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Article(id=1241406725161546219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.035, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717862400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904027500, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904027500, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904027500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904027500, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=174, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406725497090567, articleId=1241406725161546219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect of Quenching and Partitioning Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Steel for Gear Shafts, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The alloy structural steel for gear shafts was treated by adopting a quenching and partitioning process, and effects of temperature and time of partitioning on the tensile properties, physical phase composition, microstructure and fracture morphology of structural steel were all explored. The results show that when the end temperature of fixed quenching and temperature of partitioning remain unchanged, extension of partitioning time can lead to gradual decrease in the tensile strength of the steel for gear shafts, and an increase followed by decrease in the fracture strain; with partitioning temperature at 225 ℃ and 275 ℃ respectively, the highest fracture strain is obtained at partitioning time of 120 s and 90 s, respectively; extension of partitioning time can lead to an increase followed by decrease in the strength-elongation product of the steel for gear shafts; the highest strength-elongation product can be obtained when the partitioning time is 90 s, and the strength-elongation product of the sample after quenching and partitioning treatment is obviously higher compared to the sample just treated by quenching. There is almost no residual austenite in the directly quenched sample, while the residual austenite in the sample by quenching and partitioning treatment is in a volume fraction of 3.0%-6.4%. It is found that at the same partitioning temperature, extension of partitioning time can result in martensitic tempering transformation, and carbide precipitation and growth in the steel for gear shafts.

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对齿轮轴用合金结构钢进行了淬火-配分处理，研究了配分温度和配分时间对其拉伸性能、物相组成、显微组织和断口形貌的影响。结果表明：固定淬火终点温度和配分温度不变，延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢抗拉强度逐渐减小、断后伸长率先增大后减小；配分温度225 ℃和275 ℃时最大断后伸长率分别出现在配分时间120 s和90 s；延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢的强塑积先增后减，配分时间90 s时达到最大值，且淬火-配分处理试样强塑积明显高于直接淬火试样。直接淬火试样中几乎没有残余奥氏体，而淬火-配分试样中残余奥氏体体积分数为3.0%～6.4%。相同配分温度下延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢会发生马氏体回火转变以及碳化物析出与长大。

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李敏（1984—），女，河南林州人，讲师，主要从事机械工程研究。E-mail：

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李敏（1984—），女，河南林州人，讲师，主要从事机械工程研究。E-mail：

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李敏（1984—），女，河南林州人，讲师，主要从事机械工程研究。E-mail：

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（a）TQ=TP=225 ℃；（b）TQ=TP=275 ℃

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（a）TQ=225 ℃，tQ=10 s；（b）TQ=225 ℃，tQ=90 s；（c）TQ=275 ℃，tQ=10 s；（d）TQ=275 ℃，tQ=90 s；（e）直接淬火

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（a）TQ=225 ℃，tQ=10 s；（b）TQ=225 ℃，tQ=90 s；（c）TQ=225 ℃，tQ=150 s；（d）TQ=275 ℃，tQ=10 s；（e）TQ=275 ℃，tQ=90 s；（f）TQ=275 ℃，tQ=150 s；（g）直接淬火

, figureFileSmall=GemJXr7+1gGXU/fVUmYkHQ==, figureFileBig=TJQvGb1ED5ZWfHMAlZ6CeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241436706835059536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406725161546219, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CSiMnPSCrNiCuTiFe
0.210.230.980.0090.0021.170.020.010.07余量
), ArticleFig(id=1241436707183186769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406725161546219, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

20CrMnTi合金结构钢化学成分（质量分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CSiMnPSCrNiCuTiFe
0.210.230.980.0090.0021.170.020.010.07余量
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序号试样类别淬火终点温度/℃配分温度/℃配分时间/s
1淬火-配分试样22522510
222522530
322522560
422522590
5225225120
6225225150
727527510
827527530
927527560
1027527590
11275275120
12275275150
13对比试样910 ℃/3 min奥氏体化后，直接水淬至室温
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齿轮轴用钢热处理工艺参数

