Article(id=1241416387328004937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241416382559081210, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733068800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773906331139, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773906331139, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773906331139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773906331139, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241416382559081210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='223', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773906330003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773908015401, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241423451685179940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241416382559081210, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241423451685179941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241416382559081210, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=173, endPage=179, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241416389467100096, articleId=1241416387328004937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Direct Nitridation of Aluminum Ash for Nitrogen Enrichment, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A stockpile of hazardous waste aluminum ash generated during aluminum smelting has posed serious environmental pollution risks. In order to solve this, a novel approach is proposed, in which the nitrogen-enriched aluminum ash is used in the steelmaking process to promote microalloying with vanadium and nitrogen. Aluminum ash is heated and stir-fried in a nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in its reaction with nitrogen gas, thereby increasing the nitrogen level therein. The effects of reaction temperature, aluminum content and particle size on the nitrogen enrichment of aluminum ash were investigated, and the nitrogen-enriched aluminum ash was characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. The results show that under the suitable conditions for nitrogen enrichment, including reaction temperature of 880 ℃, initial aluminum content of 45% (aluminum powder), and nitrogen flow rate at 4 L/min, the nitrogen content in the aluminum ash can be improved from 1.18% to 11.90%. During this process, metallic aluminum in the ash reacts with nitrogen gas to form AlN on the surface of alumina particles.

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针对铝冶炼过程中产生的危险废物铝灰堆存量大、环境污染风险高的问题,提出一种铝灰增氮处理后应用于炼钢过程促进钒氮微合金化的新思路。将铝灰在氮气气氛下加热炒灰,使铝灰与氮气反应,从而提高铝灰氮含量。研究了反应温度、铝含量和颗粒尺度等因素对铝灰增氮效果的影响,并对增氮后铝灰进行XRD、SEM-EDS表征。结果表明,适宜的增氮条件为:反应温度880 ℃、初始铝含量45%(铝粉)、氮气流量4 L/min,此条件下铝灰中氮含量由1.18%增加至11.90%。增氮过程主要是铝灰中的金属铝与氮气反应生成AlN,且AlN在氧化铝颗粒表面生成。

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朱小峰(1989—),男,甘肃庆阳人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师,主要研究方向为冶金固废处理及资源回收再利用,有色金属冶金新工艺及理论。E-mail:
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丁万武(1979—),男,甘肃武威人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为新型铝及铝合金用中间合金的制备与合成机理、冶金固废资源综合利用。E-mail:

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丁万武(1979—),男,甘肃武威人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为新型铝及铝合金用中间合金的制备与合成机理、冶金固废资源综合利用。E-mail:

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丁万武(1979—),男,甘肃武威人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为新型铝及铝合金用中间合金的制备与合成机理、冶金固废资源综合利用。E-mail:

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articleId=1241416387328004937, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical composition of aluminum ash

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总Al金属AlNaFNSiFeMgCa
42.5311.183.860.741.180.580.501.980.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241422262058938844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416387328004937, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铝灰原料化学成分(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
总Al金属AlNaFNSiFeMgCa
42.5311.183.860.741.180.580.501.980.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241422262176379359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416387328004937, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

N content in aluminum ash with different aluminum particle sizes after N enrichment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配料组成N含量/%
二次铝灰+铝粒1.28
二次铝灰+铝粒+铝粉7.94
二次铝灰+铝粉11.90
), ArticleFig(id=1241422262360928746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241416387328004937, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同铝颗粒尺度下增氮后铝灰中N含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配料组成N含量/%
二次铝灰+铝粒1.28
二次铝灰+铝粒+铝粉7.94
二次铝灰+铝粉11.90
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铝灰直接氮化法增氮过程实验研究
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丁万武 1 , 袁浩登 1 , 魏国立 2 , 余海存 1 , 安家志 1 , 朱小峰 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(3): 173-179
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(3): 173-179
铝灰直接氮化法增氮过程实验研究
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丁万武1 , 袁浩登1, 魏国立2, 余海存1, 安家志1, 朱小峰1
作者信息
  • 1.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 2.酒泉钢铁(集团)有限责任公司,甘肃 嘉峪关 735100
  • 丁万武(1979—),男,甘肃武威人,博士,研究员,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为新型铝及铝合金用中间合金的制备与合成机理、冶金固废资源综合利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

