Article(id=1263915146200605382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, issueId=1263915140974502579, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=32148.14.kygl.2026.03.007, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=1741276800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779270453262, onlineDateStr=2026-05-20, pubDate=1773936000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779270453262, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779270453262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779270453262, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1263915140974502579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, year='2026', volume='47', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='208', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779270452016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779272730798, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1263924699034170232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, issueId=1263915140974502579, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1263924699034170233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, issueId=1263915140974502579, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1263915147400176345, articleId=1263915146200605382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, language=EN, title=Impacts of multidimensional linkage of corporate spin-off development on innovation ambidexterity, columnId=null, journalTitle=Science Research Management, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Spin-off,as an organizational change process in which parent company derive startups,is a long-term and holistic development strategy for incumbents. In today's dynamic and complex environment,whether incumbents can achieve innovation ambidexterity through spin-off is the key to ensuring their survival and sustainable development. Based on the "opportunity-motivation-ability" theoretical framework,this paper applied the QCA method to unveil the paths for incumbents to achieve innovation ambidexterity in the spin-off process. It was found that the six factors influencing the achievement of innovation ambidexterity of incumbents are the conjoint effects among six antecedents including policy and market opportunities,motivations of diversification strategy and organizational change,and abilities of resource acquisition and networking. Among these conditions,the strength of incumbents' abilities is the core condition for achieving innovation ambidexterity. When this condition is combined with other related conditions,there emerges the three paths for incumbents to achieve the one goal: innovation ambidexterity. One is the path with multiple equilibrium,in which incumbents actively lay out and fully utilize their abilities in the face of abundant external market opportunities. The second is the ability-driven path,in which incumbents rely on their strong ability endowments when the external opportunities are scarce. And the third is the opportunity-seizing path,in which incumbents seize opportunities by focusing on their main business and utilizing their own abilities when both policy and market opportunities are abundant. However,when the incumbents have weak abilities,even if they have strong motivations for diversification strategy and organizational change,or even if they are in a situation with abundant opportunities,they fail to achieve innovation ambidexterity mainly because of limited abilities. By clarifying the antecedents and their combined effects that affect incumbents to achieve innovation ambidexterity,this paper will provide useful reference and path guidance for undertaking corporate spin-off development.

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裂变作为从在位企业衍生出新创企业的组织变革过程,是一项具有长期性和整体性的发展战略。在当今动态复杂环境中,在位企业能否通过裂变式发展实现利用式和探索式并举的创新双元性,是确保其生存和持续发展的关键。本文基于机会—动机—能力理论框架,采用定性比较分析方法剖析在位企业裂变过程中实现创新双元性与否的多条路径。研究发现,在位企业外部的政策机会和市场机会、多元化战略动机和组织重构动机以及资源获取能力和网络能力六个前因条件之间具有复杂交互作用,其联动效应会对创新双元性产生影响。就单个条件而言,在位企业自身能力的强弱作为实现创新双元性的关键条件,与其他条件联合作用下形成了实现创新双元性的三条“殊途同归”路径:面临充裕市场机会时积极布局并充分运用自身能力的多元均衡型,在外部机会匮乏时依靠自身强大能力禀赋的能力驱动型,以及在政策和市场机会均充裕时聚焦主业并凭借自身能力抓住机遇的风口抢占型。而当在位企业自身能力较弱时,即便有强烈的多元化战略动机与组织重构动机,或者即便处于机会充裕的情境中,也都会因掣肘于能力短板而难以实现创新双元性。研究通过明晰在位企业实现创新双元性与否的前因条件及其组合效应,为推进企业裂变式发展提供有益借鉴和路径指导。

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王凤彬,E-mail:
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杨京雨(1995—),男(汉),重庆人,中国人民大学商学院博士研究生,现为四川农业大学管理学院副教授,研究方向:组织理论、创新与创业、企业裂变式发展。

王凤彬(1963—),女(汉),福建古田人,中国人民大学商学院、中国人民大学世界一流企业研究院李占祥矛盾管理学研究所教授,博士生导师,管理学博士,研究方向:组织演化与发展、战略创业、集团管控等。

刘遨艺(2003—),女(汉),山东东营人,中国人民大学商学院本科生,现为清华大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:战略管理与创新创业。

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杨京雨(1995—),男(汉),重庆人,中国人民大学商学院博士研究生,现为四川农业大学管理学院副教授,研究方向:组织理论、创新与创业、企业裂变式发展。

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杨京雨(1995—),男(汉),重庆人,中国人民大学商学院博士研究生,现为四川农业大学管理学院副教授,研究方向:组织理论、创新与创业、企业裂变式发展。

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2.中国人民大学 世界一流企业研究院李占祥矛盾管理学研究所,北京 100872, bio={"content":"

王凤彬(1963—),女(汉),福建古田人,中国人民大学商学院、中国人民大学世界一流企业研究院李占祥矛盾管理学研究所教授,博士生导师,管理学博士,研究方向:组织演化与发展、战略创业、集团管控等。

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王凤彬(1963—),女(汉),福建古田人,中国人民大学商学院、中国人民大学世界一流企业研究院李占祥矛盾管理学研究所教授,博士生导师,管理学博士,研究方向:组织演化与发展、战略创业、集团管控等。

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刘遨艺(2003—),女(汉),山东东营人,中国人民大学商学院本科生,现为清华大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:战略管理与创新创业。

