Article(id=1241416388942819853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241416382559081210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740499200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773906331525, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773906331525, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773906331525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773906331525, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241416382559081210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='223', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773906330003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908015401, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423451685179940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241416382559081210, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423451685179941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241416382559081210, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=142, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241416391211938408, articleId=1241416388942819853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Development Status and Prospects of Lateritic Nickel Ore, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on an introduction of nickel resource and characteristics of lateritic nickel ore, the technical features and application of traditional hydrometallurgical processes (such as high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL), reduction roasting-ammonia leaching) and pyrometallurgical processes (such as rotary kiln electric furnace (RKEF), blast furnace smelting process for ferronickel production, and rotary kiln direct reduction-magnetic separation) are summarized. A new process of suspension roasting pre-reduction electric furnace (SRPEF) is specially introduced. Finally, the prospects for efficient exploitation and clean extraction technologies for lateritic nickel ore are discussed.

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概述了镍资源概况,梳理了红土镍矿的资源特征,总结了传统湿法工艺(高压酸浸、常压酸浸、还原焙烧-氨浸、硫酸化焙烧-水浸等)和火法工艺(回转窑预还原-电炉熔炼、高炉熔炼镍铁、回转窑直接还原-磁选等)的技术特征与应用情况,特别介绍了悬浮焙烧预还原-电炉熔炼新工艺,并对红土镍矿的高效开发与清洁提取技术进行了展望。

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郭壹泽(2001—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为红土镍矿高效低碳利用。E-mail:
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余建文(1988—),男,江西上饶人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为矿产资源选冶联合高效利用。E-mail:

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A comprehensive utilization method for laterite nickel ore involving suspension roasting pre-reduction electric furnace smelting: CN116004975A[P]. 2023-04-25., articleTitle=A comprehensive utilization method for laterite nickel ore involving suspension roasting pre-reduction electric furnace smelting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241422293780451874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=70, authorNames=李艳军, 王明星, 孙雪松, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李艳军, 王明星, 孙雪松. 一种红土镍矿悬浮焙烧-熔炼的综合利用系统: CN116004976A[P]. 2023-04-25., articleTitle=一种红土镍矿悬浮焙烧-熔炼的综合利用系统, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241422293918863907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=71, authorNames=LI Yanjun, WANG Mingxing, SUN Xuesong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Yanjun, WANG Mingxing, SUN Xuesong. A comprehensive utilization system for laterite nickel ore involving suspension roasting prereduction electric furnace smelting: CN116004976A[P]. 