朱小峰(1989—),男,甘肃庆阳人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师,主要研究方向为冶金固废处理及资源回收再利用,有色金属冶金新工艺及理论。E-mail:
Experimental Study on Direct Nitridation of Aluminum Ash for Nitrogen Enrichment
Wanwu DING1 , Haodeng YUAN1, Guoli WEI2, Haicun YU1, Jiazhi AN1, Xiaofeng ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
  • 2.Jiuquan Iron and Steel (Group) Co., Ltd., Jiayuguan 735100, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.029
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针对铝冶炼过程中产生的危险废物铝灰堆存量大、环境污染风险高的问题,提出一种铝灰增氮处理后应用于炼钢过程促进钒氮微合金化的新思路。将铝灰在氮气气氛下加热炒灰,使铝灰与氮气反应,从而提高铝灰氮含量。研究了反应温度、铝含量和颗粒尺度等因素对铝灰增氮效果的影响,并对增氮后铝灰进行XRD、SEM-EDS表征。结果表明,适宜的增氮条件为:反应温度880 ℃、初始铝含量45%(铝粉)、氮气流量4 L/min,此条件下铝灰中氮含量由1.18%增加至11.90%。增氮过程主要是铝灰中的金属铝与氮气反应生成AlN,且AlN在氧化铝颗粒表面生成。

铝灰  /  氮化  /  增氮  /  AlN  /  炼钢  /  钒氮合金化

A stockpile of hazardous waste aluminum ash generated during aluminum smelting has posed serious environmental pollution risks. In order to solve this, a novel approach is proposed, in which the nitrogen-enriched aluminum ash is used in the steelmaking process to promote microalloying with vanadium and nitrogen. Aluminum ash is heated and stir-fried in a nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in its reaction with nitrogen gas, thereby increasing the nitrogen level therein. The effects of reaction temperature, aluminum content and particle size on the nitrogen enrichment of aluminum ash were investigated, and the nitrogen-enriched aluminum ash was characterized by XRD and SEM-EDS. The results show that under the suitable conditions for nitrogen enrichment, including reaction temperature of 880 ℃, initial aluminum content of 45% (aluminum powder), and nitrogen flow rate at 4 L/min, the nitrogen content in the aluminum ash can be improved from 1.18% to 11.90%. During this process, metallic aluminum in the ash reacts with nitrogen gas to form AlN on the surface of alumina particles.