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序号试样类别淬火终点温度/℃配分温度/℃配分时间/s
1淬火-配分试样22522510
222522530
322522560
422522590
5225225120
6225225150
727527510
827527530
927527560
1027527590
11275275120
12275275150
13对比试样910 ℃/3 min奥氏体化后，直接水淬至室温
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淬火-配分处理对齿轮轴用钢组织性能的影响
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李敏 1 , 姚玉梅 1 , 李俊杰 2 , 郭晓光 3 , 卢志安 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(6): 170-174
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(6): 170-174
淬火-配分处理对齿轮轴用钢组织性能的影响
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李敏1 , 姚玉梅1, 李俊杰2, 郭晓光3, 卢志安3
作者信息
  • 1.河南机电职业学院，河南　新郑　451191
  • 2.河南应用技术职业学院，河南　郑州　450042
  • 3.郑州大学，河南　郑州　450001

    • 李敏（1984—），女，河南林州人，讲师，主要从事机械工程研究。E-mail：

Effect of Quenching and Partitioning Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Steel for Gear Shafts
Min LI1 , Yumei YAO1, Junjie LI2, Xiaoguang GUO3, Zhi'an LU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Henan Mechanical and Electrical Vocational College, Xinzheng 451191, Henan, China
  • 2.Henan Technical Institute, Zhengzhou 450042, Henan, China
  • 3.Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.035
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摘要
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对齿轮轴用合金结构钢进行了淬火-配分处理，研究了配分温度和配分时间对其拉伸性能、物相组成、显微组织和断口形貌的影响。结果表明：固定淬火终点温度和配分温度不变，延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢抗拉强度逐渐减小、断后伸长率先增大后减小；配分温度225 ℃和275 ℃时最大断后伸长率分别出现在配分时间120 s和90 s；延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢的强塑积先增后减，配分时间90 s时达到最大值，且淬火-配分处理试样强塑积明显高于直接淬火试样。直接淬火试样中几乎没有残余奥氏体，而淬火-配分试样中残余奥氏体体积分数为3.0%～6.4%。相同配分温度下延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢会发生马氏体回火转变以及碳化物析出与长大。

齿轮轴  /  淬火-配分  /  拉伸性能  /  显微组织  /  强塑积  /  齿轮钢  /  热处理

The alloy structural steel for gear shafts was treated by adopting a quenching and partitioning process, and effects of temperature and time of partitioning on the tensile properties, physical phase composition, microstructure and fracture morphology of structural steel were all explored. The results show that when the end temperature of fixed quenching and temperature of partitioning remain unchanged, extension of partitioning time can lead to gradual decrease in the tensile strength of the steel for gear shafts, and an increase followed by decrease in the fracture strain; with partitioning temperature at 225 ℃ and 275 ℃ respectively, the highest fracture strain is obtained at partitioning time of 120 s and 90 s, respectively; extension of partitioning time can lead to an increase followed by decrease in the strength-elongation product of the steel for gear shafts; the highest strength-elongation product can be obtained when the partitioning time is 90 s, and the strength-elongation product of the sample after quenching and partitioning treatment is obviously higher compared to the sample just treated by quenching. There is almost no residual austenite in the directly quenched sample, while the residual austenite in the sample by quenching and partitioning treatment is in a volume fraction of 3.0%-6.4%. It is found that at the same partitioning temperature, extension of partitioning time can result in martensitic tempering transformation, and carbide precipitation and growth in the steel for gear shafts.