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刘遨艺(2003—),女(汉),山东东营人,中国人民大学商学院本科生,现为清华大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:战略管理与创新创业。

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Telling Chinese stories well with longitudinal case studies: Process study paradigm, process theorization and the prospects of Sino-Western dialogue[J]. 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Set,calibration,and descriptive statistics of variables

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集合
条件变量
模糊集校准 描述性分析
完全隶属 交叉点 完全不隶属 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
政策机会 6.000 4.000 1.000 3.509 1.661 1.000 6.000
市场机会 6.000 4.500 2.350 4.445 1.111 1.000 6.000
多元化战略动机 6.000 4.000 2.350 4.136 1.173 1.000 6.000
组织重构动机 5.100 2.667 1.000 2.836 1.282 1.000 6.000
资源获取能力 6.000 4.000 2.000 4.182 1.207 1.000 6.000
网络能力 6.000 4.000 2.000 4.236 1.220 1.000 6.000
创新双元性 9.000 2.000 0.000 3.400 3.125 -3.000 9.000
), ArticleFig(id=1263915175824973847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915146200605382, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

集合、校准和描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
集合
条件变量
模糊集校准 描述性分析
完全隶属 交叉点 完全不隶属 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值
政策机会 6.000 4.000 1.000 3.509 1.661 1.000 6.000
市场机会 6.000 4.500 2.350 4.445 1.111 1.000 6.000
多元化战略动机 6.000 4.000 2.350 4.136 1.173 1.000 6.000
组织重构动机 5.100 2.667 1.000 2.836 1.282 1.000 6.000
资源获取能力 6.000 4.000 2.000 4.182 1.207 1.000 6.000
网络能力 6.000 4.000 2.000 4.236 1.220 1.000 6.000
创新双元性 9.000 2.000 0.000 3.400 3.125 -3.000 9.000
), ArticleFig(id=1263915176240209952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915146200605382, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Necessary condition analysis results of variables

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结果变量
条件变量
高双元性 非高双元性
一致性 覆盖度 一致性 覆盖度
政策机会 0.608 0.678 0.564 0.603
~政策机会 0.644 0.606 0.699 0.631
市场机会 0.749 0.712 0.629 0.574
~市场机会 0.551 0.607 0.684 0.723
多元化战略动机 0.700 0.675 0.648 0.600
~多元化战略动机 0.585 0.634 0.649 0.675
组织重构动机 0.636 0.665 0.608 0.610
~组织重构动机 0.627 0.625 0.666 0.637
资源获取能力 0.807 0.715 0.625 0.532
~资源获取能力 0.472 0.567 0.665 0.767
网络能力 0.814 0.719 0.603 0.511
~网络能力 0.447 0.540 0.668 0.775
), ArticleFig(id=1263915176366039077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915146200605382, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

必要条件分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结果变量
条件变量
高双元性 非高双元性
一致性 覆盖度 一致性 覆盖度
政策机会 0.608 0.678 0.564 0.603
~政策机会 0.644 0.606 0.699 0.631
市场机会 0.749 0.712 0.629 0.574
~市场机会 0.551 0.607 0.684 0.723
多元化战略动机 0.700 0.675 0.648 0.600
~多元化战略动机 0.585 0.634 0.649 0.675
组织重构动机 0.636 0.665 0.608 0.610
~组织重构动机 0.627 0.625 0.666 0.637
资源获取能力 0.807 0.715 0.625 0.532
~资源获取能力 0.472 0.567 0.665 0.767
网络能力 0.814 0.719 0.603 0.511
~网络能力 0.447 0.540 0.668 0.775
), ArticleFig(id=1263915176751915051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915146200605382, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Configuration analysis results of conditions

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), ArticleFig(id=1263915177204899888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915146200605382, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

构型分析结果

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), ArticleFig(id=1263915177313951795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915146200605382, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Robustness test results

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), ArticleFig(id=1263915177758548027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1263530790265569318, articleId=1263915146200605382, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稳健性检验结果

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企业裂变式发展多维联动对创新双元性的影响
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杨京雨 1, 3 , 王凤彬 1, 2 , 刘遨艺 1, 4
科研管理 | 2026,47(3): 63-71
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科研管理 | 2026, 47(3): 63-71
企业裂变式发展多维联动对创新双元性的影响
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杨京雨1, 3, 王凤彬1, 2 , 刘遨艺1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民大学 商学院,北京 100872
  • 2.中国人民大学 世界一流企业研究院李占祥矛盾管理学研究所,北京 100872
  • 3.四川农业大学 管理学院,四川 成都 611130
  • 4.清华大学 经济管理学院,北京 100084
  • 杨京雨(1995—),男(汉),重庆人,中国人民大学商学院博士研究生,现为四川农业大学管理学院副教授,研究方向:组织理论、创新与创业、企业裂变式发展。

    王凤彬(1963—),女(汉),福建古田人,中国人民大学商学院、中国人民大学世界一流企业研究院李占祥矛盾管理学研究所教授,博士生导师,管理学博士,研究方向:组织演化与发展、战略创业、集团管控等。

    刘遨艺(2003—),女(汉),山东东营人,中国人民大学商学院本科生,现为清华大学经济管理学院博士研究生,研究方向:战略管理与创新创业。

通讯作者:

王凤彬,E-mail:
Impacts of multidimensional linkage of corporate spin-off development on innovation ambidexterity
Jingyu Yang1, 3, Fengbin Wang1, 2 , Aoyi Liu1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Business,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China
  • 2. Li Zhanxiang Research Center for Paradox Management,World-Class Enterprise Research Institute of Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China
  • 3. College of Management,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,Sichuan,China
  • 4. School of Economics and Management,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
出版时间: 2026-03-20 doi: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.007
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裂变作为从在位企业衍生出新创企业的组织变革过程,是一项具有长期性和整体性的发展战略。在当今动态复杂环境中,在位企业能否通过裂变式发展实现利用式和探索式并举的创新双元性,是确保其生存和持续发展的关键。本文基于机会—动机—能力理论框架,采用定性比较分析方法剖析在位企业裂变过程中实现创新双元性与否的多条路径。研究发现,在位企业外部的政策机会和市场机会、多元化战略动机和组织重构动机以及资源获取能力和网络能力六个前因条件之间具有复杂交互作用,其联动效应会对创新双元性产生影响。就单个条件而言,在位企业自身能力的强弱作为实现创新双元性的关键条件,与其他条件联合作用下形成了实现创新双元性的三条“殊途同归”路径:面临充裕市场机会时积极布局并充分运用自身能力的多元均衡型,在外部机会匮乏时依靠自身强大能力禀赋的能力驱动型,以及在政策和市场机会均充裕时聚焦主业并凭借自身能力抓住机遇的风口抢占型。而当在位企业自身能力较弱时,即便有强烈的多元化战略动机与组织重构动机,或者即便处于机会充裕的情境中,也都会因掣肘于能力短板而难以实现创新双元性。研究通过明晰在位企业实现创新双元性与否的前因条件及其组合效应,为推进企业裂变式发展提供有益借鉴和路径指导。

企业裂变式发展  /  机会—动机—能力理论框架  /  创新双元性  /  定性比较分析

Spin-off,as an organizational change process in which parent company derive startups,is a long-term and holistic development strategy for incumbents. In today's dynamic and complex environment,whether incumbents can achieve innovation ambidexterity through spin-off is the key to ensuring their survival and sustainable development. Based on the "opportunity-motivation-ability" theoretical framework,this paper applied the QCA method to unveil the paths for incumbents to achieve innovation ambidexterity in the spin-off process. It was found that the six factors influencing the achievement of innovation ambidexterity of incumbents are the conjoint effects among six antecedents including policy and market opportunities,motivations of diversification strategy and organizational change,and abilities of resource acquisition and networking. Among these conditions,the strength of incumbents' abilities is the core condition for achieving innovation ambidexterity. When this condition is combined with other related conditions,there emerges the three paths for incumbents to achieve the one goal: innovation ambidexterity. One is the path with multiple equilibrium,in which incumbents actively lay out and fully utilize their abilities in the face of abundant external market opportunities. The second is the ability-driven path,in which incumbents rely on their strong ability endowments when the external opportunities are scarce. And the third is the opportunity-seizing path,in which incumbents seize opportunities by focusing on their main business and utilizing their own abilities when both policy and market opportunities are abundant. However,when the incumbents have weak abilities,even if they have strong motivations for diversification strategy and organizational change,or even if they are in a situation with abundant opportunities,they fail to achieve innovation ambidexterity mainly because of limited abilities. By clarifying the antecedents and their combined effects that affect incumbents to achieve innovation ambidexterity,this paper will provide useful reference and path guidance for undertaking corporate spin-off development.