aluminum ash  /  nitridation  /  nitrogen enrichment  /  AlN  /  steelmaking  /  alloying with vanadium and nitrogen
丁万武, 袁浩登, 魏国立, 余海存, 安家志, 朱小峰. 铝灰直接氮化法增氮过程实验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (3) : 173 -179 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.029
Wanwu DING, Haodeng YUAN, Guoli WEI, Haicun YU, Jiazhi AN, Xiaofeng ZHU. Experimental Study on Direct Nitridation of Aluminum Ash for Nitrogen Enrichment[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (3) : 173 -179 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.029
铝工业在电解铝、再生铝及铝加工过程都会产生大量的铝灰废弃物[1-3]。据统计,我国每年铝灰产生量接近400万t[4]。2024年11月发布的《国家危险废物名录(2025年版)》认定铝灰为有毒废物。在国家对工业“三废”排放提出更高要求的背景下,实现铝灰的无害化处理和资源化利用具有重要意义[5]
铝灰作为脱氧剂和改质剂应用于炼钢过程具有显著效果[6-8],但对铝灰中氮化物的利用研究较少。铝灰中氮化物能为钒氮微合金起到增氮作用,随着钢中氮含量增加,V(C,N)析出数量增加,颗粒尺寸和间距明显减小,充分发挥了钒在钢中的沉淀强化和细晶强化作用,显著改善钢的强韧性[9]
本文提出了一种铝灰在炼钢过程中应用的新思路,对铝灰进行增氮处理提高氮含量,随后将其应用于炼钢过程促进钒氮微合金化,从而实现铝灰的高附加值再利用。重点研究了反应温度、铝含量和颗粒尺度等关键因素对铝灰增氮的影响,获得了适宜铝灰增氮的工艺条件,并探讨了铝灰增氮过程的反应机理,为铝灰应用于炼钢过程提供理论基础。
实验原料为甘肃某铝业公司产的铝灰,经破碎、筛分(-150 μm)后,取筛下物备用。铝灰化学成分和物相组成分别如表1图1所示。该铝灰总铝含量达到42.53%,其中金属铝含量经过炒灰后仍然有11.18%,N含量为1.18%。图1表明,该铝灰主要物相为α-Al2O3、Al、AlN和镁铝尖晶石(MgAl2O4),还含有一定量的NaCl和KCl。
图2为铝灰原料SEM图像及EDS分析结果。铝灰为表面疏松多孔的不规则颗粒,由EDS面扫描结果可知,铝灰中存在大量铝和氧化铝,氮元素含量相对较低。EDS点扫描结果表明,片状颗粒(点1)主要由Al、O元素组成,且Al、O原子比为53.4∶46.6,与氧化铝组成接近,因此推断片状颗粒为氧化铝;块状颗粒(点2)由Al、O、N元素组成,结合图1,判断块状颗粒为AlN。
主要设备为:硅碳棒电阻炉(KSY-15-16A)、高速行星式球磨机(QM-3SP2)、电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(DGG-9416A)。
主要仪器为:X射线衍射仪(D8 Advance X)、扫描电子显微镜(日立su8010)、电子分析天平(ESJ200-4型)、X射线荧光光谱仪和氧氮氢分析仪。
拟利用一次铝灰进行增氮,但一次铝灰中含有大量块状、颗粒状金属铝,成分不均匀,不利于实验室研究。因此,采用二次铝灰配入一定量纯铝粉或铝粒模拟一次铝灰成分,铝粉平均粒径为80 μm,铝粒粒径约为5 mm。取二次铝灰粉末,加入铝粒、铝粉,混合均匀后装入黏土坩埚中并置于井式加热炉中,通入高纯氮气(>99.999%),在氮气气氛下加热,达到设定温度后富氮30 min,随后在氮气气氛下随炉冷却。反应结束后得到增氮后的铝灰和金属铝,分析铝灰中的氮含量并计算金属铝回收率:
式中:R为金属铝回收率,%;A为增氮后回收的金属铝,g;S为增氮前总的金属铝,g。
采用XRF分析二次铝灰中Na、F、Si、Cl、Mg、Ca、Fe含量,采用氧氮氢分析仪检测N含量,采用气体容量法测定金属铝含量,使用X射线衍射仪分析物相。
