产率悖论[24];另一方面,数字决策、信息水平提升与员工的职业焦虑、信息疲劳等形成对冲效应,产生“积极面-阴暗面”矛盾[6]。这种效益正负相抵导致企业陷入创新动力陷阱与创新风险加剧并存的困局。
数字化市场悖论的成因可归结为平台生态结构演化与数据要素重构的双重作用,数据资源越开放共享,平台权力结构的马太效应越显著[41];市场结构是决定资源配置效率的关键因素[42]。其核心矛盾源于以下四类结构性张力:
第一,数据控制张力:数据聚合价值与数据隐私安全的冲突。平台生态中占据核心市场地位且具备强数据聚合能力的平台企业因为拥有平台架构的核心逻辑以及众多开源项目,能够实现数据深度开发和客户个性化价值创造,并共享于更多平台子系统[43]。但数据垄断倾向与安全边界模糊化导致“杀熟定价”“算法歧视”等异化现象[16]
第二,市场转型张力:传统业务合法性与数字价值独特性的冲突。强市场核心与弱数据聚合的传统制造企业受制于“制造逻辑”与“数字逻辑”的不同范式,容易使其面对数字化技术与数据驱动时既希望通过数据聚合以实现“独特性”价值创造[5],又面临数字化在传统业务流程中的“合法性”构建难题[9],面临数字化转型失败率较高风险[44]
第三,生态位博弈张力:平台依附与创新独立的冲突。弱市场核心与强数据聚合的企业容易陷入“平台寄生”与“自主发展”的生存困境,依附于平台生态虽具备一定的要素聚合度和市场认可度,能够快速获取市场势能[4]。但长此以往数据要素的同质性会造成创新路径锁定,缺乏自主独特性的创新价值[28]
第四,知识产权张力:机会发掘与风险承担的冲突。弱核心与弱要素聚合的新创企业需要开放创新方式获取知识资源以获得市场生存空间[29]。但弱知识议价权导致核心企业通过“创新收割”机制攫取边缘知识成果,知识产权结构性缺失加剧自身知识外泄以及核心企业强有力控制甚至吞并的双重风险[45]
数字化组织悖论一方面受到组织内员工到团队再到领导者的新权力层级变化、员工与技术适配性等生产关系的影响;另一方面受到组织外部开放的平台生态关系结构、利益主体间竞合关系等影响。因此,本文归纳为个体、团队、组织以及跨组织四个层面的结构冲突。
第一,个体层面的权力冲突。数字化工具打破传统的雇佣契约平衡,首先形成了数据化绩效管理(量化与监控)与员工价值主张(个性与隐私)的冲突[31];其次,信息化促进组织边界重构进而使数字化人力资源管理陷入松弛边界与收紧边界的“授权”与“集权”矛盾[32]
第二,团队层面的协作冲突。数字化技术促进组织决策敏捷化和去中心化,帮助团队分工更加灵活的同时会造成团队之间各自为政的“创新孤岛”,形成“分散创新”与“系统一致”的矛盾[33];数字化与市场的强连接使得团队成员产生“创新离心效应”,即团队自主性会使组织发展偏离预定轨道,产生成员越轨创新现象,形成“自主性”与“规范性”的治理悖论[34]
第三,组织层面的制度冲突。组织认知框架与技术生态位错配造成数字化转型中组织基因层面的双重不适应。技术逻辑要求的柔性化(模块架构、快速迭代)与传统科层制的刚性约束(标准化流程、稳定秩序)形成结构冲突;数据驱动的环境响应力与组织惯例的认知刚性产生演化时滞[35],形成“适应性进化”和“结构性守旧”的矛盾。
第四,跨组织层面的治理冲突。数字平台生态中成员关系耦合,是一种介于组织和市场之间的混合结构[38],既没有市场合约机制的灵活,也没有组织内关系的稳固。平台边界开放治理通常可以增加系统中互补者数量以实现平台活跃度,但低开放门槛造成大量同质化信息失去用户信任,有损平台知识流动[36],形成“开放治理”与“闭合控制”的平台关系治理悖论。
在传统创新悖论管理中,学者总结出了“非此即彼”“兼而有之”以及“适度折中”等悖论应对思维,但缺乏从理论视角深度挖掘数字化创新悖论背后隐藏的应对机制,本文围绕数字化技术悖论、数字化市场悖论和数字化组织悖论三大分类,分别总结不同理论视角下的悖论应对机制。
