Article(id=1241768039864139792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693152000000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990171638, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1706716800000, pubDateStr=2024-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990171638, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990171638, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990171638, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768035548205179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990170609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993209826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241780783011140021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241780783015334326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=5, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768040883355681, articleId=1241768039864139792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Fragmentation and Pulverization Characteristics of Polymetallic Nodules During Lifting, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the experimental study on fragmentation and pulverization characteristics of polymetallic nodules in the process of ore lifting, it is found that there is obvious fragmentation of nodules during lifting process. With the volume concentration of 6.5%, the mass percent of polymetallic nodules with particle size larger than 50 mm decreases from 75.58% to 23.78%; with the volume concentration of 15%, the mass percent decreases from 51.51% to 10.08%. Pulverization of nodules was observed in the experiment. With the volume concentration of 6.5%, the mass percent of the polymetallic nodules powder with particle size less than 0.1 mm is 1.79%, and the median particle size is 10.07 μm; with the volume concentration of 15%, the mass percent of polymetallic nodule powder with particle size less than 0.1 mm is 1.99%, and the median particle size of the powder is 9.47 μm. Based on the experimental data, it is estimated that as per mining of 10 million tons of polymetallic nodules, the powder discharge will cause tens of thousands of tons of Fe and Mn losses, as well as hundreds of tons of Co, Ni and Cu losses. Besides, the maximum redeposition thickness of the sediment plume induced by mining is more than 3 mm after diffusion and settlement, which will bring a significant impact to environment.

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对扬矿过程中多金属结核破碎粉化特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,扬矿过程中结核破碎程度明显,体积浓度6.5%时,粒径大于50 mm的多金属结核质量占比从75.58%降至23.78%;体积浓度15%时,粒径大于50 mm的多金属结核质量占比从51.51%降至10.08%。试验中结核存在粉化现象,体积浓度6.5%时,粒径小于0.1 mm的多金属结核粉末质量占比为1.79%,粉末中值粒径为10.07 μm;体积浓度15%时,粒径小于0.1 mm的多金属结核粉末质量占比为1.99%,粉末中值粒径为9.47 μm。基于试验数据估算,采矿1 000万吨多金属结核,粉末排放会造成上万吨Fe、Mn和上百吨Co、Ni、Cu金属损失,其形成的羽流扩散沉降后的最大再沉积厚度大于3 mm,会对环境造成显著影响。

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任华堂(1976—),男,山东人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为环境水力学与河流动力学。E-mail:
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刘美麟(1999—),女,四川人,硕士,主要研究方向为深海采矿环境影响。E-mail:

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刘美麟(1999—),女,四川人,硕士,主要研究方向为深海采矿环境影响。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=L9rfEGvu3hA8aS04dEJbcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779781847552098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768039864139792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ihad37DGM2bau3j7hPGZog==, figureFileBig=rYPovq+AFn2BG7957U5tcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779781969186914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768039864139792, language=CN, label=图7, caption=试验后-0.1 mm粒级多金属结核粒度分布曲线, figureFileSmall=ihad37DGM2bau3j7hPGZog==, figureFileBig=rYPovq+AFn2BG7957U5tcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241779782082433125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768039864139792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浓度/%粒级/mm质量/kg占比/%
试验前试验后试验前试验后
6.5>5014.304.4075.5823.78
30~504.406.5623.2635.46
10~300.225.411.1629.24
5~101.005.41
3~50.281.51
1~30.241.30
0.1~10.281.51
<0.10.331.79
合计18.9218.50100.00100.00
15>5022.104.3051.5110.08
30~5018.9024.1544.0656.58
10~301.9010.504.4324.60
5~101.503.52
3~50.431.00
1~30.491.15
0.1~10.461.08
<0.10.851.99
合计42.9042.68100.00100.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241779782241816678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768039864139792, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验前后不同粒级多金属结核质量及占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浓度/%粒级/mm质量/kg占比/%
试验前试验后试验前试验后
6.5>5014.304.4075.5823.78
30~504.406.5623.2635.46
10~300.225.411.1629.24
5~101.005.41
3~50.281.51
1~30.241.30
0.1~10.281.51
<0.10.331.79
合计18.9218.50100.00100.00
15>5022.104.3051.5110.08
30~5018.9024.1544.0656.58
10~301.9010.504.4324.60
5~101.503.52
3~50.431.00
1~30.491.15
0.1~10.461.08
<0.10.851.99
合计42.9042.68100.00100.00
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刘美麟 , 夏建新, 任华堂
作者信息
  • 中央民族大学 生命与环境科学学院,北京 100081
  • 刘美麟(1999—),女,四川人,硕士,主要研究方向为深海采矿环境影响。E-mail:

通讯作者:

任华堂(1976—),男,山东人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为环境水力学与河流动力学。E-mail:
Experimental Study on Fragmentation and Pulverization Characteristics of Polymetallic Nodules During Lifting
Meilin LIU , Jianxin XIA, Huatang REN
Affiliations
  • School of Life and Environment Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2024-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.001
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对扬矿过程中多金属结核破碎粉化特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,扬矿过程中结核破碎程度明显,体积浓度6.5%时,粒径大于50 mm的多金属结核质量占比从75.58%降至23.78%;体积浓度15%时,粒径大于50 mm的多金属结核质量占比从51.51%降至10.08%。试验中结核存在粉化现象,体积浓度6.5%时,粒径小于0.1 mm的多金属结核粉末质量占比为1.79%,粉末中值粒径为10.07 μm;体积浓度15%时,粒径小于0.1 mm的多金属结核粉末质量占比为1.99%,粉末中值粒径为9.47 μm。基于试验数据估算,采矿1 000万吨多金属结核,粉末排放会造成上万吨Fe、Mn和上百吨Co、Ni、Cu金属损失,其形成的羽流扩散沉降后的最大再沉积厚度大于3 mm,会对环境造成显著影响。

深海采矿  /  扬矿  /  粉化  /  深海环境  /  多金属结核  /  再沉积厚度

Based on the experimental study on fragmentation and pulverization characteristics of polymetallic nodules in the process of ore lifting, it is found that there is obvious fragmentation of nodules during lifting process. With the volume concentration of 6.5%, the mass percent of polymetallic nodules with particle size larger than 50 mm decreases from 75.58% to 23.78%; with the volume concentration of 15%, the mass percent decreases from 51.51% to 10.08%. Pulverization of nodules was observed in the experiment. With the volume concentration of 6.5%, the mass percent of the polymetallic nodules powder with particle size less than 0.1 mm is 1.79%, and the median particle size is 10.07 μm; with the volume concentration of 15%, the mass percent of polymetallic nodule powder with particle size less than 0.1 mm is 1.99%, and the median particle size of the powder is 9.47 μm. Based on the experimental data, it is estimated that as per mining of 10 million tons of polymetallic nodules, the powder discharge will cause tens of thousands of tons of Fe and Mn losses, as well as hundreds of tons of Co, Ni and Cu losses. Besides, the maximum redeposition thickness of the sediment plume induced by mining is more than 3 mm after diffusion and settlement, which will bring a significant impact to environment.