2023-04-25., articleTitle=A comprehensive utilization system for laterite nickel ore involving suspension roasting prereduction electric furnace smelting, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241422278391550368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, awardId=52104246; 52130406, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52104246; 52130406), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241422278563516835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, awardId=N23011026, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费项目(N23011026), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241422278664180134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, awardId=2023-MS-086, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省自然科学基金(2023-MS-086), fundOrder=null, 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caption=SRPEF process flow, figureFileSmall=REPVxkhbcuLALrbCo6oNbw==, figureFileBig=bIlM4sqWjfTkALQQC00tRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241422276311175562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, language=CN, label=图11, caption=SRPEF工艺流程, figureFileSmall=REPVxkhbcuLALrbCo6oNbw==, figureFileBig=bIlM4sqWjfTkALQQC00tRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241422276403450254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Distribution and reserves of global terrestrial nickel resources

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矿石类型资源/Mt镍品位/%含镍量/Mt占比/%
硫化镍矿10 5000.5860.9027.40
红土镍矿12 6001.28161.3072.60
合计23 1000.97222.20100.00
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全球陆地镍资源分布情况与储量

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矿石类型资源/Mt镍品位/%含镍量/Mt占比/%
硫化镍矿10 5000.5860.9027.40
红土镍矿12 6001.28161.3072.60
合计23 1000.97222.20100.00
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Dehydroxylation of lateritic nickel ore by heating and drying

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型主要物相加热干燥脱羟基过程过程产物
褐铁型针铁矿 [11]Fe2O3、MgSiO3和Mg2SiO4
硅镁型蛇纹石 [12]橄榄石相和辉石相
[13]橄榄石相和游离二氧化硅
), ArticleFig(id=1241422278181835161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416388942819853, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

红土镍矿加热干燥脱羟基过程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型主要物相加热干燥脱羟基过程过程产物
褐铁型针铁矿 [11]Fe2O3、MgSiO3和Mg2SiO4
硅镁型蛇纹石 [12]橄榄石相和辉石相
[13]橄榄石相和游离二氧化硅
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红土镍矿开发利用研究现状与前景展望
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余建文 1, 2, 3 , 郭壹泽 1, 2 , 王家奇 1, 2 , 韩跃新 1, 2, 3 , 李艳军 1, 2, 3 , 高鹏 1, 2, 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(3): 142-150
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(3): 142-150
红土镍矿开发利用研究现状与前景展望
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余建文1, 2, 3 , 郭壹泽1, 2 , 王家奇1, 2, 韩跃新1, 2, 3, 李艳军1, 2, 3, 高鹏1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 2.难采选铁矿资源高效开发利用技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 3.东北大学 轧制技术及连轧自动化国家重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 余建文(1988—),男,江西上饶人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为矿产资源选冶联合高效利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

郭壹泽(2001—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为红土镍矿高效低碳利用。E-mail:
Development Status and Prospects of Lateritic Nickel Ore
Jianwen YU1, 2, 3 , Yize GUO1, 2 , Jiaqi WANG1, 2, Yuexin HAN1, 2, 3, Yanjun LI1, 2, 3, Peng GAO1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
  • 2.National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-Efficient Exploitation Technology for Refractory Iron Ore Resources, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.024
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概述了镍资源概况,梳理了红土镍矿的资源特征,总结了传统湿法工艺(高压酸浸、常压酸浸、还原焙烧-氨浸、硫酸化焙烧-水浸等)和火法工艺(回转窑预还原-电炉熔炼、高炉熔炼镍铁、回转窑直接还原-磁选等)的技术特征与应用情况,特别介绍了悬浮焙烧预还原-电炉熔炼新工艺,并对红土镍矿的高效开发与清洁提取技术进行了展望。

红土镍矿  /  湿法提取  /  火法冶炼  /  酸浸  /  还原焙烧  /  悬浮焙烧  /  电炉熔炼  /  研究进展

Based on an introduction of nickel resource and characteristics of lateritic nickel ore, the technical features and application of traditional hydrometallurgical processes (such as high-pressure acid leaching (HPAL), reduction roasting-ammonia leaching) and pyrometallurgical processes (such as rotary kiln electric furnace (RKEF), blast furnace smelting process for ferronickel production, and rotary kiln direct reduction-magnetic separation) are summarized. A new process of suspension roasting pre-reduction electric furnace (SRPEF) is specially introduced. Finally, the prospects for efficient exploitation and clean extraction technologies for lateritic nickel ore are discussed.