第一,基于动态能力理论的双元平衡机制。组织在面对实现探索与利用、稳定与变革、原则性与灵活性等一组相互冲突目标时动态能力会呈现双元性,学术界将其定义为双元动态能力[46]。Gärtner和Sch$\ddot{o}$n[47]比较评估了24个国家453家公司技术创新绩效,分析表明双元动态能力的感知与灵活应对是应对悖论的先决条件。现有研究对于企业利用双元动态能力以应对数字化技术悖论主要有两种视角:一是知识基础观的整合机制,包括单一企业内对知识的开发与利用以及企业间知识的依赖整合[48]。当企业利用外部资源关系以实现平衡矛盾目标时,企业会放大组织资源的聚合效应、抑制内锁效应,并提升网络能力实现探索与利用式创新的平衡和互补[46],或主导企业通过合作中的异质知识和能力,形成兼容适应性和敏捷性的供应链管理能力[47]。二是数智赋能的动态管理机制,企业通过“人工智能”赋能知识管理可提升隐性知识识别、转化、应用和创新的效率[49]。周翔等[50]基于数字化技术赋能动态知识管理提出“中台”的知识编排机制,通过智能知识模块一方面直接为组织成员赋能从而提升渐进式创新效率,另一方面与其他模块进行组合从而实现突破式创新来把握新机会。
第二,基于模块化理论的耦合协调机制。模块化可为企业在进行关键核心技术创新时应对“个性需求与共性设计”提供新启发。在数字化情景下,企业通过模块化架构分割任务、组织结构,使边缘子系统在模块界面松散耦合实现产品与服务及组织层面的动态整合关系[8],以保持系统稳定性与任务多样性、演化敏捷性的平衡。学术界聚焦产品/技术模块化、组织结构模块化与平台模块化三方面应对创新悖论。在产品/技术模块化方面,遵循解耦与耦合相协调的设计原则,通过标准化实现模块间的配置与协同,满足个性化需求并最大程度地节约管理成本、提升企业效能[51]。在组织模块化方面,通过建立“核心-边缘”型模块化组织,总部保留战略决策权,业务单元获得创新自主权。组织模块的独立性为组织内部技术创新提供基本保障,协同性为组织外部技术吸收提供有利条件[25]。在平台模块化方面,王凤彬等[2]剖析海尔支撑大规模创新创业活动的平台组织在构成复杂性与关系复杂性的具体特征,由此形成“准集成化”结构形态对个性化创业需求的创业小微提供客制化支持的作用机制,既保证了集团本身的稳定性又切实以客制化方式支持大规模个性化创新创业活动。
第一,基于最优区分理论的战略平衡机制。最优区分理论被用来探讨企业如何在追求合法性(即与行业规范和期望保持一致)和追求差异化(即通过独特性获得竞争优势)之间找到平衡点[52],学界基本形成了倒U型、U型以及战略协奏的三级战略调节体系。其中,倒U型观体现为折中平衡机制,即企业应该寻求中等程度的战略相似性,与组织现有能力的适度一致性或适度差异化,使企业在市场获得较为稳定的中间位置[46]。U型观体现为两极突破机制,即企业应该追求高度一致性或者高度差异化,进而凭借市场极高合法性或极强竞争优势来谋求发展[53];战略协奏观体现为动态协奏机制,即企业可以通过在不同战略维度上的求同或存异,实现多维度的相互影响和协同演进,实现整体动态平衡[54]。此外,企业也可在不同阶段通过与客户创业共创来发现与创造机会,以获得市场合法性和竞争独特性[9]
第二,基于制度逻辑理论的制度协同机制。企业创新往往同时受到市场逻辑、政府逻辑、社会逻辑等多种制度逻辑的影响,不同情境下企业可能面临不同类型或不同程度的制度逻辑冲突[55]。一方面企业可以利用制度逻辑的差异形成逻辑嵌套机制,例如,市场逻辑可能鼓励风险和创新,而政府逻辑可能更倾向于稳定和规范[55],制度逻辑之间的差异可以成为市场创新机会的来源;另一方面,企业可以利用制度逻辑的兼容形成场域混合机制,例如,刘玉焕等[56]扎根中国10家社会企业研究发现,社会企业在兼顾商业运作与公益使命的同时,在资源获取与合法性建构上高度依赖政府支持,体现出多元差异制度逻辑交织下本土化企业成长路径。
第三,基于数据伦理的三元治理机制。数据伦理强调了以人为中心的数据观[57],现有研究主要基于消费者、平台与政府三方视角以应对“数据利用与数据安全”悖论。基于消费者视角的价值共创机制,学者认为消费者应参与平台企业的数据共创,以数据分红等机制实现消费者价值返还,从而与消费者构建起一种长期稳定且深层的数据合作关系[16]。基于平台视角的技术服务机制,Liu等[26]提出平台建立隐私偏好交互系统,通过利用服务代理根据个人消费者隐私偏好向他们推荐个性化的隐私政策,提供更好的程序性、交互式和分配性的公平感知。基于政府视角的生态规制机制,政府在为新兴平台企业快速崛起提供有益制度空间的同时,不断通过划定平台企业经营规范、社会责任、法律边界及道德底线等治理手段强化对成熟平台企业的约束[17]