温度是影响反应限度和反应速率的重要因素。二次铝灰287.8 g,配入铝粒61.90 g和铝粉15.5 g(铝粒与铝粉的质量比约为4∶1),使铝灰中金属铝含量达到30%,控制氮气流速为4 L/min,温度对铝灰中氮含量的影响见图3。结果表明,随着温度升高,铝灰中N含量呈增加趋势,表明提高反应温度有利于铝灰的增氮过程。880 ℃时铝灰中N含量为6.93%。
图4为温度对增氮后金属铝回收率和金属铝含量的影响。随着温度上升,增氮后铝灰中金属铝的回收率和铝含量总体逐渐降低,880 ℃时铝回收率为47.6%。其原因是随着温度升高,氮化反应速度加快,金属铝大部分转变为AlN,导致金属铝回收率和铝灰中铝含量降低。综合分析增氮后铝灰中的N、Al含量,880 ℃为铝灰增氮的适宜温度,在此温度下,可提高铝灰中氮含量并且降低铝含量,实现铝灰中金属铝组分的充分利用。
图5为增氮前后铝灰的XRD图谱。由图5可看出,随着温度升高,AlN峰强明显增强,Al峰强明显减弱,氯化钠、氯化钾、铝镁尖晶石等峰强无明显变化。原因是在氮气气氛下,铝灰中的金属铝与氮气反应生成AlN,880 ℃增氮时AlN的衍射峰强显著高于700 ℃时的衍射峰强。铝与氮气的反应会消耗铝,故铝的衍射峰强会减弱;而氯化钠、氯化钾、铝镁尖晶石等在此温度下以稳定的形式存在,不发生反应。
图6为700 ℃增氮后铝灰的SEM图像及EDS分析结果。通过EDS面扫描分析可知,铝灰中存在大量铝和氧化铝,氮元素含量相比原始铝灰有所提高。通过EDS点扫描分析可知,层片状颗粒(点4)上分布的元素为O、Al元素,且两者原子比为38.15∶26.35,接近3∶2,判断层片状颗粒为氧化铝;亮白色块状颗粒(点6)上分布有O、Al、N元素,且原子比为48.78∶39.12∶10.21,因此判断块状颗粒为AlN且在氧化铝颗粒表面生成。
图7为880 ℃增氮后铝灰的SEM图像及EDS分析结果。通过EDS面扫描分析可知,铝灰中存在大量铝和氧化铝,氮元素含量比700 ℃增氮后铝灰有所提高。通过EDS点扫描分析可知,层片状颗粒(点8)上分布O、Al元素,且两者原子比为48.76∶39.99,接近3∶2,判断层片状颗粒为氧化铝;亮白色块状颗粒(点7)上分布有O、Al、N元素,且原子比为42.81∶41.47∶12.93,因此,判断块状颗粒为AlN且在氧化铝颗粒表面生成。
铝灰增氮过程中金属铝与氮气反应,因此,铝灰中金属铝含量将直接影响铝灰增氮效果。根据前述研究结果,设置炒灰温度为880 ℃,加入二次铝灰287.8 g,配入一定量铝粒和铝粉(铝粒与铝粉的质量比为4∶1),使铝灰中的金属铝含量达到20%~60%,控制氮气流速为4 L/min,不同铝含量对铝灰增氮的影响见图8。由图8可知,随着铝灰中初始金属铝含量由20%提升至60%,增氮后铝灰中N含量由3.24%逐渐增加至9.98%,表明初始铝灰中铝含量越高,越有利于提高铝灰中的氮含量。因此,为了获得氮含量高的铝灰,应选用初始铝含量高的一次铝灰,而回收金属铝后的二次铝灰由于金属铝含量低,难以进行充分增氮。
图9为不同铝含量下铝灰增氮后的XRD图谱。由图9可看出,随着铝含量增加,AlN峰强明显增强,表明氮化铝含量提高;氯化钠、氯化钾、铝镁尖晶石等峰强无明显变化。铝含量为60%时,铝灰中出现了金属铝的衍射峰,表明铝灰中铝未能充分反应而残留,因此,需要强化反应过程,促进增氮过程中铝与氮气充分反应。
图10为20%铝含量下增氮后铝灰的SEM图像及EDS分析结果。该铝灰由层片状颗粒堆积而成,且在层片状颗粒表面生成不规则亮白色颗粒,通过EDS面扫描结果可知,铝灰中存在大量铝和氧化铝。EDS点扫描结果表明,片状颗粒(点12)主要由O、Al元素组成,且O、Al原子比为63.07∶32.99,与氧化铝组成接近,因此推断片状颗粒为氧化铝,其中N元素原子分数为3.10%;亮白色块状颗粒(点11)上分布有O、Al、N元素,且原子比为42.70∶32.20∶4.80,判断块状颗粒为AlN;点10中N元素原子分数为4.49%,说明AlN颗粒在氧化铝颗粒表面生成。
图11为60%铝含量下增氮后铝灰的SEM图像及EDS分析结果。该铝灰主要由不规则亮白色颗粒组成,通过EDS面扫描结果可知,铝灰中存在大量铝和氧化铝,氮含量相比铝含量为20%时有明显提升。EDS点扫描结果表明,亮白色块状颗粒(点13)上分布有O、Al、N元素,且Al与N原子比为37.47∶37.91,与AlN组成接近,因此判断块状颗粒为AlN。