lateritic nickel ore  /  hydrometallurgical extraction  /  pyrometallurgy  /  suspension roasting  /  electric furnace smelting  /  research progress
余建文, 郭壹泽, 王家奇, 韩跃新, 李艳军, 高鹏. 红土镍矿开发利用研究现状与前景展望. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (3) : 142 -150 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.024
Jianwen YU, Yize GUO, Jiaqi WANG, Yuexin HAN, Yanjun LI, Peng GAO. Development Status and Prospects of Lateritic Nickel Ore[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (3) : 142 -150 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.024
镍是一种重要的战略性矿产资源,主要用于生产不锈钢、合金、三元动力电池等[1]。我国是镍消费大国,但镍资源量却严重不足。陆基镍资源主要分为硫化镍矿和红土镍矿。相较于红土镍矿,硫化镍矿中的有用矿物更易于提取,开发利用较早,但可开采利用的硫化镍矿资源量不断减少[2]。随着不锈钢和新能源产业的快速发展,镍需求量显著增加,开发红土镍矿成为必然选择[3]。本文探讨了红土镍矿的资源特点,分析了未来镍金属市场的供应和需求态势,总结了红土镍矿处理工艺的发展现状。同时,对红土镍矿提取新技术悬浮焙烧预还原-电炉熔炼(suspension roasting pre-reduction electrical furnace,SRPEF)工艺的未来发展进行了展望,旨在为红土镍矿的高效低碳利用提供参考。
镍在地球上是一种较为丰富的元素,在地球中的含量仅次于硅、氧、铁和镁,陆地镍资源主要包括硫化镍矿和红土镍矿。
全球陆地镍资源分布情况和储量[4]表1所示。数据表明,红土镍矿储量丰富,其中镍金属量约1.61亿t,占镍金属总量的72.6%,已成为提取镍的主要原料。
红土镍矿是一种多矿物聚合物,由含镍橄榄石基岩经过长期风化、淋滤和蚀变而成,同时还伴生有铁、钴、镁、铝和铬等有价金属[5],主要集中分布在赤道地区的热带、亚热带国家和地区[6]
根据国际镍研究组织(INSG)统计[7],2024年我国的原生镍消费总量约213.47万t,占全球原生镍消费总量(约334.6万t)的63.8%。其中,不锈钢行业是主要的消费领域,占比74.5%;电池行业镍消费量显著增长,占比17.8%。从消费结构分析,不锈钢行业与电池行业共同构成了镍的主要消费市场。尤其是近年来高镍三元电池的使用增加,对镍需求有明显拉动作用。INSG公布的2019—2024年全球原生镍产量与消费量数据[8]图1所示。全球原生镍产量从2019年的238.2万t增长至2024年的351.6万t,预计2025年将达到364.9万t,这表明镍的全球供应在逐步增加。镍金属市场在未来几年将继续呈现供应增长和需求增加的态势,但总体供需平衡,市场预计将保持适度的盈余状态。
根据红土镍矿中镁含量的高低可将矿石分为三大类,依次为褐铁型红土镍矿(MgO品位不高于5%)、过渡型红土镍矿(MgO品位5%~15%)及硅镁型红土镍矿(MgO品位大于15%)。红土镍矿床层分布剖面[9]图2所示。