第一,基于悖论式领导的互动谐和机制。在“两者皆要”逻辑下,领导层营造出既合作又竞争、既多元又统一、既柔性又控制的内部环境,对员工创造力和团队创新绩效均有正向影响[58]。一方面表现为沟通反馈机制。悖论式领导强调领导与员工的双向沟通互动,通过反馈机制能够保证在正式组织制度规范下保持自由宽松的组织情境,增强员工技术任务熟练性、适应性及主动性有效激发员工创造力;另一方面表现为决策协调机制。在执行团队任务时,悖论式领导能够合理地执行高控制与高自主,为团队成员提供参与决策的机会,激发工作热情和创新活力的同时确保关键决策的连贯性和团队创造力的提升[59]。此外,中国阴阳平衡思想丰富了悖论式领导的文化协调机制,以“物”为主的组织关系需要契约机制(谐则)来应对主要矛盾;以“人”为主的矛盾关系则需要以关系机制(和则)来应对[60];华为灰度管理则指出管理实践中既要有明确的方向感,又要学会在黑白之间寻找灰度,即在对立中寻求平衡,通过妥协和宽容来达到和谐。和谐管理与灰度管理是一种极富有中国特色的管理哲学,体现了悖论与辩证思维的东方智慧。
第二,基于组织双元理论的动态适配机制。组织双元是指企业通过“分离-整合”动态适配与平衡创新悖论的一种动态能力,主要有3种表现形式:结构双元、时间双元以及情境双元机制[11]。结构双元机制指组织中设置不同部门形成空间分离,新部门主要开展试验、变革等创新活动,原有部门主要开展改进、优化原有业务等活动,两种部门形成“持续原有生产-分工学习新知”的交叉组织形式[40];时间双元机制指组织在不同区间内有选择地在创新与执行、稳定与灵活之间转换,例如,当行业环境变得动荡时,组织更多地进行创新尝试以提升自身适应能力;当市场环境趋于稳定时,组织更多地强化执行力以提升运营效率[61]。情境双元机制则将每一个业务单元看作是一个独立整体,强调组织文化、思维方式、组织成员行为以及高层在情境中的作用,通过对组织情境软硬件,如组织张力、纪律、支持和信任的安排,实现组织对矛盾的适应性[11]
企业数字化创新悖论研究正当其时,本文采取系统文献综述法对近年来国内外108篇代表性文献进行科学述评,提炼出企业数字化创新悖论的理论研究框架,主要研究结论如下:
(1)企业数字化创新悖论是企业在人工智能、平台市场与组织关系等数字化创新、变革或转型过程中,需在数字化技术、数字化市场与数字化组织三个维度协同应对多重冲突目标并寻求动态平衡的内在张力,以进行长期可持续创新活动。区别于单一视角的悖论研究,本文基于对文献的系统编码与内容分析,清晰界定了企业数字化创新悖论概念并提炼论证了数字化技术悖论、数字化市场悖论与数字化组织悖论的三维分类体系,回应了Smith & Lewis[18]的悖论动态平衡理论,将数字化特性与组织情境交互作用纳入悖论分析框架,深化了数字情境下创新悖论理论的整合研究。
(2)数字化技术悖论根植于认知层面、行为层面以及反馈层面的三种矛盾,具体表现为“稳定性-灵活性”“标准化-个性化”“探索式-利用式”“开放式-封闭式”“积极面-阴暗面”“高投入-低回报”;数字化市场悖论源于平台生态演化与数据要素重构引发的数据控制、市场转型、生态位博弈以及知识权力的四种结构性张力,具体表现为“数据利用-数据安全”“合法性-独特性”“依附-独立”“机会发掘-风险承担”;数字化组织悖论则产生于个体层权力、团队层协作、组织层制度与跨组织层治理的四类冲突,具体表现为“授权-集权”“自主性-规范性”“稳定-变革”“开放治理-闭合控制”。本文揭示了企业数字化创新悖论的多元成因与复杂表现图谱,剖析了不同类型悖论的形成机理及其具体表现,为企业识别和诊断自身在数字化创新过程中遭遇的具体悖论困境提供了详尽的理论依据和分析工具。
(3)系统构建“概念分类-成因表现-应对机制”的整体性框架(如图3),凸显出不同悖论之间的应对机制与协同逻辑,弥补了现有研究在系统性及情境适应性方面的不足。目前,学界关于数字化技术、数字化市场与数字化组织这一全过程中创新悖论应对机制研究相对缺失,特别是在构建针对人工智能、数字平台、数字社区等新情境下的系统性悖论整合框架方面,现有文献的覆盖程度不足。综合文献分析,本文梳理并整合动态能力、模块化、最优区分、制度逻辑、数据伦理、悖论式领导以及组织双元性七大理论视角的悖论研究,形成了包含19个细分维度的企业数字化创新悖论应对机制工具箱,并构建了翔实的内容框架,为企业在复杂多变的数字化环境中,依据自身面临的特定悖论类型和情境,灵活选择和组合应用多种理论工具以寻求动态平衡提供了系统的理论指导和实践启示。