deep-sea mining  /  ore lift  /  pulverization  /  deep-sea environment  /  polymetallic nodules  /  redeposition thickness
刘美麟, 夏建新, 任华堂. 扬矿过程中多金属结核破碎粉化特性试验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (1) : 1 -5 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.001
Meilin LIU, Jianxin XIA, Huatang REN. Experimental Study on Fragmentation and Pulverization Characteristics of Polymetallic Nodules During Lifting[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (1) : 1 -5 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.001
深海海底蕴藏着丰富的多金属结核资源[1],其储量达数百亿吨,折合铜、镍、钴金属量20多亿吨,这些资源为人类未来发展提供了重要的物质基础,且因其采集相对容易,是极具商业开发前景的深海矿产资源之一[2-4]。深海生态系统脆弱,大规模商业开发可能对海洋环境造成不利影响[5]。多金属结核从海底到海面的运输提升过程中,结核与管壁、结核与结核间的碰撞摩擦使结核破碎粉化,其中粒径较大的结核进入矿舱,而粒径小的结核(小于0.1 mm)粉末将随尾水排入海中。这些粉末进入海洋后会造成海洋生物窒息,严重影响海洋生物的气体交换及进食系统[6-7]。颗粒物的再沉积也会对浮游生物和穴居生物的生长繁殖造成影响[8-9]。矿石粉末排放到海洋后引起的重金属毒性、浊度、再沉积等指标将纳入开发规章中[6,8],并作为环境阈值成为采矿系统设计的限制条件。在此背景下,研究结核在运输过程中的破碎粉化特性,具有十分重要的学术价值和现实意义。由于深海多金属结核很难获取,以往没有对其粉化特性开展研究,在试验数据方面尚属空白。
本文利用深海多金属结核,基于扬矿管道真实的输送浓度和输送距离开展结核破碎粉化试验研究,分析结核破碎粉化特性,研究结果不仅可为采矿环境评价提供科学依据,还可为绿色扬矿方式的选择提供技术依据。
多金属结核样品采自太平洋海底,结核呈灰黑色,形态多为不规则椭球状,也有非球状的不规则形状,如图1所示。多金属结核样品长径多在5 cm以上,最大可达11 cm。结核包壳围绕核部的岩屑、沉积物、磷化鲨鱼牙齿等呈同心层状生长,包壳形态明显受控于核部物质形态。
破碎粉化试验系统如图2所示。采用自制的透明有机玻璃水槽,水槽中间部分设置了变频调速器调节玻璃片运行速度,转轴连接有机玻璃片,通过转轴带动有机玻璃片转动使圆环中的水流动。玻璃水槽外环直径150 cm,内环直径110 cm,高40 cm,体积22.96 L,距玻璃筒底端10 cm处留有出样口。通过转速控制系统调整水流速度3 m/s,放入多金属结核,试验结束后,通过出样口收集水和结核颗粒物[10]
考虑到碰撞摩擦的影响,单个的大粒径结核放入水槽中会被破碎解体成小颗粒,不便于观察,因此将一个3 cm大小的多金属结核放于水中,以此得到减速机控制下不同频率的有机玻璃片转动速度与结核速度的对应关系。同时,用LS300-A流速仪测试上述减速机控制的不同频率下的水流速度,得到频率与转轴转速、多金属结核运动速度及水流速度的对应关系。每个频率下,分别对3个速度各测量5次,去掉最大值和最小值后剩余的3个值取平均值,作为该频率下对应的速度值。转速控制系统频率与转轴转速、多金属结核运动速度及水流速度的对应关系如图3所示。频率增加,转轴转速、多金属结核运动速度及水流速度均增加,水流速度及多金属结核运动速度与转轴转速呈正相关关系。
为尽可能与实际场景保持一致,在水流速度、结核浓度、运输距离上均参考了真实深海采矿所处条件。流动速度方面,需找到水流速度3 m/s左右时对应的频率。由图3可知,水流速度3 m/s左右时,频率约24 Hz。模拟了真实采矿时体积浓度15%的试验,同时为讨论结核浓度对结核粉化率的影响,添加了一组体积浓度6.5%的对比试验。假设深海海底距海面6 000 m,由于深海多金属结核物料的宝贵及试验条件有限,在受力上与实际采矿情景有差异,实际采矿情景中,多金属结核的运动需克服自身重力,水流速度方向从下往上;本试验模拟情景中,多金属结核的运动需克服自身与有机玻璃槽的摩擦力,且水流速度方向为水平方向。