corporate spin-off development  /  opportunity-motivation-ability theoretical framework  /  innovation ambidexterity  /  qualitative comparative analysis (QCA)
杨京雨, 王凤彬, 刘遨艺. 企业裂变式发展多维联动对创新双元性的影响. 科研管理, 2026 , 47 (3) : 63 -71 . DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.007
Jingyu Yang, Fengbin Wang, Aoyi Liu. Impacts of multidimensional linkage of corporate spin-off development on innovation ambidexterity[J]. Science Research Management, 2026 , 47 (3) : 63 -71 . DOI: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.007
2024年《政府工作报告》明确提出,“要深入实施国有企业改革深化提升行动,做强做优主业,增强核心功能、提高核心竞争力”。企业裂变是指从现有组织(在位企业)中衍生出新企业(新创企业)的组织变革过程。其作为一种在位企业有效聚焦主业并促进新业务发展的组织变革策略,自“大众创业,万众创新”政策提出以来,受到了各界广泛关注[1]。由于继承了丰富的资源,脱胎于母体的新创企业更易成为专精特新企业,可对推动我国产业创新水平整体跃升和解决“卡脖子”难题发挥关键作用[2]。在实践界,华为裂变出的荣耀、汇川科技、新华三等裂变体在信息通讯、高端制造等领域成长为行业领军者;类似地,海尔集团通过孵化裂变的模式,打造出成千上万的“创客军团”,在建立更具韧性和活力的生态系统的同时也促使传统制造业激发出新质生产力。以上一系列实践案例表明,企业裂变是在位企业实现高质量发展和产业升级[3]的必经之路。
企业裂变不仅可以有效改善企业的财务绩效[4],也是提升组织创新能力的一种重要手段[5]。身处复杂动态的环境的在位企业,割裂地关注利用式创新或探索式创新有明显弊端,难以满足组织长期发展的需要[6]。基于整体视角提出的创新双元性,高度强调利用式创新与探索式创新之间的协同互补效应[7],并将其作为企业提升竞争优势的重要来源。在位企业通过裂变行为,一方面能够将非核心业务剥离出去,通过深耕主营业务以提升利用式创新[8];另一方面可以借助具有业务互补性的裂变体,通过满足消费者差异化需求刺激技术迭代[9],进而促进探索式创新。母体企业通过主动裂变出新创企业,可以同时达成既有知识和市场的充分利用以及新技术和市场的有效开发,实现利用式与探索式创新并举的创新双元性[10]。然而,尽管双元性理论为在位企业调和不同类型创新的矛盾提供了理论指引,但在位企业裂变过程中需要具备什么样的前因条件组合才能实现创新双元性仍是未揭开的“黑箱”,亟待深入探讨。
作为复杂的组织变革过程,裂变式发展过程中在位企业所嵌入的情境对组织创新发展有重要影响。现有研究认为,政府政策会影响企业管理者的决策及裂变创业者的创新行为[11],消费者偏好的变化以及商业模式分化[12]会刺激企业进行变革与创新,涌现的外部机会也会刺激企业的渐进式创新和突破式创新[13]。除情境条件外,组织动机、资源行动、能力禀赋和网络连接等内部因素也会引致企业创新效果的差异。如组织为适应外部动态环境而进行的组织变革会影响企业的创新行为[5],资源编排方式的不同也会对企业创新产生差异性影响[13]。此外,在位企业能力越强,则越有可能缓解与裂变体企业因技术或者业务重叠带来的负面影响[14],并有效降低创新活动的复杂性[15]。网络能力可以帮助在位企业获取稀缺性资源,增强资源互补和知识共享,从而创造竞争优势和提升创新[16]。以上结论表明,组织内部条件的不同,会导致企业适配外部条件的差异性,进而形成实现创新双元性的不同路径[17]
总体上看,既有研究往往孤立地关注企业裂变过程中的某一因素,忽略了组织内外部多因素之间的动态交互过程,这势必会陷入时空视野狭窄的局限中。尤其是对于企业裂变式发展这一复杂的组织变革过程,更需要从整体论视角探索多因素联动效应。尽管现有关于企业裂变的研究倾向于从外部机会、组织动机和能力三个维度来探究,但这三个维度中具体条件构成并不明晰且条件关联较弱,未阐明在位企业如何综合考量裂变过程中不同维度多因素对创新双元性影响的联动效应。为此,本文将机会—动机—能力理论框架引入与创业研究同汇异流的企业裂变研究中,将研究视角从个体或团队等相对微观领域延伸拓展至更宏观的企业层面[2]。基于多维因素联动的整体观[18]对在位企业在裂变式发展中实现创新双元性的不同构型和路径进行探索。
综上,本文聚焦问题如下:“企业裂变式发展过程中,外部机会、组织动机和能力多维度不同前因条件之间的交互和联动作用,如何影响在位企业创新双元性的实现?”为此,将机会—动机—能力理论框架引入企业裂变情境中,使用模糊集定性比较分析方法细化识别出影响在位企业创新结果的具体前因条件,通过探索不同条件之间的组合效应揭示裂变式发展影响创新双元性的机制“黑箱”。
(1)政策机会
