Article(id=1241768041357316314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694275200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990171994, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1706716800000, pubDateStr=2024-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990171994, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990171994, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990171994, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768035548205179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990170609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993209826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241780783011140021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241780783015334326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=111, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768041701249260, articleId=1241768041357316314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Process Conditions and Kinetics of Removing Calcium and Magnesium from Manganese Sulfate Solution by Manganese Fluoride, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effects of excess coefficient of manganese fluoride, pH value of solution, reaction temperature and reaction time on the removal rate of calcium and magnesium from manganese sulfate solution were studied by performing single factor experiment with manganese fluoride as a removal agent. Under the optimum conditions, including an excess coefficient of manganese fluoride of 2.0, pH of 5, reaction temperature of 85 ℃ and reaction time of 80 min, the removal rates of calcium and magnesium can reach 97.06% and 95.48%, respectively. The kinetic study on this basis shows that the precipitation reactions of both calcium and magnesium in manganese sulfate solution conform to the Avrami equation, with apparent activation energies of 48.01 kJ/mol and 53.23 kJ/mol, respectively. The surface reaction is a factor to limit the precipitation rates of calcium and magnesium.

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以氟化锰为脱除剂,通过单因素实验研究氟化锰过量系数、溶液pH值、反应温度以及反应时间对硫酸锰溶液中钙镁脱除率的影响。在氟化锰过量系数2.0、溶液pH=5、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间80 min的优化工艺条件下,钙和镁脱除率分别为97.06%和95.48%。在此基础上进行了动力学研究,硫酸锰溶液中钙和镁的沉淀反应均符合Avrami方程,其表观活化能分别为48.01 kJ/mol和53.23 kJ/mol,表面化学反应是影响钙镁沉淀反应速率的限制性环节。

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王家伟(1980—),男,贵州织金人,教授,主要从事冶金工程及资源综合利用的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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裴正清(1997—),男,贵州赤水人,硕士研究生,主要从事冶金与环保研究。E-mail:

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裴正清(1997—),男,贵州赤水人,硕士研究生,主要从事冶金与环保研究。E-mail:

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MnCaMgNaK
57.250.254 80.205 30.028 70.002 1
AlCuFeCdZn
0.012 60.004 70.009 80.002 20.021 1
), ArticleFig(id=1241779805868331115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768041357316314, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

硫酸锰原液中金属元素分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MnCaMgNaK
57.250.254 80.205 30.028 70.002 1
AlCuFeCdZn
0.012 60.004 70.009 80.002 20.021 1
), ArticleFig(id=1241779805960605804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768041357316314, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素名称质量分数/%原子分数/%
Mn33.1514.41
O47.5170.98
S19.0114.19
F0.330.42
Ca0.000.00
Mg0.000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241779806065463408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768041357316314, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

结晶后的一水硫酸锰各元素占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素名称质量分数/%原子分数/%
Mn33.1514.41
O47.5170.98
S19.0114.19
F0.330.42
Ca0.000.00
Mg0.000.00
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氟化锰脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁的工艺条件及其动力学研究
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裴正清 1, 2 , 王家伟 1, 2, 3 , 王海峰 1, 2, 3 , 杨春元 1, 2 , 周兴杰 1, 2 , 郑可欣 1, 2 , 鲁菊 1, 2 , 马德华 1, 2 , 路坊海 4
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024,44(1): 111-115
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024, 44(1): 111-115
氟化锰脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁的工艺条件及其动力学研究
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裴正清1, 2 , 王家伟1, 2, 3 , 王海峰1, 2, 3, 杨春元1, 2, 周兴杰1, 2, 郑可欣1, 2, 鲁菊1, 2, 马德华1, 2, 路坊海4
作者信息
  • 1.贵州大学 材料与冶金学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2.贵州省冶金工程与过程节能重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 3.电池用锰材料工程技术研究中心,贵州 铜仁 554300
  • 4.贵州理工学院 材料新能源工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550003
  • 裴正清(1997—),男,贵州赤水人,硕士研究生,主要从事冶金与环保研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王家伟(1980—),男,贵州织金人,教授,主要从事冶金工程及资源综合利用的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
Process Conditions and Kinetics of Removing Calcium and Magnesium from Manganese Sulfate Solution by Manganese Fluoride
Zhengqing PEI1, 2 , Jiawei WANG1, 2, 3 , Haifeng WANG1, 2, 3, Chunyuan YANG1, 2, Xingjie ZHOU1, 2, Kexin ZHENG1, 2, Ju LU1, 2, Dehua MA1, 2, Fanghai LU4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
  • 2.Guizhou Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Engineering and Process Energy Conservation, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
  • 3.Engineering Technology Research Center of Manganese Material for Batteries, Tongren 554300, Guizhou, China
  • 4.School of Materials and New Energy Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, Guizhou, China
出版时间: 2024-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.024
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以氟化锰为脱除剂,通过单因素实验研究氟化锰过量系数、溶液pH值、反应温度以及反应时间对硫酸锰溶液中钙镁脱除率的影响。在氟化锰过量系数2.0、溶液pH=5、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间80 min的优化工艺条件下,钙和镁脱除率分别为97.06%和95.48%。在此基础上进行了动力学研究,硫酸锰溶液中钙和镁的沉淀反应均符合Avrami方程,其表观活化能分别为48.01 kJ/mol和53.23 kJ/mol,表面化学反应是影响钙镁沉淀反应速率的限制性环节。