企业数字化创新悖论是一个高度情境化且动态发展的概念,随着数字技术不断演进以及我国数字化创新政策持续释放,实践中涌现出诸多新悖论特征尚未得到理论化验证。对此,本文针对潜在的企业数字化创新悖论议题提出了如下未来研究方向(图4)。
(1)关注“技术开源”与“技术保护”悖论。数据要素的高流动性与可拓展性促使数字化技术源代码、硬件设计和应用服务逐渐开源化,同时也带来知识产权风险与技术依赖等难题[17]。例如,DeepSeek因开源策略加速技术扩散并吸引全球开发者协作,但遭遇西方国家大规模网络攻击,企业自主创新视域下“技术开源”与“技术保护”的协同机制需要结合国际环境、政府政策以及网络关系等多维要素展开全面研究。①全球化中的合作与保护。西方国家限制封锁使我国企业数字化创新在短期内难以摆脱低端锁定困境,需要先向西方国家进行开源合作以实现高端化嵌入[45],如何在技术合作与自主保护间构建适应性平衡机制是值得探究的课题;②政府创新政策与企业创新实践的互动机制。未来研究应增强构建创新政策与企业创新实践的共演机制,从宏观层面协同开源与保护对企业自主创新的激励研究;③企业开源社区的创新保护机制。未来应关注开源社区参与者相互冲突的内外部需求与同一开源项目协同参与之间的复杂张力。
(2)关注“跟轨创新”与“变轨创新”悖论。数字化创新呈现出非连续性特征,涌现出“路径跨越”跟轨与“路径创造”变轨两类非连续性创新[62]。“跟轨”是在原有技术轨道上实现小范围技术跨级,经过长期技术积累实现技术跃迁;而“变轨”则脱离原有技术轨道,开辟新技术轨道,可实现短时间内的技术跃迁,但存在一次性失败风险。两种路径的周期与风险权衡,导致企业容易坠入“创造性破坏”陷阱,面临“想创新又不敢创新”的两难困境。虽然“探索式与利用式”双元创新提供了思路,但多集中于解决企业资源冲突。未来研究可关注:①“跟轨创新”与“变轨创新”的共演机制。采用组态方法分析两种模式的组合关系,探讨各个机制的整合协调效应。②对比研究不同类型企业创新悖论化解策略。在位企业面对非连续性创新时,可能需要放弃旧技术范式,而新创企业可从边缘机会开拓数字化技术轨道。③企业主导逻辑对“跟轨”与“变轨”策略选择的影响机制。
(3)关注“颠覆式创新”与“规制合法性”悖论。近期由百度推出的“萝卜快跑”自动驾驶网约车项目被多地政府叫停,表象是新兴技术尚不成熟带来的安全风险,本质是颠覆了传统出租车与网约车出行服务的利益格局。人工智能与数字平台对传统行业产生了颠覆性影响,催生了诸如AI直播带货、无人经济等新兴业态。在我国政府高度参与市场发展的独特情境下,鲜有研究对市场颠覆式创新与政府合法性规制的悖论展开过程探究。“监管沙盒”是政府主动包容地接纳创新的尝试[63],制度创业是新创企业突破新旧业态间制度矛盾获取合法性过程[64],这为未来研究提供了思路:①政府如何构建“监管沙盒”或“创新特区”为企业提供创新空间,测试产品、服务、商业模式或渠道的解决方案;②企业如何通过制度创业实现边缘创新的颠覆性获取在“政府-市场-社会”三者协同下的合法性,进而促进科技创新带动产业创新。
(4)关注“价值共创”与“价值共毁”悖论。由数字化技术催生出S2B2C等商业模式创新表现为多主体参与共创价值,例如,美的推出共创平台“布谷研究院”使消费者参与产品设计与开发,贴合用户需求偏好;树根互联通过根云平台与细分行业龙头企业共创产业数字化解决方案。然而,在共创过程中参与者以不符合预期或不恰当方式整合或利用共同资源,或者在互动过程中故意实施机会主义行为,均会造成互动合作创造价值的损失[65],例如,因房东的不良行为、住宿条件或服务失误等造成客人对Airbnb平台整体满意度下降,从而破坏价值共创过程[57]。未来研究应重点关注多主体参与价值共创与价值共毁的悖论,包括成因与转化机制以促进可持续的价值共创。
(5)关注“人机协同”与“人机互斥”悖论。人工智能应用需要高质量数据和先进算法,这对组织的数据收集、分析和应用能力提出更高要求,组织获取核心竞争力的关键逐渐转变为理解和利用人工智能涌现的潜能[19]。新型组织关系强调以数据为中心的管理体系,组织如何将人类智能与人工智能有机协同,能否实现人机协同而不是互斥?未来研究可从几方面探讨:①如何实现权力从职能体系向数据系统的转移,重点挖掘数据在组织中发挥的积极作用,探究如何通过数据驱动组织的战略决策与创新?②如何让人工智能高效完成重复性与标准化工作,使员工从繁重劳动中解放出来?③如何借助人工智能工具,更好地激发人才的想象力与创造力,实现创造性成果的产出?
