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Article(id=1241768036894576767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692806400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990170929, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1706716800000, pubDateStr=2024-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990170929, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990170929, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990170929, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241768035548205179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990170609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773993209826, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241780783011140021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241780783015334326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241768035548205179, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241768037238509700, articleId=1241768036894576767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Anti-seepage Measures for Crown Pillar Extraction in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining by Backfilling Method, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The project of transition from open-pit to underground mining in Panzihua Iron Mine was taken for study. Based on the analysis of relationship between storage and discharge in the stope, it is predicted that the accumulated water in open pit will be maximally 5 m deep in the event of a 50-year extreme rainfall, which has little influence on the stability of crown pillar. Numerical simulation of seepage in the case of fault occurring at the bottom of pit shows that fault zones are the main leakage channel of crown pillar. Some special anti-seepage measures can be taken to effectively reduce the leakage of crown pillar.

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以攀枝花铁矿露天转地下开采工程为背景，通过采场贮排平衡分析，预测50年一遇暴雨时露天采坑积水最大深度为5 m，采坑积水对护顶矿柱稳定性影响较小。对坑底存在断层条件下积水渗流进行了数值模拟，结果表明，断层破碎带是护顶矿柱的主要导水通道。采取针对性封堵措施可显著减小护顶矿柱的渗漏量。

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何祥（1990—），男，四川巴中人，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：
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张良兵（1986—），男，四川合江人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿工程设计研究工作。E-mail：

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张良兵（1986—），男，四川合江人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿工程设计研究工作。E-mail：

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张良兵（1986—），男，四川合江人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿工程设计研究工作。E-mail：

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层号层厚/m区号渗透系数K/（m·d-1）备注
11Ⅰ0.170护顶矿柱顶部段受露天爆破影响
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱顶部段断层破碎带
23Ⅰ0.085护顶矿柱顶部段受露天爆破影响
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱顶部段断层破碎带
312Ⅰ0.006护顶矿柱中部段原岩
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱中部段断层破碎带
44Ⅰ0.030护顶矿柱底部段受井下爆破影响
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱底部段断层破碎带
510Ⅰ0.085
Ⅱ0.221断层破碎带
627Ⅰ0.034
Ⅱ0.221断层破碎带
), ArticleFig(id=1241779800986162108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241768036894576767, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区渗透系数分区表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层号层厚/m区号渗透系数K/（m·d-1）备注
11Ⅰ0.170护顶矿柱顶部段受露天爆破影响
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱顶部段断层破碎带
23Ⅰ0.085护顶矿柱顶部段受露天爆破影响
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱顶部段断层破碎带
312Ⅰ0.006护顶矿柱中部段原岩
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱中部段断层破碎带
44Ⅰ0.030护顶矿柱底部段受井下爆破影响
Ⅱ0.221护顶矿柱底部段断层破碎带
510Ⅰ0.085
Ⅱ0.221断层破碎带
627Ⅰ0.034
Ⅱ0.221断层破碎带
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露天转地下充填法开采护顶矿柱防渗性研究
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张良兵 1 , 冷建勇 1 , 张妨 2 , 何祥 2 , 王少泉 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024,44(1): 35-38
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024, 44(1): 35-38
露天转地下充填法开采护顶矿柱防渗性研究
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张良兵1 , 冷建勇1, 张妨2, 何祥2 , 王少泉2
作者信息
  • 1.攀钢集团矿业有限公司设计研究院，四川　攀枝花　617000
  • 2.中冶北方（大连）工程技术有限公司，辽宁　大连　116600

    • 张良兵（1986—），男，四川合江人，高级工程师，主要从事采矿工程设计研究工作。E-mail：

通讯作者:

何祥（1990—），男，四川巴中人，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：
Anti-seepage Measures for Crown Pillar Extraction in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining by Backfilling Method
Liangbin ZHANG1 , Jianyong LENG1, Fang ZHANG2, Xiang HE2 , Shaoquan WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Design and Research Institute of Panzhihua Group Mining Co Ltd, Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, China
  • 2.Northern (Dalian) Engineering & Technology Corporation Ltd, MCC, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2024-02-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.008
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摘要
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以攀枝花铁矿露天转地下开采工程为背景，通过采场贮排平衡分析，预测50年一遇暴雨时露天采坑积水最大深度为5 m，采坑积水对护顶矿柱稳定性影响较小。对坑底存在断层条件下积水渗流进行了数值模拟，结果表明，断层破碎带是护顶矿柱的主要导水通道。采取针对性封堵措施可显著减小护顶矿柱的渗漏量。