褐铁型红土镍矿位于矿床上部,其特点是铁、钴含量高,镍、镁含量低,镍主要以晶格取代或化学吸附形式存在于针铁矿中,宜采用湿法工艺处理;过渡型红土镍矿位于矿床中部,介于褐铁型与硅镁型的过渡层,铁、钴含量较高,镍、镁含量适中,镍主要存在于绿脱石和硬锰矿中,宜采用湿法工艺或火法冶炼工艺处理;硅镁型红土镍矿位于矿床最下部,其镁和镍含量相较于其他两种类型更高,铁含量相对更低,镍主要以吸附态或类质同象形态存在于镁或铁硅酸盐中,宜采用火法冶炼工艺处理。
当前,红土镍矿湿法工艺主要为高压酸浸、常压酸浸、还原焙烧-氨浸、硫酸化焙烧-水浸等工艺;火法工艺中,回转窑预还原-电炉熔炼技术较成熟,紧随其后的是高炉熔炼镍铁法、回转窑还原-磁选工艺。此外,悬浮焙烧预还原-电炉熔炼新工艺的成功研发进一步丰富了火法处理技术的范畴。
红土镍矿中存在吸附水、结晶水和结构水,含水量较高,在进行火法冶炼前,必须先对红土镍矿进行干燥处理[10]。不同类型红土镍矿加热干燥脱羟基过程见表2
高压酸浸(high-pressure acid leaching,HPAL)法[14]自20世纪50年代问世以来,已经成为处理褐铁型红土镍矿的主流工艺。在250~270 ℃、4~5 MPa的高温高压条件下进行酸浸反应,矿石中的镍和钴与硫酸反应形成可溶解的金属硫酸盐进入溶液,随后通过逆流浓密洗涤,溢流进行预中和等工序,使杂质元素(铁、铝)水解并沉降至渣中,浸出液通过进一步中和沉淀,得到镍和钴含量较高的中间产品。HPAL工艺流程[15]图3所示,该工艺可实现镍、钴的选择性浸出,且浸出率高于90%。
高压酸浸过程中发生的主要化学反应[16]有:
文献[17]对印尼La-paopao地区红土镍矿(Ni品位1.42%、Fe品位40.15%)进行了硫酸加压浸出研究,在硫酸用量330 kg/t、浸出温度255 ℃、浸出时间45 min、矿浆液固比2∶1条件下,镍浸出率超过96%,钴浸出率超过97%,铁浸出率仅1%。然而,该工艺对反应条件和设备的要求高,投资成本大,水合硫酸铝等物质容易导致设备结垢,需要定期维护高压釜,从而影响作业率。此外,浸出渣中含有较高的铁和硫,目前只能通过深海填埋或建库堆存处理,造成环境污染和铁资源的浪费。
HPAL工艺常用的酸为硫酸,但也有研究者尝试使用其他酸进行替代。例如,文献[18]提出硝酸加压浸出(NAPL)新工艺,采用硝酸代替传统硫酸作为浸出介质,通过加压浸出的方式,在初始硝酸酸度330 kg/t、液固比1.5~1.7 mL/g、浸出温度190 ℃、浸出时间60 min条件下,成功从Ni品位0.88%、Co品位0.07%的褐铁型红土镍矿中提取了镍、钴和镁,其中镍、钴和镁的浸出率分别大于85%、80%、60%,铁浸出率不足1%,并联产硫酸钙晶须,实现了镍、钴、钙的综合回收及硝酸的耦合再生。
由于高压酸浸对设备要求高,研究人员开发了常压酸浸(atmospheric pressure acid leaching,AL)工艺。该工艺无需高压反应釜,投资成本低,操作条件易于控制。常压酸浸的主要流程是将红土镍矿破碎、筛分并磨矿制浆,随后将矿浆与浸出剂(硫酸、盐酸、硝酸等)按一定比例混合后进行常压浸出,其优点是工艺简单、能耗低,对环境的污染相对较小,主要缺陷是镍和钴浸出率低,浸出液中杂质含量高且浸出速度较慢。常见AL工艺流程见图4
常压酸浸过程中发生的主要化学反应有:
文献[19]以硫酸为浸出剂,在常压下浸出处理Ni品位1.71%、Fe2O3品位84.07%的红土镍矿,在硫酸浓度24%、浸出温度90 ℃、液固比5 mL/g、搅拌速度400 r/min、浸出时间2 h条件下,镍、铁浸出率分别为72.7%、87.9%。文献[20]利用硫酸在常压下浸出低品位红土镍矿(Ni品位0.83%、Fe2O3品位14.77%),在硫酸浓度210 g/L、浸出温度90 ℃、液固比5∶1、搅拌速度300 r/min、浸出时间6 h条件下,获得了镍、铁浸出率分别为93.6%、75.4%的技术指标。总体而言,红土镍矿常压酸浸工艺的大规模推广应用还面临一些挑战,如提高镍和钴浸出率、减少杂质含量、提高浸出速度等。