硫酸锰溶液  /  除钙  /  除镁  /  钙镁  /  氟化锰  /  沉淀  /  工艺条件  /  动力学

The effects of excess coefficient of manganese fluoride, pH value of solution, reaction temperature and reaction time on the removal rate of calcium and magnesium from manganese sulfate solution were studied by performing single factor experiment with manganese fluoride as a removal agent. Under the optimum conditions, including an excess coefficient of manganese fluoride of 2.0, pH of 5, reaction temperature of 85 ℃ and reaction time of 80 min, the removal rates of calcium and magnesium can reach 97.06% and 95.48%, respectively. The kinetic study on this basis shows that the precipitation reactions of both calcium and magnesium in manganese sulfate solution conform to the Avrami equation, with apparent activation energies of 48.01 kJ/mol and 53.23 kJ/mol, respectively. The surface reaction is a factor to limit the precipitation rates of calcium and magnesium.

manganese sulfate solution  /  calcium removal  /  magnesium removal  /  calcium and magnesium  /  manganese fluoride  /  precipitation  /  process conditions  /  kinetics
裴正清, 王家伟, 王海峰, 杨春元, 周兴杰, 郑可欣, 鲁菊, 马德华, 路坊海. 氟化锰脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁的工艺条件及其动力学研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (1) : 111 -115 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.024
Zhengqing PEI, Jiawei WANG, Haifeng WANG, Chunyuan YANG, Xingjie ZHOU, Kexin ZHENG, Ju LU, Dehua MA, Fanghai LU. Process Conditions and Kinetics of Removing Calcium and Magnesium from Manganese Sulfate Solution by Manganese Fluoride[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (1) : 111 -115 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.024
硫酸锰是一种重要的基础锰盐,在工业、畜牧业和医药等领域都发挥着重要作用[1]。生产中通常把低品位锰矿加到硫酸溶液中反应得到硫酸锰浸出液,但矿石中金属杂质会随浸出过程进入溶液中,导致硫酸锰浸出液中K+、Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+等杂质含量超标,其中钙镁离子与锰离子性质相似,很难去除[2]。工业上要求高纯硫酸锰中钙镁离子质量分数低于5×10-5。硫酸锰溶液中钙镁杂质离子的去除方法一般有高温结晶法、萃取法、电解法和氟化物沉淀法[3]。在众多方法中,氟化物沉淀法可以有效脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁杂质,且反应条件简单,容易操作。