露天转地下  /  充填法开采  /  渗流  /  护顶矿柱  /  渗流模拟

The project of transition from open-pit to underground mining in Panzihua Iron Mine was taken for study. Based on the analysis of relationship between storage and discharge in the stope, it is predicted that the accumulated water in open pit will be maximally 5 m deep in the event of a 50-year extreme rainfall, which has little influence on the stability of crown pillar. Numerical simulation of seepage in the case of fault occurring at the bottom of pit shows that fault zones are the main leakage channel of crown pillar. Some special anti-seepage measures can be taken to effectively reduce the leakage of crown pillar.

transition from open pit to underground mining  /  backfilling  /  seepage  /  crown pillar  /  seepage simulation
张良兵, 冷建勇, 张妨, 何祥, 王少泉. 露天转地下充填法开采护顶矿柱防渗性研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (1) : 35 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.008
Liangbin ZHANG, Jianyong LENG, Fang ZHANG, Xiang HE, Shaoquan WANG. Anti-seepage Measures for Crown Pillar Extraction in Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining by Backfilling Method[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (1) : 35 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.008
正文
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露天转地下充填法开采的大型冶金矿山，露天坑通常汇水面积大，边坡基岩裸露，坡度陡，具有良好的汇流条件，暴雨后露天采场通常会迅速积水。露天采场内的积水如果不能及时排出，下渗进入地下采场会给地下开采带来较大的安全隐患。为了实现露天开采向地下开采的安全、平稳和高效过渡，通常在露天坑底留设护顶矿柱来保护露天开采边坡、密闭地下作业系统、防止突冒突涌灾害[1]。对于大型冶金矿山，若护顶矿柱留设过厚，会导致矿量损失巨大，影响矿山经济效益；若护顶矿柱过薄，会导致露天坑积水大量渗漏、矿柱坍塌等重大灾害。因此，护顶矿柱的稳定性与防渗性是大型冶金矿山露天转地下开采的关键问题之一[2]。关于护顶矿柱的作用，已有研究大多将采场积水压力作为上覆荷载，侧重于对护顶矿柱稳定性进行分析[1-6]，而对护顶矿柱的防渗性开展的研究工作依旧较少。本文以攀枝花铁矿露天转地下开采工程为例，采用采场贮排平衡分析，预测了50年一遇暴雨时露天采坑积水情况及其影响，采用三维渗流数值模拟对护顶矿柱的隔水效果进行分析评价，预测设计厚度护顶矿柱下渗流量，提出了适合矿山实际情况的境界矿柱防治水措施。
1　工程概况
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四川攀枝花铁矿设计露天开采底部标高为+940 m，+940 m以下采用地下开采，达产规模为1 500万吨/年。露天开采终了时，矿山将形成长4 300 m、宽1 110 m、最大深度520 m的露天采坑，总体边坡角约45°。地下采用阶段空场嗣后充填法开采，首采阶段位于+840 m，在露天采场底部留设30 m护顶矿柱，如图1所示。
矿山主要开拓工程布置于采场边坡，因此在露天转地下开采过程中要保持边坡稳定。矿区露天采场面积较大，采场总汇水面积达到17 km2，雨季强降雨期间径流量巨大，防洪压力较大，矿山目前在露天采场境界外部设置了截洪系统、排洪隧道等多项措施，效果良好。随着转入地下开采，雨季强降雨期间，一旦坑底积水发生泄漏，水涌入地下将带来严重安全隐患，因此需要留设护顶矿柱并保留露天排水系统。护顶矿柱的安全稳定性及防渗性是该矿山露天转地下开采防洪的关键问题。