gear shaft  /  quenching and partitioning  /  tensile property  /  microstructure  /  strength-elongation product  /  gear steel  /  heat treatment
李敏, 姚玉梅, 李俊杰, 郭晓光, 卢志安. 淬火-配分处理对齿轮轴用钢组织性能的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 170 -174 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.035
Min LI, Yumei YAO, Junjie LI, Xiaoguang GUO, Zhi'an LU. Effect of Quenching and Partitioning Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Steel for Gear Shafts[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 170 -174 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.035
正文
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齿轮轴是支承转动零件并与转动零件一起回转以传递运动、扭矩或弯矩的机械零件，齿轮轴安装和使用过程中需要承受冲击、偏载和振动等作用[1]，因此齿轮轴除要求具有足够的硬度、强度外，还需要具有良好的强塑积等特性[2]。国内外科研工作者对齿轮轴用钢的开发研究主要集中在加工工艺上[3]，已开发出铁素体-马氏体双相钢、马氏体-贝氏体复合钢、相变诱发塑性钢等钢种[4-6]，但其拉伸强度、强塑积等特性仍然无法同时满足苛刻环境对齿轮轴用钢的要求。淬火-配分处理工艺技术在轧制变形态低碳/中碳钢中已有成功应用，但在齿轮轴用20CrMnTi合金结构钢方面的应用报道较少，通过淬火-配分处理提升齿轮轴用钢的强塑积等指标仍然是亟待研究的问题[7-10]。基于齿轮轴用钢对力学性能的使用需求，本文选取热冲压成形20CrMnTi合金结构钢为研究对象，研究了配分温度和配分时间对齿轮轴用钢拉伸性能、物相组成、显微组织和断口形貌的影响，并与直接淬火钢进行了对比分析，结果可为齿轮轴用合金结构钢的生产工艺优化与应用提供技术支撑。
1　试验材料与试验方法
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1.1　试验材料
试验材料为热冲压成型的齿轮轴用20CrMnTi合金结构钢，实测化学成分见表1，采用DIL 805A淬火热膨胀仪测试其完全奥氏体转变温度（Ac3）、马氏体转变开始温度（Ms）和马氏体转变结束温度（Mf），分别为Ac3=862 ℃、Ms=398 ℃、Mf=203 ℃。
1.2　齿轮轴用钢热处理
沿着轧制方向将齿轮轴用钢加工成Φ50 mm×200 mm棒状试样，表面清洗、烘干后置于卡博莱特CWF 11/5型热处理炉中进行淬火-配分热处理。先将齿轮轴用钢加热至Ac3以上温度（TA=910 ℃）并保温3 min，进行奥氏体化，然后淬火至淬火终点温度（TQ）后进行相同配分温度（TP=TQ）下的配分处理，配分时间（tQ）介于10～160 s，再对齿轮轴用钢进行水淬处理，直至室温。齿轮轴用钢的热处理工艺曲线如图1所示，其中，TQ介于马氏体转变开始温度和马氏体转变结束温度之间（203～398 ℃）[11]。为了对比分析配分处理对淬火钢的影响，选取910 ℃/3 min奥氏体化后直接水淬至室温的试样作为对比试样。对比试样和淬火-配分试样的具体热处理工艺参数如表2所示，共设计了13组试样。
1.3　测试方法
采用线切割方法将不同热处理工艺所得齿轮轴用钢试样加工成图2所示的拉伸试样，在INSTRON 5585型万能材料试验机上进行室温拉伸性能测试（参照标准GB/T 228.1—2021），拉伸速率为2 mm/min，每种试样测试3次，取平均值。采用FE-1050系列高分辨（场发射）扫描电镜观察显微形貌和拉伸断口形貌；采用帕纳科Empyrean锐影X射线衍射仪分析试样物相，并采用比较法进行残余奥氏体含量计算[12]。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　拉伸性能和断口形貌
图3为不同淬火终点温度下齿轮轴用钢的抗拉强度和断后伸长率随着配分时间的变化曲线。淬火终点温度和配分温度均为225 ℃时，配分时间从10 s增加至150 s，齿轮轴用钢抗拉强度逐渐减小、断后伸长率先增大后减小，在配分时间120 s时断后伸长率达到最大值；淬火终点温度和配分温度均为275 ℃时，配分时间从10 s增加至150 s，齿轮轴用钢抗拉强度和断后伸长率的变化趋势与淬火终点温度和配分温度均为225 ℃时相同，在配分时间90 s时断后伸长率达到最大值。整体而言，淬火终点温度和配分温度不变，延长配分时间会使得抗拉强度逐渐减小、断后伸长率先增大后减小，配分温度225 ℃和275 ℃时最大断后伸长率分别出现在配分时间120 s和90 s时，可见，升高淬火终点温度和配分温度，最大断后伸长率出现的配分时间会缩短。