还原焙烧-氨浸工艺是由Caron教授提出的,故又称为Caron法[21]。还原焙烧-氨浸工艺的主要流程包括:对红土镍矿破碎、筛分后进行还原焙烧,在还原焙烧阶段,将镍和钴还原为金属态,并使大部分铁还原为Fe3O4。随后进行多级逆流氨浸,浸出液通过硫化沉淀处理,钴进入沉淀,再进行蒸氨处理获得碱式碳酸镍,并最终通过煅烧生成氧化镍产品;浸出渣则通过磁选获得铁精矿,实现镍、钴、铁的综合回收利用,具体工艺流程[15]图5所示。
氨浸过程中主要金属元素发生的反应有:
文献[22]针对菲律宾某褐铁矿型红土镍矿(Ni品位1.07%、Fe品位47.82%)进行镍、钴的提取,加入烟煤作还原剂,在800 ℃下焙烧1 h,再用碱性氨碳溶液浸出焙烧矿,镍、钴浸出率分别达到88.27%、50.91%。
还原焙烧-氨浸是最早应用于处理褐铁型红土镍矿的湿法工艺,优点是工艺成熟,试剂氨可循环回收利用、消耗量小。然而,传统还原焙烧多采用回转窑作为反应装备、煤粉作为还原剂,焙烧温度高(700~850 ℃)、还原气氛控制困难,矿石中铁氧化物易发生过还原形成浮氏体或金属铁,氨浸过程形成有强吸附能力的Fe(OH)3胶体,造成镍、钴浸出率低,严重制约了该工艺的发展和应用。近年来,随着低温(500~600 ℃)悬浮磁化焙烧技术的出现与不断发展[23-25],未来有望将悬浮磁化焙烧技术与氨浸工艺进行有机结合与嫁接,实现褐铁型红土镍矿还原过程的精准调控,可显著降低焙烧能耗并同步提高镍钴浸出率。
硫酸化焙烧-水浸工艺[26]是将红土镍矿置于SO2和O2气氛下,或将红土镍矿与浓硫酸或硫酸铵按特定比例混合熟化焙烧,其目的是使红土镍矿中的镍、钴等目标元素在高温下转化为可溶性硫酸盐进入水相溶液中,铁、硅等元素则富集在浸出渣中,实现镍、钴等有价金属的选择性提取分离,具体工艺流程如图6所示。
硫酸化焙烧过程中镍元素发生的反应有:
或:
在反应式(11)中,反应过程包括SO2被氧化为SO3,然后SO3与NiO反应生成NiSO4
文献[27]针对云南低品位红土镍矿(Ni品位1.15%、Fe品位14.06%)进行硫酸铵焙烧提取研究,在焙烧温度400 ℃、焙烧时间90 min、矿料与硫酸铵质量比4∶3条件下,获得了镍、钴、锰浸出率分别为90.80%、85.41%、86.74%的技术指标,而铁浸出率仅9.98%,达到了镍、钴、锰等有价金属选择性提取的效果。文献[28]提出了一种低温NH4HSO4焙烧-水浸工艺,用于从金川镍精矿(Ni品位9.6%,Co品位0.2%)中同时提取镍和钴,在镍精矿粒度80~96 μm、NH4HSO4与精矿质量比8∶1、焙烧时间180 min、焙烧温度400 ℃条件下,镍和钴浸出率分别达到了95.7%和96.8%,实现了镍、钴的高效浸出。然而,硫酸化焙烧过程对设备腐蚀性强,环境污染严重,目前暂无工业应用案例。
20世纪50年代,回转窑还原-电炉熔炼(rotary klin electric furnace,RKEF)工艺在新喀里多尼亚安博厂诞生,是当前国内外大规模镍铁冶炼的首选工艺[29]。主要流程包括通过干燥窑去除红土镍矿中的游离水,随后混入碳质还原剂送入回转窑中进行高温预还原焙烧,得到的焙砂送至矿热炉(炉内温度通常保持在1 500~1 600 ℃)进行电弧还原熔炼获得镍铁合金。RKEF工艺流程[30]图7所示。
红土镍矿中的氧化物在高温下与还原剂(碳或一氧化碳)反应,生成金属镍和钴,典型的化学反应方程式为:
文献[31]研究了回转窑预还原中煤配比以及电炉熔炼时配碳量和温度对镍、铁回收的影响,以高镍低铁(Ni品位2.65%、Fe品位18.49%)红土镍矿为实验原料,70%无烟煤+30%烟煤为还原剂,在1550 ℃下电炉熔炼,可获得镍品位23.13%、镍和铁回收率分别为95.21%和91.97%的镍铁。文献[32]采用高硅镁红土镍矿(Ni/Fe质量比0.14)研究了焦煤及石灰石熔剂对熔炼过程的影响,在焦煤和熔剂各配比11%的条件下,经1550 ℃电炉熔炼可获得镍品位22.82%、镍回收率97.6%的镍铁,实现镍的高效回收。