矿区地貌为构造剥蚀高中山，冲沟较发育，呈不对称树枝状。矿区年均降水量776.7 mm，年最大降水量1 053.4 mm，日最大降水量137.6 mm。矿区含水层呈不连续带状，主要包括风化裂隙含水带和构造裂隙含水带。风化裂隙含水带由强风化带和中风化带组成，强风化带平均厚7.04 m，中风化带平均厚10.11 m。风化裂隙水由大气降水补给，一般只在雨季含水，旱季几乎排泄殆尽。
矿区主要地质构造为断层，露天坑内发育断层3条，如图2所示，其中穿过坑底设计可积水（深度5 m）区域发育的断层有2条，分别为F107和F122。F107为平推逆断层，走向近南北向，倾向东，倾角87°～90°，破碎带宽约5.0 m，该断层地表岩石片理发育，矿体错动明显，在边坡各台阶上可见辉长岩体十分破碎，断层带岩石已糜棱岩化，风化严重，局部呈岩粉状。F122为正-平移断层，走向北30°～55°西，倾向北东，倾角85°～90°，该断层岩性为细粒辉长岩，褐黄色，轻微片理化，具明显挤压揉皱现象，充填有泥质物，断层破碎带宽30 cm。断层和裂隙的性质大多是压性和压扭性，张开度小，多呈闭合状或微张开，富水性弱。断层破碎带钻孔抽水试验结果显示，断层破碎带单位涌水量为0.087 L/s·m、渗透系数为0.085 4 m/d[7]。
2　露天转地下开采露天坑积水量及其影响分析
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2.1　采场贮排平衡分析
矿山总体的排水策略为露天坑汇水经露天排水系统排出，深部井下采场汇水经井下排水系统排出。露天坑排水采用机械排水与自流排水相结合的方式，借助机械排水系统将露天坑水排入深部排洪平硐，经排洪平硐自流外排。
依据《冶金矿山采矿设计规范》（GB 50830—2013），矿山防洪设计暴雨频率为P=2%（50年一遇）。机械排水受排水设备能力限制，遇到暴雨时露天坑淹没时间较长。计算暴雨频率P=2%（50年一遇）露天坑汇水量及水泵排水量，绘制相应采场贮排平衡曲线如图3所示。根据贮排平衡曲线，露天坑底最大积水量约10万立方米，积水最大深度5 m。
2.2　采坑积水对护顶矿柱的影响
露天采场坑底积水主要通过导水裂隙渗入地下，随着采场揭露，地下开采涌水量增加，危害井下安全，同时采场蓄水对坑底的静水压力导致护顶矿柱稳定性下降。采用刚体极限平衡分析方法[6]分析采坑积水对护顶矿柱稳定性影响，其计算模型如图4所示。
矿柱被理想化为一个刚性块，通过沿边缘滑动而失效，其稳定性系数计算公式为：
式中FSshear为抗剪稳定性系数；τxz和τyz均为抗剪强度；z1和z2为矿柱高度；x为矿柱长度；y为矿柱宽度；q为荷载。
根据岩石力学试验资料[8]，矿石密度为4.07 g/cm3，弹性模量为23.41 GPa，泊松比为0.27，黏聚力为1.64 MPa，摩擦角为40.63°。将上述参数代入式（1），计算护顶矿柱厚度30 m时采坑蓄水深度对护顶矿柱稳定性影响如图5所示。结果表明，随着积水深度增加，矿柱稳定性逐渐降低。采坑可积水深度5 m时，护顶矿柱稳定性系数大于1.5，护顶矿柱处于稳定状态。为了保证井下安全，应特别注意护顶矿柱的防渗性能，防止积水沿着断层破碎带入渗导致突水事故。
3　护顶矿柱渗流特征分析
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3.1　护顶矿柱三维渗流模型
采用MODFLOW软件构建护顶矿柱三维渗流模型，模型长800 m，宽600 m，积水平均深度5 m，护顶矿柱厚度30 m。采用矩形有限差分的离散方法进行剖分，见图6，对露天坑底护顶矿柱区域进行加密处理，单元格尺寸为5 m×5 m。
采用均质各向同性三维稳定流模型进行计算，模型顶部设置为定水头边界，水头高度为+945 m，模型四周及底部设置为隔水边界。研究区的水文地质参数主要受构造控制，根据构造的空间展布将模拟区进行水文地质参数分区，如图7所示，渗透系数分区情况见表1。根据相关研究[9-10]，露天矿坑底爆破损伤区厚度一般为4.0 m，因此分析中将坑底4 m岩组渗透性系数进行适当增大。
3.2　护顶矿柱涌水量预测
分别计算无混凝土防渗层和构筑1.0 m厚混凝土防渗层条件下护顶矿柱渗流量，结果表明，矿山在50年一遇强降雨条件下，采场内积水深度5 m时，无防渗措施条件下，露天坑底护顶矿柱的渗流量为831.0 m3/d，渗流途径为通过断裂构造区域渗流（如图8所示），如果发生突水，不利于护顶矿柱和井下作业安全。
坑底铺设1.0 m厚混凝土防渗层后，采场积水渗流量急剧减少，采场内积水深度5 m时，采场内积水通过露天坑底护顶矿柱的渗流量为42.0 m3/d，未发现集中渗流区域。因此，采用混凝土防渗是防止露天坑底断层渗漏突水的有效措施。
4　结论
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1）护顶矿柱的隔水性能一方面受地层天然构造和渗透性影响，另一方面受采矿人为活动导致的岩体损伤影响。对于攀枝花铁矿，断裂构造是露天坑积水向井下采场渗漏的主要途径。
