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Article(id=1241768046881214867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692547200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990173311, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1706716800000, pubDateStr=2024-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990173311, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990173311, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990173311, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768035548205179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990170609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993209826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241780783011140021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241780783015334326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=157, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768049590735289, articleId=1241768046881214867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effects of Strain Rate on Susceptibility of TB6 Titanium Alloy to Adiabatic Shear, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of strain rate on susceptibility of TB6 titanium alloy to adiabatic shear was investigated through dynamic loading of hat-shaped specimen of TB6 titanium alloy by using a split-Hopkinson compression bar at room temperature. The following results are obtained: all four groups of specimens exhibit obvious strain hardening effects at a strain rate of 1 950-2 510 s-1; with the rising of adiabatic temperature, adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) form in all four groups of specimens due to thermoplastic instability; there is no obvious deformation gradient in the transition zone between the matrix and the adiabatic shear band due to the influence of impact load and material grain size; the equiaxed grains with size of 100 nm are formed in the hot shear band due to rotational dynamic recrystallization. By observing the metallographic structure, characterizing the adiabatic shear sensitivity, and calculating the expansion energy, it can be inferred that the susceptibility of TB6 titanium alloy to adiabatic shear increases with the increase of strain rate.

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在室温下采用分离式霍普金森压杆对TB6钛合金帽型试样进行动态加载，研究了应变速率对TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响。结果表明，应变速率1 950～2 510 s-1时，4组试样均表现出明显的应变硬化效应；在绝热温升作用下，4组试样均发生热塑失稳形成绝热剪切带；受冲击载荷和材料晶粒尺寸影响，基体和绝热剪切带之间的过渡区域变形梯度不明显；热剪切带内100 nm等轴晶的形成是旋转动态再结晶机制作用的结果。通过观察金相、表征绝热剪切敏感性及计算扩展能发现，TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性随应变速率增加而增加。

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郭正华（1972—），男，江西南昌人，博士，教授，主要从事材料加工数字化与智能研究。E-mail：
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刘小刚（1996—），男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail：

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刘小刚（1996—），男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail：

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刘小刚（1996—），男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail：

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Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10高熵合金组织结构对其绝热剪切敏感性的影响[J]. 矿冶工程, 2019, 39(3): 119-122., articleTitle=Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10高熵合金组织结构对其绝热剪切敏感性的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241779804014448657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768046881214867, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=151, issue=null, pageStart=424, pageEnd=431, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=LI Z, ZHAO S, Alotaibi S M, journalName=Acta Materialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Z, ZHAO S, Alotaibi S M, et al. Adiabatic shear localization in the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy[J]. 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AlVFeOTi
3.0710.151.680.07余量
), ArticleFig(id=1241779800981967806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768046881214867, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TB6钛合金化学成分（质量分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AlVFeOTi
3.0710.151.680.07余量
), ArticleFig(id=1241779801124574148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768046881214867, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应变速率/s-1绝热剪切形成能/（MJ·m-3）临界剪切应变峰值流变应力/MPa
1 95093.10.051710
2 24094.90.052684
2 460950.068657
2 510990.049664
), ArticleFig(id=1241779801262986182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768046881214867, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同应变速率下TB6钛合金的绝热剪切敏感性表征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应变速率/s-1绝热剪切形成能/（MJ·m-3）临界剪切应变峰值流变应力/MPa
1 95093.10.051710
2 24094.90.052684
2 460950.068657
2 510990.049664
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应变速率对TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响
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刘小刚 , 郭正华 , 郦逸凡 , 姜丽红 , 冯琛文
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(1): 157-160
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(1): 157-160
应变速率对TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响
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刘小刚 , 郭正华 , 郦逸凡, 姜丽红, 冯琛文
作者信息
  • 南昌航空大学　航空制造工程学院，江西　南昌　330063

    • 刘小刚（1996—），男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail：

通讯作者:

郭正华（1972—），男，江西南昌人，博士，教授，主要从事材料加工数字化与智能研究。E-mail：
Effects of Strain Rate on Susceptibility of TB6 Titanium Alloy to Adiabatic Shear
Xiaogang LIU , Zhenghua GUO , Yifan LI, Lihong JIANG, Chenwen FENG
Affiliations
  • School of Aeronautical Manufacturing Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, Jiangxi, China
出版时间: 2024-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.034
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摘要
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在室温下采用分离式霍普金森压杆对TB6钛合金帽型试样进行动态加载，研究了应变速率对TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响。结果表明，应变速率1 950～2 510 s-1时，4组试样均表现出明显的应变硬化效应；在绝热温升作用下，4组试样均发生热塑失稳形成绝热剪切带；受冲击载荷和材料晶粒尺寸影响，基体和绝热剪切带之间的过渡区域变形梯度不明显；热剪切带内100 nm等轴晶的形成是旋转动态再结晶机制作用的结果。通过观察金相、表征绝热剪切敏感性及计算扩展能发现，TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性随应变速率增加而增加。

绝热剪切敏感性  /  绝热剪切带  /  应变速率  /  旋转动态再结晶  /  TB6钛合金  /  分离式霍普金森压杆

The effect of strain rate on susceptibility of TB6 titanium alloy to adiabatic shear was investigated through dynamic loading of hat-shaped specimen of TB6 titanium alloy by using a split-Hopkinson compression bar at room temperature. The following results are obtained: all four groups of specimens exhibit obvious strain hardening effects at a strain rate of 1 950-2 510 s-1; with the rising of adiabatic temperature, adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) form in all four groups of specimens due to thermoplastic instability; there is no obvious deformation gradient in the transition zone between the matrix and the adiabatic shear band due to the influence of impact load and material grain size; the equiaxed grains with size of 100 nm are formed in the hot shear band due to rotational dynamic recrystallization. By observing the metallographic structure, characterizing the adiabatic shear sensitivity, and calculating the expansion energy, it can be inferred that the susceptibility of TB6 titanium alloy to adiabatic shear increases with the increase of strain rate.