企业裂变过程中,制度环境对企业创新提升尤为重要,宽松的制度环境和创业文化有助于孕育创新情境[19]。政府可以通过政策手段影响企业经营活动及效益,并为企业提供指引和补充企业创新资源[20]。企业在裂变过程中会追寻政策机会,以有效缓解企业创新积极性不高和创新成果外部性强的问题[21]。当政府部门出台相关政策明确支持产业发展时,可降低企业裂变过程中因追求创新不确定性而导致的风险。总体而言,在位企业会充分挖掘政策机会,通过做出针对性的裂变战略与组织变革行为以提升自身合法性,从而促进利用式创新和探索式创新。
(2)市场机会
市场需求越旺盛,对企业创新行为的激励越强[22]。企业裂变过程中,面对充裕市场机会的在位企业为争夺市场份额,会进行内部结构调整和价值链延伸等组织结构变革。这在客观上会刺激在位企业将业务单元孵化裂变为独立主体,通过将新技术引入市场从而实现利用式创新和探索式创新。更贴近市场用户的裂变体企业能够发现被母体企业忽略的技术和市场,帮助其筛选和发展新的产品或技术的同时,将稀缺创新资源反哺母体企业[23]。总结起来,市场机会越充裕,则表明行业中存在竞争不充分、行业门槛壁垒较低、客户需求多样化等现象,这均有利于在位企业实现创新双元性。
(3)多元化战略动机
多元化战略动机是指企业通过裂变实现业务多元化、合作伙伴多元化等战略动机。裂变过程中,在位企业通过调整组织结构、资源分配以及重构企业边界[5]。在保证主营业务竞争力的同时,剥离出高风险的非主营研发项目,裂变体以独立的身份进行新业务的开发。多元化战略会重塑组织文化或情境,影响企业创新双元性的提升效果。具体而言,一方面,在位企业通过业务多元化战略建立的内部市场能提高资本使用效率和分散经营风险,推动企业创新活动的开展;另一方面,通过合作伙伴多元化战略构建的多主体网络体系能为企业链接更多异质性伙伴[24],有利于在位企业获取独特的异质性知识资源,从而促进组织创意重组[25],并同时提升利用式创新与探索式创新。
(4)组织重构动机
组织重构动机是指企业通过裂变对自身组织架构进行重构的动机。企业发展过程中随着规模的增大,会面临组织惰性和厌恶创新的“自我封闭困境”,难以平衡探索新市场的风险和收益,抑制组织的创新能力[26]。基于此,母体企业会以裂变为契机优化组织结构并调整业务范围,实施整合资源、优化生产流程和协同研发创新。这一方面,可以通过组织重构,实现母体企业自身能力的增强及资源配置的优化,使冗余资源能及时释放与盘活,从而提升创新效率;另一方面,可以改进母体企业的组织结构和运作流程,促进组织结构的精简并集中资源发展主业,通过规模的缩减和业务专精提升自身能力[5],进而实现创新双元性。
(5)资源获取能力
异质性资源有助于企业提升竞争优势和保持高创新水平,是引致企业创新效果差异的关键因素。资源获取能力较强劲的在位企业,一方面更有机会在裂变过程中获取外部稀缺资源,降低创新活动的复杂性[15],通过对外界异质性资源的开发利用[27],为推动技术进步及创新的商业化提供保障。另一方面,充裕的资源有助于母体企业缓解其与裂变体企业业务重叠带来的竞争[14],促成母体和裂变体之间形成更多善意合作[28],并激发母体企业原创性创新的产生,为实现创新双元性奠定基础。
(6)网络能力
在位企业的网络能力对企业创新的提升至关重要,并可有效增强组织的竞争优势[16]。裂变体企业在脱离母体后,往往在较长时间内仍嵌入以母体企业为核心的网络中[29]。对母体企业而言,与裂变体的网络联结可以帮助其获取稀缺性资源,创造竞争优势[16]。另外,网络能力较强的母体还可以通过与裂变体及其他相关主体产生连接,及时了解外部环境的变化。这一过程帮助母体企业抢占政策和市场机会的同时,还能与各主体方保持紧密联系,增强资源互补和知识共享[28],将自身的创新活动成本维持在较低水平。除此之外,网络能力还会潜在影响在位企业的创新文化,通过鼓励企业与外部创新者等合作伙伴积极互动,激发员工的创新活力,进而实现创新双元性。
以上文献表明,在位企业实现创新双元性涉及企业裂变式发展过程中多个关键要素,不同要素之间可能会发生交互影响并致使在位企业实现创新双元性路径更加错综复杂。机会—动机—能力理论框架为探寻企业裂变式发展多维度条件联动如何实现创新双元性提供了系统分析思路,包含了对裂变过程中组织内外部因素的综合考量。其中机会是企业主体对客观环境中有效成分的认知,动机是激发行动的内在原因和直接动力,能力则是直接影响企业主体完成活动质量和数量水平的内在可能性,三个维度可能在交互影响中产生联动效应。由此推断,创新双元性的影响要素通常并不以单因素形式孤立地发挥影响,而是以更加复杂的多重交互构型的形式发挥作用。因此有必要引进一种不同于线性回归分析的新方法,以更好地探索多元前因条件之间的联动构型效应。
构型视角强调因果关系并非线性、叠加的,而是多因素共同作用导致特定结果的发生。这些因素的组合形成了引致特定结果的多条路径,而且特定结果的出现与否还往往呈现因果非对称性。构型分析为从整体系统视角剖析裂变情境下在位企业创新提供了有效工具。本文引入并拓展机会—动机—能力理论框架,通过构型分析来全面探究机会、动机与能力三个不同维度六个要素的联动效应,探究企业裂变过程中内外部多个要素的复杂交互作用及其对创新双元性的影响机制(见图1)。