RKEF工艺所用技术设备成熟可靠,适合处理硅镁型红土镍矿,易于大型化工业生产[33]。但该工艺生产流程长、冶炼能耗大,需两步高温,生产1 t镍铁电耗高达4 000~4 200 kWh;同时存在渣量大(生产1 t镍铁排渣量高达4~5 t)且利用率小于10%,环境污染隐患大,尤其是矿石中的钴无法得到利用。近年来,中南大学姜涛院士团队针对RKEF法工艺存在的弱点,创新性开发了以控制FeO为中心、调节四元碱度为主要手段的渣系优化调控[34],并利用炉渣制备镁橄榄石型复相耐火材料等新技术,有效解决了现有电炉工艺能耗高、渣利用率低的问题,未来推广应用前景广阔。
高炉熔炼镍铁法是我国在借鉴传统高炉炼铁成熟工艺基础上自主研发的一种处理褐铁矿型红土镍矿的方法,一般直接采用被炼铁厂闲置淘汰的烧结机和高炉进行镍铁生产,具有较高的生产效率。该工艺流程与传统高炉炼铁流程基本一致,即红土镍矿经过干燥和破碎后,通过烧结机进行抽风烧结,成品烧结成矿后,进入高炉进行冶炼,产出含镍生铁。其工艺流程[4]图8所示。此外,由于褐铁型红土镍矿游离水和结晶水含量高,烧结前通常需要加入生石灰,利用生石灰的吸湿性和放热达到脱水的目的,否则将影响烧结矿质量[35]
文献[36]以褐铁矿型红土镍矿(Ni品位0.86%、Fe品位45.09%)为原料,在熔炼温度1 600 ℃、焦炭用量20%、炉渣二元碱度1.0时,制备了高纯度镍铬不锈钢母液,铁、铬和镍回收率分别达到95%、90%和98%以上。文献[37]对红土镍矿的烧结工艺进行了优化研究,在碱度1.6、无烟煤配比7.2%、水分18.5%、无烟煤粒级1~5 mm、偏析布料的优化参数下,获得了优质的烧结矿,为后续高炉熔炼操作创造了便利条件。
高炉熔炼镍铁法因其工艺成熟、流程短、市场准入门槛低以及对已废弃小型高炉的再利用潜力,展现了一定的经济性和实用性,尤其在初期投资方面相对较低[36]。然而,这一工艺也存在一些显著的缺点,例如焦炭消耗量大、能耗高、镍铁产品质量差以及环境污染严重。目前,随着国家环保政策的落实以及新技术的不断涌现和应用,传统的小高炉冶炼镍铁厂绝大多数已停产,高炉熔炼镍铁工艺正逐渐被更高效、环保的新工艺所取代。
回转窑直接还原-磁选工艺又称大江山法,该工艺是将红土镍矿干燥破碎处理后与一定比例的煤粉、石灰均匀混合并造球或压块,随后在回转窑中进行高温还原焙烧,生成海绵状镍铁合金,通过水淬处理后进行磨矿、磁选,从而得到镍铁粉和尾渣,其工艺流程如图9所示。
文献[38]以TFe品位21.70%、Ni品位1.92%的红土镍矿为原料,将经冷压造块后的红土镍矿原料送入回转窑,焙砂经水淬、破碎、磨矿后进行磁选,在还原温度1 150 ℃、磨矿时间3 min、磁场强度150 mT条件下获得了Ni品位7.26%、Fe品位85.15%的镍铁合金,其中镍和铁回收率分别达到了96.06%和89.23%。
与电炉熔炼相比,回转窑工艺具有相对较低的生产成本。然而,在工业应用中,为了保证镍铁颗粒的聚集与长大(便于磁选回收),回转窑半熔融还原焙烧温度处于1 150~1 250 ℃的较高范围内,窑内结圈严重,降低了设备作业率并增加了耐火材料的消耗。
针对上述问题,许多学者探索了在回转窑焙烧过程中使用添加剂来促进镍铁颗粒的聚集长大与磁选回收,从而尽可能地降低焙烧温度和窑内结圈的现象。文献[39]以NaFeS2为添加剂,研究了添加剂用量对褐铁矿型红土镍矿(Ni品位1.13%、Co品位0.14%、Fe品位42.53%)固态还原-磁选富集镍、钴效果及还原行为机理,发现添加NaFeS2可降低红土镍矿的软熔特性温度,促进Ni-Co-Fe合金颗粒的聚集长大;在NaFeS2添加量10%、还原温度1 100 ℃及时间60 min条件下,经磨矿-磁选可获得Ni、Co、Fe品位分别为7.89%、0.66%、74.01%,Ni、Co、Fe回收率分别为97.13%、86.78%、35.81%的镍钴铁粉,进一步通过常压硫酸浸出、净化除杂可生产电池级硫酸镍和硫酸钴产品。