试验前,将多金属结核浸泡于人工配置的海水中。试验时,按照体积浓度6.5%,随机选取9.9 L结核样品,测量其粒级分布,随后将这些结核均匀放在水槽中。按矿石提升速度3 m/s计算,海底至水面采矿船距离6 000 m,需经过2 000 s才能完成结核提升。试验过程中,有机玻璃片带动水流在水槽中运动,结核在水动力作用下跟随运动,结核与水槽管壁、结核与结核间发生碰撞摩擦,部分矿石破碎和表面脱落,形成矿石粉末。2 000 s试验结束后,将水槽中粒径较大的多金属结核颗粒收集进行粒级测量。将水槽中的水收集在水桶中,静置48 h,待水中粒径较小的矿石和粉末沉到桶底后,滤去上清液,将细颗粒矿粉自然风干至表面没有水分后,对粉末进行粒级测量,得到不同粒级的粉末质量[11]。比较试验前后结核粒径变化,分析其破碎粉化特性。体积浓度15%的多金属结核破碎粉化试验步骤同上。
试验前后不同粒级范围的多金属结核质量变化如表1所示。体积浓度6.5%时,破碎粉化前,多金属结核颗粒粒径均大于10 mm,总质量18.92 kg;破碎粉化后,多金属结核总质量18.50 kg,其中+50 mm粒级多金属结核占比23.78%,-0.1 mm粒级多金属结核占比1.79%。体积浓度15%时,破碎粉化前多金属结核总质量42.90 kg,其中+50 mm粒级多金属结核占比51.51%;破碎粉化后,多金属结核总质量42.68 kg,其中+50 mm粒级多金属结核占比10.08%,-0.1 mm粒级多金属结核占比1.99%。
破碎粉化试验结果显示,破碎后,多金属结核多分布在+10 mm粒级中,且30~50 mm粒级占比最高,破碎对+50 mm粒级大颗粒结核影响较为明显;2种体积浓度条件下,多金属结核粉化程度均较低,-0.1 mm粒级粉末占比均小于2%,且体积浓度15%时多金属结核破碎后-0.1 mm粒级占比更大。
不同体积浓度下,+50 mm粒级多金属结核试验前后粒度分布对比如图4图5所示。体积浓度6.5%时,试验前多金属结核最大粒径110 mm,50~52 mm粒级占比14.68%;试验后多金属结核最大粒径90 mm,50~52 mm粒级占比23.08%。体积浓度15%时,试验前多金属结核最大粒径101 mm,50~52 mm粒级占比21.59%;试验后多金属结核最大粒径73 mm,50~52 mm粒级占比38.81%。结果表明,体积浓度6.5%~15%范围内,体积浓度越大,颗粒破碎程度越大,小颗粒占比更大,颗粒破碎降低了提升泵堵塞的风险。
试验后+0.1 mm粒级多金属结核粒度分布如图6所示。体积浓度6.5%时,试验前后多金属结核中值粒径分别为54.17 mm和35.76 mm;体积浓度15%时,试验前后多金属结核中值粒径分别为50.26 mm和36.35 mm。破碎趋势大体一致,破碎后多金属结核粒径均在30~50 mm粒级范围内占比最多,2种体积浓度破碎后的结核中值粒径差小于0.7 mm,可见破碎对不同体积浓度结核影响基本相同,且破碎对大颗粒结核的影响更明显。
对比不同体积浓度下不同粒级范围多金属结核的质量变化发现,体积浓度15%时,+50 mm粒级质量减少了80.54%,30~50 mm粒级和10~30 mm粒级质量分别增加了27.78%和452.63%;体积浓度6.5%时,+50 mm粒级结核质量减少了69.23%,30~50 mm粒级和10~30 mm粒级质量分别增加了49.09%和2 359.09%。可见,体积浓度较大时,输送过程对+50 mm粒级大颗粒的破碎程度更明显;体积浓度较小时,多金属结核与管壁、结核与结核的间隔更大,碰撞次数更多,输送过程对小颗粒结核破碎程度更大。
试验后-0.1 mm粒级多金属结核粒度分布如图7所示。不同体积浓度的粉化试验结果分布趋势基本一致,体积浓度6.5%和15%时的中值粒径分别为10.07 μm和9.47 μm,10~100 μm粒级范围内体积浓度15%时的粒级占比下降更快、占比更少。
体积浓度6.5%时,试验后-0.1 mm粒级多金属结核矿粉质量333.4 g,-0.01 mm粒级矿粉质量33.31 g;体积浓度15%时,试验后-0.1 mm粒级多金属结核矿粉质量845.35 g,-0.01 mm粒级矿粉质量76.85 g。体积浓度15%的多金属结核在试验过程中粉化程度更大。体积浓度大,同样的运输距离和运输速度下,结核与管壁以及结核与结核的间距更小,碰撞和摩擦概率更高,粉化程度更大。