作为企业裂变式发展的前沿探索性研究,客观上很难获取大规模的二手数据。因此本文选取京津冀、长三角、珠三角和东北地区多个工业园区的企业作为调查对象获取一手数据,通过实地调研、邮件等线上线下结合的方式发放问卷250余份。在删除了无效问卷后,最终得到有效问卷156份。其中,符合本次研究目的(企业本身作为母体而裂变出独立的企业)的样本共55个。由于国内外裂变研究尚处于发展阶段,缺乏成熟量表和公开的二手数据,故本文基于文献查阅和实地调研访谈进行了探索性的问卷开发。为保证问卷质量,研究团队召集相关领域的学者和业界专家展开了多轮讨论,对问卷进行了多次修订。并且,为确保问卷数据的真实性和准确性,还对照公开数据对问卷填答情况进行了核实,包括是否裂变出企业、母体企业名称以及运营情况和战略等。本文还通过母体企业与裂变体企业的官方网站收集了裂变式发展情况、供应链、合作研究机构等信息,并借助官网、公开报道、论文专著等资料进行了三角验证[30]。当问卷收集的信息与公开数据有偏差时,还通过邮件、电话以及面对面访谈等形式进行了信息验证。
参考Cao等[31]的研究,本文以“裂变对本企业在既有知识基础上,以现有技术服务于现有市场和客户的利用式创新的影响类型及程度?”题项来测量利用式创新,以“裂变对本企业开展以拓宽新的知识基础,开发新的技术、市场和客户的探索式创新的影响类型及程度?”测量探索式创新。借鉴Cao等[31]的做法,本文分别测得利用式创新和探索式创新之后,取两者的乘积得到创新双元性。
政策机会的测量借鉴Kroll和Liefner[32]的研究,题项为“本企业在多大程度上是因为区域政策(如政府补贴,税收减免)而裂变出新企业?”;市场机会的测量借鉴Walter等[33]的研究,题项设置为“本企业在多大程度上是为了更好满足消费者需求而裂变出新企业?”;多元化战略动机的测量借鉴Hagedoorn等[34]的研究,题项为“本企业在多大程度上因多元化扩张战略而裂变?”等;组织重构动机的测量借鉴Kankanhalli等[35]的研究,题项为“本企业在多大程度上是为了推进分权、自治而裂变?”等;资源获取能力的测量借鉴Walter等[33]的研究,题项为“裂变过程中,本企业资源获取能力对提升企业创新的影响程度?”;网络能力的测量借鉴Walter等[33]的研究,题项为“裂变过程中,本企业网络能力(指建立、保持和利用与不同外部合作伙伴之间关系的能力)对提升企业创新的影响程度?”。
本文遵循Pappas和Woodside[36]的建议,采用6点李克特量表对所有变量进行打分,相应地采用直接校准法进行数据校准。同时,为保证数据处理的准确性,参考Andrews等[37]的做法,将完全隶属、交叉点和完全不隶属的校准锚点分别设置为选取样本数据的95%、50%和5%分位数。前因条件与结果变量的校准锚点和描述性统计值,如表1所示。
必要条件是结果发生时必须存在的条件,但它的存在又不一定导致结果发生。由于其可能被纳入逻辑余项的简约解消除[38],因此有必要对结果变量进行必要条件分析,分析结果如表2所示。各前因条件是产生创新高双元性的必要条件的一致性均不高于0.9,表明没有单个前因条件是创新高双元性出现的必要条件,因此可纳入下一步条件组合充分性的分析程序中。
通过模糊集定性比较分析法分别识别产生高双元性和非高双元性的前因构型。具体来说,分为三个步骤:①构建真值表,并设定PRI一致性阈值为0.60,将原始一致性阈值设定为0.80,案例数量阈值设定为1;②对校准后的数据进行软件运行,计算得出复杂解、简约解和复杂性程度介于二者的中间解。通过细致分析简约解与中间解的嵌套关系,识别出所得解的核心条件与边缘条件。也即,如果某前因条件同时在简约解和中间解中出现,那么它是对结果出现有稳定影响的核心条件。如果某前因条件只出现于中间解,则是对结果产生辅助作用的边缘条件;③求得引致正反面结果即创新高双元性与创新非高双元性的构型。如表3所示,引致创新高双元性的构型有三个,分别为T1、T2和T3,导致创新非高双元性的构型有三个,包括NT1、NT2和NT3。
引致创新高双元性的裂变式发展构型共有3条路径:多元均衡型(T1)、能力驱动型(T2)、风口抢占型(T3)。
(1)多元均衡型。构型T1是与机会—动机—能力均衡的多条件并发构型。它表明以充裕市场机会、高组织重构动机和强网络能力为核心条件、强资源获取能力为边缘条件的前因构型可以引致企业创新高双元性。这种构型呈现机会、动机、能力三维度多条件共存的并发效应,共同促进创新高双元性。这意味着,充裕的市场机会激励着企业通过裂变进行组织重构,在位企业利用自身资源获取能力和网络能力的优势,寻求新市场的开拓,开展创新实践。在位企业孵化出裂变体企业后,会更加灵活地基于不同业务需求选择合作主体,并更加高效地利用已有知识,以提升利用式创新水平;同时,在位企业获取创新所需的稀缺资源后,会通过开发新的产品或技术,实现探索式创新。利用式创新和探索式创新的同时提升促进了创新双元性的实现。
(2)能力驱动型。构型T2表示以强网络能力、政策机会匮乏与市场机会匮乏为核心条件、强资源获取能力为边缘条件的前因构型能够引致企业创新高双元性。裂变式发展过程中,在没有明显的市场机会和政策机会刺激的前提下,在位企业可能会在内部寻找潜在的业务发展空间。在位企业通过裂变拓展企业边界,利用自身网络能力有的放矢地与更多利益相关者联结以获取更多的稀缺性资源。一方面,通过与多样性主体展开深度合作,在位企业能够获得更大范围的知识来源并开拓市场,从而促进在位企业实现渐进、持续的利用式创新;另一方面,通过与外部主体建立开放合作关系,在位企业从外部获取创新资源以弥补内部资源不足的缺陷,利用稀缺性资源促进企业探索式创新。两者的叠加效应共同推动了创新双元性的实现。