adiabatic shear susceptibility  /  adiabatic shear band  /  strain rate  /  rotating dynamic recrystallization  /  TB6 titanium alloy  /  split-Hopkinson pressure bar
刘小刚, 郭正华, 郦逸凡, 姜丽红, 冯琛文. 应变速率对TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (1) : 157 -160 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.034
Xiaogang LIU, Zhenghua GUO, Yifan LI, Lihong JIANG, Chenwen FENG. Effects of Strain Rate on Susceptibility of TB6 Titanium Alloy to Adiabatic Shear[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (1) : 157 -160 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.034
正文
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TB6钛合金（Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al）是一种亚稳态β型钛合金[1]，具有稳定性强、成本低、比强度高、断裂韧性好、淬透性高、耐腐蚀能力强、抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力高等优点，被广泛应用于航空航天领域，是小型紧固件、起落架、滑轨及机翼等航空构件的主要材料[2]。绝热剪切现象是材料在高应变率变形条件下塑性变形局域化的一种常见形式，普遍存在于动态载荷的高应变率变形过程中。绝热剪切发生的难易程度由绝热剪切敏感性表征，材料绝热剪切敏感性越高，越容易发生绝热剪切现象，材料的微观损伤越严重。目前关于TB6钛合金在高应变速率下绝热剪切敏感性的研究较少，通过研究TB6钛合金在高应变率变形条件下的绝热剪切敏感性，可为防止该合金的绝热剪切断裂破坏提供理论指导，促进该合金在航空航天与装甲防护等专业领域的应用。
1　实验材料和方法
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实验所用材料为江西景航航空锻铸有限公司生产的直径300 mm的锻造TB6钛合金材料，合金实际化学成分如表1所示。利用电火花线切割技术把TB6钛合金材料加工成帽形试样。室温下利用分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar，SHPB）装置在高应变率下完成帽形试样的动态加载实验，使用SDY2107超动态应变仪收集SHPB装置的电信号。SHPB装置示意图和帽形试样几何结构如图1（a）和图1（b）所示。
应力-应变曲线可由式（1）～（4）获得[3]：
式中τ、、γ和ε分别为剪切应力、应变速率、剪切应变和真应变；E0为弹性压杆的弹性模量；C0为弹性压杆的波速；L和W分别为绝热剪切带（ASB）的长度和宽度；di和de均为帽形试样的参数；er（t）和et（t）分别为SHPB反射和传输应力脉冲形成的电信号曲线。
本实验通过控制加载气压获得TB6钛合金的不同应变速率，所得平均应变速率分别为1 950 s-1、2 240 s-1、2 460 s-1、2 510 s-1。
将冲击后的试样沿中轴线切开，研磨和机械抛光后观察其微观组织。采用金相腐蚀剂（3 mL氢氟酸溶液+10 mL浓硝酸溶液+87 mL水溶液）化学刻蚀TB6钛合金的抛光表面8～12 s，之后清洗并干燥。采用金相显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察试样的形貌组织，并使用Nano Measurer 1.2软件测量晶粒尺寸和绝热剪切带（Adiabatic Shear Band，ASB）宽度。
2　实验结果与讨论
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2.1　动态力学分析
TB6帽形试样在4种应变速率下的真应力-应变曲线见图2。在变形初期，4个样品的真应力均随应变增加而增加且应变硬化效果显著。随着应变速率增大，样品的峰值应力有逐渐减小的趋势。在弹性变形后期（应力峰值以后），可以看见不同应变速率曲线均以正弦曲线的形式波动且在高应变速率下的波动更剧烈。这是因为材料在高应变速率下会伴有明显的绝热温升，温升引起的强度下降幅度大于应变硬化引起的强度增加幅度，材料就会发生热塑失稳，最后失效。
2.2　金相组织分析
帽形试样在高应变速率下剪切区域的金相显微组织如图3所示。在不同应变速率下，剪切区域在剪切方向上均存在与周围基体有明显界限的ASB。可以看出，4条ASB的宽度变化情况一致，即ASB宽度沿剪切方向逐渐减小，说明剪切带内的变形极不均匀，且在高应变速率样品中的变形更剧烈。应变速率2 460 s-1时，帽形试样压缩的顶端形成了一个“V”字形的豁口并逐渐延伸至ASB。文献[4]认为豁口的出现与帽形试样本身的特点有关。豁口会随着应变增大向剪切带内扩展形成长裂纹，同时由于压应力的作用，其宽度逐渐变窄。应变速率2 510 s-1时，裂纹贯穿整条ASB。一般而言，ASB中裂纹的扩展能力由绝热剪切带扩展能决定，剪切带扩展能越小，裂纹扩展能力越强，试样越容易失稳，说明试样对绝热剪切敏感性较大。值得注意的是，在观察TB6钛合金金相时并未发现基体和ASB之间的过渡区域，这与材料的冲击载荷和晶粒尺寸有关。在较小的冲击载荷下，小尺寸晶粒被拉长的程度较低，不易被观察到。文献[5]在研究原始晶粒尺寸比TB6钛合金大数十倍的片层状Al0.4CoCrFeNi高熵合金时发现，基体和ASB之间过渡区域的晶粒明显被拉长。
材料在高应变速率下的剪切变形过程可被视为绝热过程。通常认为ASB中90%的塑性功会转化为热量并迅速升至102～105 K。材料学家普遍认为，热软化效应超过应变和应变速率硬化效应时，会形成ASB。相关解析式为[6]：
式（5）右边第一项为加工硬化，第二项为应变速率硬化，第三项为热软化。当≤0时，TB6钛合金材料发生局部绝热剪切。ASB的产生取决于，和，当时，ASB更容易形成。
2.3　晶粒细化分析
为了更准确地表征ASB在高应变速率下的微观结构特征，采用扫描步长250 nm扫描ASB区域，结果如图4所示。通过观察TB6钛合金的原始组织可以发现，该棒材组织的β基体中分布着含量较高（体积分数约22%）的亮白色粗大α相。此外，测得TB6钛合金的原始平均晶粒尺寸约3 μm，而在动态冲击后降至约100 nm。
在以往的研究中，研究人员采用多种再结晶机制诠释剪切变形区域晶粒的细化原理，但随着研究的深入，基于扩散的传统再结晶机制已无法合理解释绝热剪切带的组织演化机制。在目前的研究中，材料学家较认可的再结晶机制是由Meyers等提出的旋转动态结晶（Rotational Dynamic Recrystallization，RDR）机制[7]，此机制很好地解释了绝热剪切带内再结晶晶粒形成的可能性及等轴再结晶晶粒的形成机理。此外，文献[8]运用位错动力学和能量最低原理对RDR模型进行了定量分析，发现破碎的亚晶至少需要旋转30°才能形成等轴的再结晶晶粒，且其形成时间需要10～50 ms。TB6钛合金绝热剪切区域晶粒的细化是塑性变形和绝热温升共同作用的结果。根据RDR机制，TB6钛合金变形首先会迫使晶体产生随机分布的位错，随着位错密度增加形成拉长的位错胞，继而形成拉长的亚晶。为了继续变形，被拉长的亚晶发生破碎，最后旋转形成具有再结晶特征的组织。