2）在50年一遇暴雨条件下，采场贮排平衡分析结果表明，采场最大积水深度约5 m，极限平衡分析结果表明，护顶矿柱处于稳定状态，但应特别注意护顶矿柱的防渗性能，防止突水事故。
3）无防渗措施时，护顶矿柱渗流量为831.0 m3/d；露天坑底铺设1.0 m厚混凝土防渗层时，护顶矿柱渗流量仅42.0 m3/d。针对护顶矿柱内断裂构造设置防渗层可有效提高护顶矿柱防渗性能。
基金
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  • 大连市优秀青年科技人才项目(2022RY12)
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[1]
徐帅, 安龙, 李元辉, 等. 基于多方法联合的露天转地下境界矿柱厚度优化[J]. 东北大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 39(8): 1181-1186.
[2]
南世卿. 露天转地下开采境界顶柱稳定性分析及采矿技术研究[D]. 沈阳: 东北大学, 2008.
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姜安民, 董彦辰, 江学良, 等. 露天转地下开采引起露天采场边坡垮塌数值模拟研究[J]. 矿冶工程, 2022, 42(3): 14-17.
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李小双, 罗浪, 王运敏, 等. 露天转地下开采覆岩采动响应的坡角影响效应研究[J]. 矿冶工程, 2021, 41(4): 33-37.
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Carter T G. An update on the scaled span concept for dimensioning surface crown pillars for new or abandoned mine workings[C]//4th North American Rock Mechanics Symposium. 2000: 465-472.
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Rocscience Inc. Crown Pillar Stability Analysis Theory Manual[R]. Canada: Rocscience Inc, 2019.
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四川省地质矿产勘查开发局一〇六地质队. 四川省攀枝花市东区攀枝花矿区钒钛磁铁矿延伸勘探报告[R]. 2019.
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中冶北方工程技术有限公司. 攀钢集团矿业有限公司攀枝花铁矿朱兰采场露天与地下协同开采关键技术研究[R]. 2022.
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任建平. 会泽铅锌矿采场爆破及临时支护技术应用研究[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2010.
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孙鹏昌, 卢文波, 杨招伟, 等. 白鹤滩坝肩边坡开挖爆破损伤预测研究[J]. 水力发电学报, 2022, 41(10): 30-41.
2024年第44卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.008
  • 接收时间：2023-08-24
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-02-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-08-24
基金
大连市优秀青年科技人才项目(2022RY12)
作者信息
    1.攀钢集团矿业有限公司设计研究院，四川　攀枝花　617000
    2.中冶北方（大连）工程技术有限公司，辽宁　大连　116600

通讯作者:

何祥（1990—），男，四川巴中人，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.01.008
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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