(3)风口抢占型。构型T3表明以充裕政策和市场机会、低多元化战略动机为核心条件,强网络能力和强资源获取能力为边缘条件的前因构型能够引致企业的创新高双元性。当外部政策机会与市场机会均充裕时,企业会抓住外部机遇,大力发展主营业务,通过聚焦主业以谋求最大效益与发展前景。机会大量涌现的情境具备巨大的创新活力,日益多元的产品和服务需求呈现爆发式增长,为企业提供了更大的发展空间。此时,在位企业会利用较强的网络能力与资源获取能力,积极与外部多样性主体建立网络联系,并充分整合内外部资源。也即在位企业会通过与众多外部主体建立合作,共同识别并充分利用机遇,进而促进创新高双元性的实现。
本文也检验了产生创新非高双元性的不同前因构型,三种构型均为创新乏力型,结果见表3右列。首先,构型NT1显示,那些市场机会匮乏和网络能力较弱的企业,即便有高的多元化战略动机,也因外部机会的限制以及自身能力的不足而难以实现创新双元性。其次,构型NT2显示,缺乏网络能力的在位企业,虽然面对充裕的政策机会,也因自身实力较弱以及市场需求萎缩最终难以实现创新双元性。最后,构型NT3显示,在外部政策机会匮乏、自身资源获取能力和网络能力均较弱的情况下,在位企业即便有组织重构动机,也难实现创新双元性。本文发现构型NT1、NT2、NT3都呈现出能力缺失的特征,即当在位企业能力禀赋过弱时,无论内部动机与外部机会如何,都不能导致创新高双元性,这也一定程度上反向验证了上述企业自身能力是产生创新高双元性的关键条件的结论。
借鉴Schneider和Wagemann[39]的研究,真值表行数是由原始一致性阈值决定。当一致性提高时,纳入最小化分析的真值表行数会减少,被覆盖的案例数量也将相应减少。因此,得到的最大简化构型,将是调整构型的子集。考虑到fsQCA方法的分析过程中一致性阈值的选择差异对结果产生的影响,故对分析结果进行了进一步的稳健性检验。借鉴已有研究做法,将结果变量为创新高双元性的PRI一致性由0.60提升至0.64,产生的构型和原构型之间核心条件几乎一致,且条件组合差异较小(见表4),显示结果较稳健。
本部分结合引致特定结果的多条路径的等效性和正反面结果的因果非对称性进行跨构型比较,厘清机会、动机和能力三个维度多个因素如何协同影响在位企业创新双元性的实现,以深化对相关条件的交互联动效应的理解。跨构型比较得到如下发现:
(1)在位企业能力对创新双元性实现具有关键性的作用。从引致创新高双元性的三种构型对比中可发现,当自身能力强大时,无论是处于外部机会缺失或者是内部多元化战略不清晰等情况,均能实现创新双元性,这也从侧面反映了自身能力的重要性。当在位企业拥有较强的资源获取能力和网络能力时,前者为创新实现提供了稀缺性资源,后者为建立合作伙伴、企业联盟等网络关系奠定了基础。这表明,一方面,稀缺的创新资源是实现创新双元性的关键,拥有强劲资源获取能力可助力企业拥有开展创新活动所必需的资源供给。另一方面,也体现出在位企业不必受限于内部资源,通过网络有效获取外部稀缺资源,推动内外部资源整合,进而实现创新双元性。
(2)机会因素与动机因素对裂变企业实现创新双元性具有互补与互斥的复杂关系。从形成的三种构型可以发现,当外部市场机会充裕时,企业会产生组织重构动机,两者互补关系(T1构型)强化了在位企业创新双元性的实现,在位企业会通过组织平台化、扁平化、股权激励等一系列灵活的组织重构手段提升对市场机会的利用,进而实现企业创新双元性。另一方面,当政策机会和市场机会均充裕时,企业会摒弃多元化战略动机,两者的互斥关系(T3构型)会引致在位企业实现创新高双元性。具体原因是,当外部机会大量涌现时,在位企业会通过聚焦主业、裂变出新的业务单元,结合自身优势把握外界机会。值得注意的是,当在位企业处于外部政策机会与市场机会均匮乏的情境时(T2构型),此时多元化战略动机和组织重构动机无关紧要,在位企业反而会将自身注意力聚焦于核心竞争力培育上,进而实现创新双元性。上述发现揭示了因素间关系的多样性,呼应了构型观有关因果复杂性的论断。
(3)企业的多元化战略动机与企业实现创新双元性之间没有必然联系。无论是政策机会和市场机会均匮乏(T2构型),或者是市场机会充裕(T1构型)的构型都显示,企业实现创新双元性时多元化战略动机并不是必需的;特别是当企业处于政策机会和市场机会充裕(T3构型)的情境时,多元化战略动机反而会因分散企业有限注意力,从而对企业创新双元性的实现产生互斥性。这表明,多元化战略可能会对在位企业创新双元性的实现构成一定阻碍,这一观点在NT1构型中也得到了反向验证。
第一,企业裂变过程中实现创新双元性存在三种殊途同归的路径,即多元均衡型、能力驱动型、风口抢占型。本文从母体企业和裂变体企业配对的视角出发,基于经验数据对裂变式发展过程的因果复杂性进行了构型分析,辨析了母体企业实现创新双元性的路径中内外部多维度不同因素的复杂联动效应及“殊途同归”的多条构型路径,较好回应了对于组织变革整体研究的呼吁[18]。其中,多元均衡型表明在充裕市场机会下,在位企业可以通过组织重构适应市场变化,充分利用自身能力禀赋与不同主体构建网络关系,通过合作高效获取外部资源,为实现创新双元性奠定基础。能力驱动型表明企业在外部机会极度匮乏时,能够依靠自身强大的资源获取能力和网络能力与外部主体深度合作以获取稀缺创新资源,进而实现创新双元性。风口抢占型表明企业处于充裕政策机会和市场机会中时,在位企业需敏锐识别并抓住外部涌现的机会,通过聚焦主业并利用自身能力优势战略性地裂变衍生出新创企业,凭借与裂变体紧密合作更好实现创新双元性。本文将机会—动机—能力理论框架引入企业裂变式发展情境中,并将以上三个因素解构为政策机会、市场机会、多元化战略动机、组织重构动机、资源获取能力、网络能力六个条件。这是对机会—动机—能力理论框架的有益延伸,也为探索企业裂变过程中实现创新双元性提供了一个较系统全面的分析框架。