2.4　绝热剪切敏感性分析
一般情况下，绝热剪切发生时吸收的能量（绝热剪切形成能）越少，临界应变越小，说明材料绝热剪切敏感性越高，越容易形成ASB。表2列出了TB6钛合金在不同应变速率下的绝热剪切形成能、临界剪切应变值以及对应的峰值流变应力。单位体积的绝热剪切形成能可通过式（6）计算得到[5]：
式中E为绝热剪切形成能，MJ/m3；σ为真应力，MPa；ε为真应变。根据式（6），通过对应力-应变曲线起始点到绝热剪切带出现点即“应力塌陷点”这一段进行积分，可得到材料在不同应变速率下的单位体积绝热剪切形成能。“应力塌陷”是指材料的流变应力达到最大后突然急剧下降的一种现象，其产生标志着ASB的形成，此时材料的承载能力急剧下降。尽管2 460 s-1时临界剪切应变值略微增大，但不影响对TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性的分析。由不同应变速率下金相、绝热剪切形成能以及临界剪切应变值可得，TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性随应变速率增大而增大。
在高应变速率下，需要一定的扩展能才能形成ASB，能垒越高，绝热剪切越难发生。绝热剪切带扩展能的计算公式为[8]：
式中Γ、α、ρ、c、τy、和λ分别为TB6钛合金的扩展能、热软化系数、材料密度、比热容、屈服应力、应变速率和导热系数。把4个应变速率分别代入式（7），可以得到，，。上述3个方程的计算值均小于1，表明应变速率越高，扩展能越低。由此可得，TB6钛合金材料的绝热剪切敏感性随应变速率增加而增加，这与之前的结果完全一致。
3　结论
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1）随着应变速率增加，试样均表现出明显的应变硬化效应，但峰值应力有所下降。
2）受热软化效应影响，试样均发生热塑失稳，并在剪切区域形成了ASB。随着应变速率增加，变形加剧，ASB内出现裂缝，ASB内的晶粒发生明显细化，在RDR机制的作用下形成了100 nm的等轴晶。
3）通过观察金相、表征绝热剪切敏感性及计算扩展能发现，TB6钛合金绝热剪切敏感性随应变速率增加而增加。
基金
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  • 江西省重大科技研发专项项目(20194ABC28001)
  • 南昌航空大学研究生创新专项资金项目(YC2022-029)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
排序方式：
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陈彩娜, 曾志, 张耀, 等. 热等静压工艺对TB6钛合金组织和性能的影响[J]. 热加工工艺, 2023(7): 110-112.
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易湘斌, 张俊喜, 李宝栋, 等. 高应变率下TB6钛合金的动态压缩性能[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2019, 48(4): 1220-1224.
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Meyers M A, Pak H R. Observation of an adiabatic shear band in titanium by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy[J]. Acta Metallurgica, 1986, 34(12): 2493-2499.
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XUE Q, Gray G T, Henrie B L, et al. Influence of shock prestraining on the formation of shear localization in 304 stainless steel[J]. Metallurgical & Materials Transactions A, 2005, 36(6): 1471-1486.
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刘小刚, 姜丽红, 刘征, 等. 应变速率对Al0.4CoCrFeNi高熵合金绝热剪切敏感性的影响[J]. 矿冶工程, 2023, 43(1): 133-136.
[6]
杨扬, 杨双君, 刘文辉. Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10高熵合金组织结构对其绝热剪切敏感性的影响[J]. 矿冶工程, 2019, 39(3): 119-122.
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LI Z, ZHAO S, Alotaibi S M, et al. Adiabatic shear localization in the CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy[J]. Acta Materialia, 2018, 151: 424-431.
[8]
Meyers M A, LaSalvia J C, Nesterenko V F, et al. Dynamic recrystallization in high strain rate deformation, recrystallization and related phenomena[C]//The third international conference on recrystallization and related phenomena, August 23-25, 1997, Rex'96, Montery, California. New York: ASME, c1997: 279-286.
2024年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.034
  • 接收时间：2023-08-21
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-02-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-08-21
基金
江西省重大科技研发专项项目(20194ABC28001)
南昌航空大学研究生创新专项资金项目(YC2022-029)
作者信息
    南昌航空大学　航空制造工程学院，江西　南昌　330063

通讯作者:

郭正华（1972—），男，江西南昌人，博士，教授，主要从事材料加工数字化与智能研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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