关于氟化物脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁杂质的研究较多,研究重点集中在脱除钙镁反应条件的探索[4-5],少有关于去除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁沉淀反应动力学的研究。本文选用氟化锰为沉淀剂,通过单因素实验研究氟化锰过量系数、溶液pH值、反应温度和反应时间等因素对钙镁脱除率的影响,获得脱除钙镁的优化工艺条件;在此基础上进行动力学研究,以便更好地了解沉淀过程的反应机理,有利于丰富和拓展现有研究成果。
实验所用氟化锰为分析纯;硫酸锰溶液取自贵州某硫酸锰企业初级净化除杂后的溶液,利用ICP-MS测定原液中金属元素含量,结果见表1
表1可知,原液中主要杂质为Ca和Mg,含量分别为0.254 8 g/L和0.205 3 g/L,需要去除。
所用实验仪器主要有JJ-1型精密增力电动搅拌器、HH-2J型数显恒温水浴锅、AL204型分析天平和A301681型pH计等。检测仪器有X'Pert PRO MPD型XRD衍射仪、SU8020型扫描电镜和PXS-270型离子计。
氟化物沉淀法去除硫酸锰溶液中的钙镁离子,即让钙镁离子转变成不溶性的氟化钙和氟化镁沉淀并过滤除去[6]。钙镁等碱土金属氟化物溶解度较小,向硫酸锰原液中加入适量的氟化锰,可以有效去除其中的钙镁杂质离子。具体反应方程式如下:
向烧杯中加入200 mL硫酸锰原液,将烧杯置于恒温水浴锅中加热,打开磁力搅拌器进行搅拌;待温度升高到设置的反应温度时,用硫酸或氢氧化钠调节溶液pH值,然后加入不同理论用量倍数的氟化锰(即不同过量系数的氟化锰),达到设定的反应时间后,静置并过滤。测定滤液中钙(镁)离子含量,计算钙(镁)离子脱除率:
式中A为钙(镁)离子脱除率,%;C1为原液中钙(镁)离子含量,g/L;C2为滤液中钙(镁)离子含量,g/L。
溶液pH=7、反应温度25 ℃、反应时间60 min时,研究了氟化锰过量系数对钙镁脱除率的影响,结果如图1所示。
图1可见,相同实验条件下Ca2+脱除效果始终优于Mg2+脱除效果。这是因为Ca2+离子半径较大,溶液中Ca2+与F-的有效碰撞概率大于Mg2+与F-的有效碰撞概率,更容易产生氟化钙沉淀,因此Ca2+脱除率更高[5]。氟化锰过量系数从1.0增加到2.0时,硫酸锰溶液中钙镁脱除率均随着氟化锰过量系数增加而提高,且脱除率提高速率较快;氟化锰过量系数超过2.0后,钙镁脱除率变化不明显。由于氟化锰的加入,溶液中钙镁离子会与F-反应生成沉淀;同时溶液中Mn2+浓度增加,硫酸钙和硫酸镁溶解度随着Mn2+浓度增加而降低,使得溶液中钙镁离子浓度降低。结果表明,适宜的氟化锰过量系数为2.0。
氟化锰过量系数2.0,其他条件不变,pH值对钙镁脱除率的影响如图2所示。
图2可见,溶液pH值由3增加到5,钙镁脱除率均随着溶液pH值增大而急剧增加;溶液pH值达到5后,随着溶液pH值增大,钙镁脱除率均趋于稳定。溶液pH值较低时,F-会与溶液中的H+反应生成HF,HF属于弱电解质,溶液中F-数量大大减少,不利于生成氟化钙、氟化镁沉淀反应的进行;氟化钙、氟化镁沉淀会在低pH值溶液中发生溶解,钙、镁离子重新进入溶液中[7]。溶液pH值过高时,一部分钙、镁离子会反应生成[MFn]2-n配合离子,而不是预期的氟化钙、氟化镁沉淀,导致钙、镁脱除率变化不明显[8]。选择溶液pH=5进行后续实验。
溶液pH=5,其他条件不变,反应温度对钙镁脱除率的影响如图3所示。
在实验温度范围内,升高反应温度有利于提高硫酸锰溶液中钙镁离子脱除率。生成氟化钙和氟化镁的反应是吸热反应[9],所以升高温度有利于反应的进行。提高反应温度有利于反应的传质过程,增大离子之间的有效碰撞概率,使反应速率加快,缩短反应周期。同时,升高温度有利于沉淀结晶化,提升小颗粒氟化钙和氟化镁沉淀物的絮凝效果。综合考虑除杂效果和能源消耗,选择反应温度85 ℃。
反应温度85 ℃,其他条件不变,反应时间对钙镁脱除率的影响如图4所示。
图4可以看出,延长反应时间,钙镁离子脱除率也会随之提高。反应时间达到80 min后,继续延长反应时间,钙镁离子脱除率增加趋势不再明显。选择反应时间80 min。
根据单因素实验结果确定优化的实验条件为:氟化锰过量系数2.0、溶液pH=5、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间80 min。在该条件下脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙、镁离子,钙和镁脱除率分别为97.06%和95.48%。获得的液体经过滤,对其进行浓缩结晶,所获产物的XRD分析结果见图5。在2θ=18.09°、25.44°、28.46°、34.85°和40°出现了明显的特征峰,与标准卡片JCPDS(№74-1333)基本一致,确定产物为一水硫酸锰。
图6为脱除钙、镁离子后蒸发结晶的一水硫酸锰EDS面扫图。一水硫酸锰中主要元素为Mn、S,另有少量Ca、Mg、F元素,说明钙、镁离子得到有效脱除。表2为蒸发结晶后的一水硫酸锰成分,其中钙、镁几乎不存在。由于反应过程中加入了氟化锰,硫酸锰溶液中氟离子浓度为416 mg/L,氟离子含量过高,不能满足工业需求。为此,用自制的纳米除氟剂对过滤后的溶液进行除氟[10],除氟后的溶液中氟离子浓度为24 mg/L,除氟率达94.23%,可以满足工业需求。