针对我国红土镍矿90%以上采用RKEF工艺生产镍铁存在生产流程长、冶炼能耗大的问题,中南大学姜涛院士团队发明了红土镍矿选择性固态还原-磁选直接制备镍铁新工艺[40],该工艺通过建立还原/硫化耦合的镍/铁选择性还原技术,解决了镍、铁还原选择性差的问题,实现了镍铁的低温短流程生产。在Fe2O3被还原成FeO时加入硫化剂,从而将部分铁转化为FeS,控制铁的金属化还原,实现镍/铁选择性还原。红土镍矿还原/硫化耦合作用原理如图10所示。镍、铁金属化比值随着铁硫化率增加而增大。利用还原过程中生成的FeS,在Fe-FeS相区的固相线之上形成微区液相,促进镍、铁的扩散和颗粒的聚集与长大。通过含硫添加剂与温度协同调控,在温度1 000~1 050 ℃、硫酸钠用量10%~15%条件下,镍金属化率超过92%,镍/铁金属化比值提高到1.6~2.5,镍铁颗粒平均尺寸较无硫化剂时增大了7倍,成功解决了镍、铁还原选择性差和镍铁分选难的问题。
此外,通过选择性固态还原-磁选工艺处理红土镍矿,获得的镍钴铁精粉可以进一步采用磷酸常压浸出法制备磷酸铁和三元电池材料。该工艺的优点为:通过固态还原-磁选脱除镁、铝、硅等脉石组分,显著减少酸浸物料量,降低酸耗量;合金粉化学成分纯度高、杂质含量低,简化后续除杂和净化步骤;合金粉末粒度细、溶出性能好,在常压下即可快速浸出。该工艺展现出了良好的应用前景,但由于还原过程需要添加含硫添加剂,应特别注意S、Na等元素的迁移转化行为,防止发生环境污染和碱金属腐蚀炉衬等。
针对传统RKEF冶炼工艺的不足,东北大学韩跃新教授团队创新性地提出了悬浮焙烧预还原-电炉熔炼(SRPEF)新技术,它是一种针对红土镍矿处理的新型冶炼技术。该技术主要流程如下:首先,将矿石粉碎至-1 mm后送入悬浮焙烧炉,矿粉经过旋风预热器P01预热后,进入悬浮焙烧主炉H01;在负压环境下,物料在800~900 ℃的向上热风作用下被提升,从而快速脱除原料中的自由水和结晶水;加热后的矿粉在旋风分离器H02中实现固气分离,并在重力作用下与新加入的煤粉一起进入反应器R01;反应器R01内温度保持在850~1 050 ℃,采用空气作为流化气体,在这一过程中,红土镍矿中的镍氧化物被还原为金属态,部分铁氧化物还原成金属铁。悬浮焙烧过程中,矿石颗粒与热气流充分接触,实现了快速均匀地加热和脱水,减少了热能的浪费。焙烧后的预还原产品经热压造块后送入矿热电炉进行熔炼,生产出镍铁合金。同时,R01或矿热电炉中产生的热气被回收并用于燃烧;旋风分离器H02分离出的热气用于预热新加入的物料。热气的循环利用不仅提高了热能利用效率,其超低排放设计有效减少了温室气体和有害气体的排放,符合严格的环保标准,降低了对环境的影响。SRPEF工艺采用的悬浮焙烧炉在生产过程中不会产生结圈现象,故SRPEF预还原过程温度可达850 ℃以上,相比RKEF工艺可节省熔炼过程电耗20%以上,具体工艺流程如图11所示。
该团队先后针对国内外多地红土镍矿进行了SRPEF半工业试验[41-42],1#样品(Ni品位1.02%、Fe品位7.66%)和2#样品(Ni品位1.19%、Fe品位7.88%)经悬浮焙烧预还原-电炉熔炼后,可分别获得Ni品位14.28%、TFe品位79.89%和Ni品位13.84%、TFe品位76.77%的粗镍铁合金,其中Ni回收率均在91%以上。
SRPEF工艺尽管在提高热能利用效率和减少排放方面具有显著优势,但仍存在一些不足与亟待解决的问题。
1)对物料粒度的严格要求:SRPEF工艺中的悬浮焙烧系统要求物料粒度为-1 mm。若采用湿式磨矿制备入炉物料,不仅会导致过磨,浪费能耗,还需设置额外的过滤车间,增加设备和维护成本。