工业产生的铝灰中含有块状、颗粒状以及粉末状金属铝,不同尺度的铝与氮气反应过程中接触面积不同,将影响增氮过程反应速率及反应限度,因此需要考察不同颗粒尺度的铝对铝灰增氮的影响。设置炒灰温度880 ℃、铝灰中金属铝含量45%,按以下3个方案进行实验:①称取100 g二次铝灰(粒度-0.15 mm),加入直径约5 mm的铝粒61.5 g;②称取100 g二次铝灰,加入直径约5 mm的铝粒30.75 g、铝粉30.75 g;③称取100 g二次铝灰,铝粉61.5 g。3种配料混合均匀后装入黏土坩埚置于硅碳炉中,并在流动氮气气氛下加热。炒灰后N含量结果见表2。由表2可以看出,随着铝颗粒尺度减小,N含量明显提升,在加入纯铝粉炒灰后N含量达到11.90%,表明氮化反应随着Al颗粒尺寸减小而增强。其原因是,氮化反应首先在铝颗粒表面开始,小颗粒具有较大的氮化反应面积,故反应速度快。当Al表面氮化形成AlN时,颗粒内部的Al通过放热反应而熔化,在一些铝颗粒中,熔化的铝逃逸并凝聚在一起,覆盖在相邻的铝颗粒表面或填充在颗粒之间的孔隙中,较大颗粒产生的大量熔融Al可以填充粉末内更多的孔隙体积,阻断了氮气扩散的途径,限制了进一步氮化。
图12为不同铝颗粒尺度下增氮后铝灰XRD图谱。由图12可看出,随着铝颗粒尺度减小,AlN峰强明显增强,铝峰强明显减弱,氯化钠、氯化钾、铝镁尖晶石等峰强无明显变化。原因是,Al与N2接触面积增加,促进了氮化反应的进行,生成了更多的AlN;铝与N2的反应会消耗铝,因此铝的峰强会减弱。
图13为铝粉增氮的铝灰SEM图像及EDS分析结果。铝灰由层片状颗粒堆积而成,且在层片状颗粒表面生成不规则亮白色颗粒。通过EDS面扫描结果可知,铝灰中存在大量铝和氧化铝,氮元素含量相对铝灰原料有明显增加。EDS点扫描结果表明,亮白色块状颗粒(点17)上分布有O、Al、N元素,且N原子质量分数为40.58%,因此判断块状颗粒为AlN。
1)适宜的铝灰增氮条件为:反应温度880 ℃、初始铝含量45%(铝粉)、氮气流量4 L/min,在此条件下,铝灰中氮含量由1.18%增加至11.90%。
2)XRD分析结果表明,随着温度升高,初始铝含量增加,铝颗粒尺寸减小,AlN峰强明显增强,但氯化钠、氯化钾、铝镁尖晶石等峰强无明显变化。
3)SEM形貌分析结果表明,随着温度升高,初始铝含量增加,铝颗粒尺寸减小,铝灰中AlN含量提高,且AlN在氧化铝表面生成。
  • 甘肃省教育厅产业支持计划项目(2021CYZC-23)
  • 有色金属产业研究院成果转化项目
  • 甘肃省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(23ZYQB309)
  • 甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目(22ZD6GB019)
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2025年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.029
  • 接收时间:2024-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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甘肃省教育厅产业支持计划项目(2021CYZC-23)
有色金属产业研究院成果转化项目
甘肃省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(23ZYQB309)
甘肃省科技重大专项计划项目(22ZD6GB019)
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    1.兰州理工大学 材料科学与工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
    2.酒泉钢铁(集团)有限责任公司,甘肃 嘉峪关 735100

通讯作者:

朱小峰(1989—),男,甘肃庆阳人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师,主要研究方向为冶金固废处理及资源回收再利用,有色金属冶金新工艺及理论。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.03.029
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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