为探究脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁离子过程的反应动力学,固定氟化锰过量系数2.0、溶液pH=5,不同温度下钙、镁离子脱除率随反应时间的变化如图7所示。
钙镁离子沉淀动力学过程可用Avrami方程进行拟合[11]。Avrami方程常用于表达金属氧化物的酸浸过程和沉淀过程的动力学规律[12]
式中x为钙镁离子脱除率,%;k为反应速率常数,min-1t为反应时间,min;n为反应级数。
由式(4)可以看出,ln[-ln(1-x)]是关于lnt的一次函数,以lnt为横坐标、ln[-ln(1-x)]为纵坐标作图进行拟合,得到函数的斜率和y轴截距即为反应级数n和lnk。拟合结果如图8所示。
图8可以看出,大部分动力学数据点都聚集在拟合直线的附近,相关性系数R2均大于0.95,显示出良好的拟合效果,说明Avrami方程能够很好地反映钙镁离子沉淀过程。5条拟合曲线不同温度下的参数n均小于1,说明该化学反应属于前期反应速率较快但随着时间延长后期反应速率逐渐降低的沉淀类型,这与图5显示的钙镁离子脱除率曲线变化规律一致。一般认为,Avrami方程中参数n大于0.5时,沉淀反应速率受表面化学反应环节控制;参数n小于0.5时,沉淀反应速率由扩散环节控制。不同温度下动力学拟合曲线的参数n均大于0.5,初步判断表面化学反应是影响钙镁离子沉淀反应速率的限制性环节[13]。随着反应温度由25 ℃升高到85 ℃,拟合曲线的lnk值随着反应温度升高而增加,说明反应温度对钙镁离子沉淀反应速率有显著影响[14]。为探明影响钙镁离子沉淀反应速率的限制性环节,运用阿伦尼乌斯公式计算反应表观活化能[15]
式中A为指前因子,min-1Ea为表观活化能,kJ/mol;R为气体常数,R=8.314 J/(K·mol);T为绝对温度,K。
为便于计算表观活化能,把式(5)改写成一次函数形式:
以1 000/T为横坐标、不同反应温度下的lnk值为纵坐标,对钙镁离子沉淀反应的动力学数据进行拟合,结果如图9所示。钙镁离子沉淀拟合曲线的斜率分别为-5.774 1和-6.402 5,将斜率与气体常数R相结合,可得其表观活化能分别为48.01 kJ/mol和53.23 kJ/mol。钙镁离子沉淀反应的表观活化能均大于40 kJ/mol,表明钙镁离子沉淀反应速率由表面化学反应环节控制[16]。化学反应的活化能越高,化学反应的进行难度越大。因此,在脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁离子过程中,Ca2+较容易发生沉淀反应,脱除率较高,这与实验结果一致。
1)氟化锰脱除硫酸锰溶液中钙镁杂质离子的工艺是可行的。在氟化锰过量系数2.0、溶液pH=5、反应温度85 ℃、反应时间80 min的优化条件下,钙和镁脱除率可分别达到97.06%和95.48%。
2)硫酸锰溶液中钙镁的沉淀反应符合Avrami方程,其表观活化能分别为48.01 kJ/mol和53.23 kJ/mol,表面化学反应是影响钙镁沉淀反应速率的限制性环节。
3)除钙镁后溶液中氟离子浓度较高,为416 mg/L,经自制的纳米除氟剂处理后,氟含量可降至24 mg/L,可以用于生产高纯硫酸锰。
  • 铜市科研(2021)13号
  • 黔科合重大专项[2022]003
  • 黔科合支撑[2022]重点020
  • 黔科合支撑[2023]一般243
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.024
  • 接收时间:2023-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-10
基金
铜市科研(2021)13号
黔科合重大专项[2022]003
黔科合支撑[2022]重点020
黔科合支撑[2023]一般243
作者信息
    1.贵州大学 材料与冶金学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
    2.贵州省冶金工程与过程节能重点实验室,贵州 贵阳 550025
    3.电池用锰材料工程技术研究中心,贵州 铜仁 554300
    4.贵州理工学院 材料新能源工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550003

通讯作者:

王家伟(1980—),男,贵州织金人,教授,主要从事冶金工程及资源综合利用的教学与研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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