2)缺乏工业化应用经验:相较于传统红土镍矿冶炼工艺,SRPEF技术在工业化应用方面积累的经验少。相关的大型化智能装备尚需开发,以扩大其应用范围,实现更优的生产效果。
随着不锈钢和新能源产业的快速发展,镍需求量显著增加,开发利用红土镍矿成为必然的选择。通过优化提取工艺,解决红土镍矿处理中的环境和能耗问题,满足快速增长的镍需求,特别是在新能源汽车领域,将有助于推动镍消费模式的转变和新能源产业的可持续发展。未来的研究应集中在高效提取技术的完善和新工艺的开发,以实现红土镍矿的高效开发和清洁提取。基于上述分析,明确未来红土镍矿冶炼技术的重点发展方向,提出如下展望:
1)高压酸浸法是目前处理褐铁型红土镍矿的主流工艺,可实现镍、钴的选择性提取与高效回收,但尾渣排放量大且伴生的铁资源未得到回收利用,造成严重环境污染与铁资源浪费,含铁尾渣的无害化处置与资源化利用将是今后的研究重点;
2)还原焙烧-氨浸是最早应用于处理褐铁型红土镍矿的成熟湿法工艺,可综合回收镍、钴和铁。但传统还原焙烧多采用回转窑作为反应装备,存在焙烧温度高(700~850 ℃)、还原气氛控制困难和镍钴浸出率低的问题,严重制约了该工艺的发展和应用。随着低温(500~600 ℃)悬浮磁化焙烧技术的出现与发展,未来有望将悬浮磁化焙烧技术与氨浸工艺进行有机嫁接,实现褐铁型红土镍矿还原过程的精准调控,将显著降低焙烧能耗并同步提高镍钴浸出率;
3)与传统红土镍矿回转窑预还原-电炉熔炼工艺相比,选择性固态还原-磁选制备镍铁和悬浮焙烧预还原-电炉熔炼新技术在经济效益和环境友好性等方面具有明显优势,为冶金行业的可持续发展和高效利用红土镍矿资源提供了重要技术保障,未来应进一步加强关键核心技术研发、工业化应用推广验证等研究,推动镍资源高效提取和新能源产业的可持续发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52104246; 52130406)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(N23011026)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金(2023-MS-086)
  • 矿产资源绿色开发与生态修复协同创新中心开放基金(HLCX-2024-01)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.024
  • 接收时间:2025-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-26
基金
国家自然科学基金(52104246; 52130406)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目(N23011026)
辽宁省自然科学基金(2023-MS-086)
矿产资源绿色开发与生态修复协同创新中心开放基金(HLCX-2024-01)
作者信息
    1.东北大学 资源与土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
    2.难采选铁矿资源高效开发利用技术国家地方联合工程研究中心,辽宁 沈阳 110819
    3.东北大学 轧制技术及连轧自动化国家重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819

通讯作者:

郭壹泽(2001—),男,河北石家庄人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为红土镍矿高效低碳利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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