(6)关注“各自为战”与“协同共生”悖论。随着“平台+小微”产业形态、双边与多边平台、在线社区不断涌现,企业之间“各自为战”与“协同共生”悖论亟待研究。例如,数字平台生态参与企业规模庞大、行为无时空限制、关系交叉融合产生多种悖论如何有效治理?跨区域、跨行业且快速迭代的平台生态如何打破组织边界形成“共生”?跨组织创新悖论的影响因素是什么?跨组织创新悖论在识别、应对与作用方面分别呈现什么特征,与单个组织创新悖论有何区别?未来研究可从多视角多层次深入挖掘组织间创新悖论及应对策略:①引入多中心协同治理视角构建平台生态治理模式;②扎根不同阶段、不同类型企业间跨组织关系创新实践,探索边界条件对企业共生行为的影响路径模型;③多方主体数字契约、数字价值创造与数据要素分配等均是未来富有价值的研究问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目:“基于数字平台的创业共创:机制、路径与绩效”(72372162)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目:“基于数字平台的创业共创:机制、路径与绩效”(2024.01—2027.12)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目子课题:“数字创新驱动的新企业创业模式研究”(72091313)
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目子课题:“数字创新驱动的新企业创业模式研究”(2021.01—2025.12)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金面上项目:“工业互联网平台与制造企业共创数字化转型过程机理研究”(2025JJ50437)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金面上项目:“工业互联网平台与制造企业共创数字化转型过程机理研究”(2025.01—2027.12)
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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.001
  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
  • 修回日期:2025-07-31
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目:“基于数字平台的创业共创:机制、路径与绩效”(72372162)
国家自然科学基金面上项目:“基于数字平台的创业共创:机制、路径与绩效”(2024.01—2027.12)
国家自然科学基金重大项目子课题:“数字创新驱动的新企业创业模式研究”(72091313)
国家自然科学基金重大项目子课题:“数字创新驱动的新企业创业模式研究”(2021.01—2025.12)
湖南省自然科学基金面上项目:“工业互联网平台与制造企业共创数字化转型过程机理研究”(2025JJ50437)
湖南省自然科学基金面上项目:“工业互联网平台与制造企业共创数字化转型过程机理研究”(2025.01—2027.12)
作者信息
    1.中南大学 商学院,湖南 长沙 410083
    2.湖南工商大学 工商管理学院,湖南 长沙 410205
    3.湖南工商大学 前沿交叉学院/管理科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410205
    4.湘江实验室,湖南 长沙 410205

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygl/CN/10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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