第二,以体现组合观的定性比较分析方法进行构型分析,识别出在位企业自身能力是实现创新双元性的关键条件,且机会因素和动机因素间存在互补或互斥的复杂效应。企业的资源获取能力和网络能力就单个条件而言并不具有必要性,但其在创新双元性各条路径中均作为重要条件发挥作用。这体现了企业“打铁必须自身硬”的朴素哲理,在位企业的能力禀赋是企业在裂变过程中实现创新双元性的基石。另外,鉴于各因素间关系存在复杂交互效应,在位企业实现创新双元性的机会因素和动机因素之间存在互补或互斥效应,尤其是多元化战略在可能会对在位企业实现创新双元性造成阻碍。因此企业需要审时度势,综合考量组织内外部因素来制定实现创新双元性的合理措施。通过与研究问题配适的方法探究裂变情境下的因果复杂性,本文揭示了多因素间的互补与互斥效应[40],深化了对企业裂变领域中实现创新双元性的不同前因条件组合的整体性认识。
第三,创新非高双元性的驱动路径存在三种构型,体现了反面结果的产生也存在前因条件的多种等效组合。面临市场机会匮乏且对外联结的网络能力较弱的企业,即便有很强的多元化战略动机,也会因外部机会限制和未建立有效的关系网络而导致创新活动开展不顺。或者,当企业面临市场机会匮乏且自身网络能力较弱的情况时,即便有充裕的政策机会,但因为内部过于封闭、未能与多样性主体建立起网络化连接,也会陷入创新“窘境”。再者,当企业所处情境中政策机会匮乏且自身资源获取和网络能力均较弱时,即便有较高的组织重构动机,但因客观情境与自身实力掣肘,也难以实现创新双元性。本文发现,实现创新双元性与否的驱动路径存在非对称性,企业能力因素缺失是导致创新双元性难以实现的重要原因。这对厘清企业裂变式发展过程的复杂性提供了更细致的循证依据。
第一,在位企业需不断强化自身能力,通过裂变实现组织创新发展。在复杂动态环境中,企业只有突破了“能力”阈值,才能有效识别并充分利用外部涌现的机会。因此,在位企业需秉承战略创业理念,从整体视角系统考察裂变式发展过程中自身能力禀赋与外部机会的“匹配性”,通过激活外部机会、组织动机与能力因素间的协同性以形成差异化发展路径。在位企业需与裂变体建立良性合作互动关系,通过“借力”裂变体企业获取外部稀缺资源以实现不同企业间的融通创新,从而加快形成新质生产力,引领新兴和未来产业发展。
第二,传统成熟在位企业应借助裂变这一至关重要的组织变革行为激活创新活力,通过培育孵化裂变体以培育“第二曲线”。一方面,通过裂变突破成熟在位企业的能力刚性、组织惰性以及资源依赖等束缚,充分利用裂变体“结构洞”的网络位置优势,获取大量异质性资源的同时,实现自身的高质量发展;另一方面,通过培育孵化出专精特新裂变体企业,开辟具有发展前景的新赛道。裂变体通过传承母体的“互补性资产”并依附在母体周围实现集群式发展,从而强化产业链、供应链以及创新链韧性。这一过程可以推进关键核心技术领域的全面国产替代,从根本上解决国外对于我国核心技术的“卡脖子”问题。
第三,企业需深入洞察裂变过程中,实现创新双元性的动机与机会因素交互的因果复杂性。不同于常规的线性效应,动机因素与机会因素对裂变企业实现创新双元性存在互补与互斥并存的复杂效应。具体地,当企业处于仅市场机会充裕的情境时,企业要充分挖掘外部机会,使之与自身的组织重构动机形成互补效应,进而实现创新高双元性;而当处于政策机会和市场机会均充裕的情境时,企业需根据充裕的机会与多元化战略动机二者存在互斥效应的律则,摒弃多元化战略动机,通过聚焦与专精确保创新高双元性的实现。企业需要洞察各方面影响因素之间非线性的复杂关系,灵活地制定相应的对策,促进在位企业在激烈的竞争中更好地生存与发展。
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目:“中国企业裂变式发展重大问题研究”(21&ZD136)
  • 国家社会科学基金重大项目:“中国企业裂变式发展重大问题研究”(2021.12—2026.12)
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2026年第47卷第3期
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doi: 10.19571/j.cnki.1000-2995.2026.03.007
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-20
  • 出版时间:2026-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
  • 修回日期:2025-03-07
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目:“中国企业裂变式发展重大问题研究”(21&ZD136)
国家社会科学基金重大项目:“中国企业裂变式发展重大问题研究”(2021.12—2026.12)
作者信息
    1.中国人民大学 商学院,北京 100872
    2.中国人民大学 世界一流企业研究院李占祥矛盾管理学研究所,北京 100872
    3.四川农业大学 管理学院,四川 成都 611130
    4.清华大学 经济管理学院,北京 100084

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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