若将-0.1 mm粒级矿粉排回海中,按体积浓度15%计算,排出的粉末量占比1.99%,如果年产多金属结核干重1 000万吨,每年将损失多金属结核矿石19.9万吨,参照西太平洋矿区金属品位平均值(Mn含量17.70%、Fe含量17.47%、Co含量0.40%、Ni含量0.38%、Cu含量0.23%[12]),将损失Mn金属3.50万吨、Fe金属3.46万吨、Co金属792 t、Ni金属752 t、Cu金属455 t。
若将-0.01 mm粒级矿粉排回海中,按体积浓度15%计算,排出的矿粉量占比0.18%,则每年将损失多金属结核矿石1.8万吨,损失Mn金属3 186 t、Fe金属3 145 t、Co金属72 t、Ni金属68 t、Cu金属41 t。
-0.1 mm粒级颗粒物所形成的羽状流与排回海中的重金属可能会给深海环境和生物带来不利影响。挪威石油和天然气协会(Norwegian Oil and Gas Association,NOROG)提出的再沉积厚度阈值中,0~1 mm粒级的影响为可忽略影响,1~3 mm粒级的影响为较低影响,3~10 mm粒级的影响为显著影响,+10 mm粒级的影响为相当显著影响[13]。若将上述颗粒物于离海底20 m高度排放,结合西太平洋矿区多金属结核采集区域离底25 m海流流速观测结果,西太平洋矿区结核采集区域一年内出现频次最多的海流速度为0.02 m/s,若将-0.1 mm粒级颗粒物排入海中,每日的羽流源强为776.66 mg/L。由文献[14]关于沉积物沉降扩散模拟研究结论可知,在扩散的第4周,大于0.01 kg/m2的沉降面积增至0.17 km2,其中沉积厚度超过1 mm的沉降面积约0.075 km2,形成的最大沉积物厚度为3.15 mm;若将-0.01 mm粒级颗粒物排入海中,每日的羽流源强为776.66 mg/L,在扩散的第4周,大于0.01 kg/m2的沉降面积增至0.015 km2,其中沉积厚度超过1 mm的沉降面积约0.006 8 km2,形成的最大沉积物厚度为0.29 mm。
扬矿过程中,结核与管壁及结核与结核间的碰撞摩擦导致的破碎粉化结果不明确,是制约深海多金属结核采集浓度、尾水排放颗粒粒径选择的重要因素,也是影响环境的关键问题。基于多金属结核破碎粉化试验,对结核破碎粉化及其影响进行了分析,得到以下结论:
1)模拟多金属结核输送的破碎粉化试验结果显示,结核破碎程度较大。其中,体积浓度6.5%时,中值粒径从54.17 mm降至35.76 mm,+50 mm粒级结核质量占比从75.58%降至23.78%;体积浓度15%时,中值粒径从50.26 mm降至36.35 mm,+50 mm粒级结核质量占比从51.51%降至10.08%。
2)试验过程中结核存在粉化现象。体积浓度6.5%时,-0.1 mm粒级结核粉末质量占比1.79%,粉末中值粒径10.07 μm;体积浓度15%时,-0.1 mm粒级结核粉末质量占比1.99%,粉末中值粒径9.47 μm。
3)结核粉化会造成金属损失,年采矿1 000万吨时,结核粉末排放可能造成上万吨Fe、Mn金属以及上百吨Co、Ni、Cu金属损失;其形成的羽流扩散沉降后的最大再沉积厚度大于3 mm,也会对环境产生显著影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U1906234)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.001
  • 接收时间:2023-08-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-02-01
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-08-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(U1906234)
作者信息
    中央民族大学 生命与环境科学学院,北京 100081

通讯作者:

任华堂(1976—),男,山东人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为环境水力学与河流动力学。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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