图4为不同淬火终点温度下齿轮轴用钢强塑积随着配分时间的变化曲线，其中，强塑积为抗拉强度和断后伸长率的乘积。配分时间从10 s增加至150 s时，两种配分温度下（TQ=TP）齿轮轴用钢的强塑积都呈现先增大后减小的特征，强塑积最大值都出现在配分时间90 s时。此外，配分时间30 s以上时，相同配分时间下，TQ=TP=225 ℃时齿轮轴用钢的强塑积要高于TQ=TP=275 ℃时的试样，可见，在较长的配分时间下，升高配分温度会降低齿轮轴用钢的强塑积。结合图3可知，齿轮轴用钢的强塑积变化曲线与断后伸长率变化曲线基本一致，即断后伸长率是影响强塑积的关键因素。此外，对直接淬火试样（对比试样）进行了室温拉伸性能测试，其抗拉强度、断后伸长率和强塑积分别为1 603 MPa、8.6%和13 785.8 MPa·%，而经过淬火-配分处理的齿轮轴用钢的强塑积都明显高于直接淬火试样。
选取典型齿轮轴用钢的拉伸断口形貌进行观察，结果如图5所示。TQ=225 ℃时，tQ=10 s和90 s时齿轮轴用钢的拉伸断口以韧窝为主，表现为韧性断裂特征[13]，但是tQ=90 s时断口中韧窝相对更深、更大，相对具有更大的断口伸长率（15.9%）；TQ=275 ℃时，tQ=10 s和90 s时齿轮轴用钢的拉伸断口也均以韧窝为主，tQ=90 s时断口中韧窝也相对更深、更大，断后伸长率为15.7%。对于直接淬火试样，拉伸断口形貌主要由细小、较浅的韧窝组成，其断后伸长率（8.6%）相对淬火-配分试样更小，这与前述的拉伸力学性能测试结果相吻合。
2.2　物相分析和显微组织
图6为直接淬火试样和淬火-配分组强塑积最大试样（TQ=225 ℃、tQ=90 s）的XRD图谱。对于直接淬火试样，可见（110）（200）和（211）晶面的α相衍射峰；对于淬火-配分组强塑积最大试样，除3个典型α相衍射峰外，还出现了（111）、（200）、（220）和（311）晶面的γ衍射峰。定量计算分析结果表明，直接淬火试样和淬火-配分组强塑积最大试样中残余奥氏体体积分数分别为低于0.5%（低于检测限[14]）和6.7%，表明直接淬火试样中几乎没有残余奥氏体，而淬火-配分试样中有一定含量残余奥氏体，这主要是因为齿轮轴用钢经过淬火处理后会形成淬火马氏体（提供充足碳源），在配分处理过程中促进奥氏体形成[15]，但配分时间过长会使奥氏体发生一定程度分解[16]，残余奥氏体含量有所减小。采用相同的方法对其他淬火-配分试样进行残余奥氏体含量测试，TQ=225 ℃、tQ=120 s试样和TQ=275 ℃、tQ=90 s试样的残余奥氏体体积分数分别为6.4%和5.4%，其余淬火-配分试样的残余奥氏体体积分数介于3%～5%之间，这也是TQ=225 ℃、tQ=120 s试样和TQ=275 ℃、tQ=90 s试样具有良好强塑积的原因[17]，即残余奥氏体体积分数较高的试样相对具有更高的断后伸长率和强塑积。
图7为不同热处理工艺下齿轮轴用钢的显微组织。对于直接淬火试样，显微组织为细小板条马氏体，为典型淬火态组织。TQ=225 ℃、tQ=10 s时，齿轮轴用钢的显微组织仍以细小板条马氏体为主，但局部可见碳化物析出；TQ=225 ℃、tQ=90 s时，显微组织为板条马氏体和较多的细小碳化物，表现为轻微回火特征[18]；继续延长配分时间至150 s，马氏体板条束轮廓由清晰变得模糊，碳化物发生一定程度长大；可见，相同配分温度下，延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢会发生马氏体回火转变以及碳化物析出（固溶强化效果减弱）、长大现象[19]，反映在拉伸性能上则表现为抗拉强度逐渐降低而断后伸长率先增大后减小。TQ=275 ℃时的齿轮轴用钢显微组织变化趋势与TQ=225 ℃时相似，但由于配分温度更高，相同配分时间下齿轮轴用钢表现出更充分的回火特征，碳化物析出量和粗化程度高于TQ=225 ℃时的试样，反映在拉伸性能上则表现为配分时间30 s以上时，相同配分时间下强塑积更小[20]。
3　结论
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1）淬火终点温度和配分温度不变时，延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢抗拉强度逐渐减小、断后伸长率先增大后减小。配分时间从10 s增加至150 s，配分温度为225 ℃和275 ℃时，齿轮轴用钢强塑积均先增大后减小，强塑积最大值出现在配分时间90 s时。经过淬火-配分处理的齿轮轴用钢强塑积明显高于直接淬火试样。
2）直接淬火试样中几乎没有残余奥氏体，而淬火-配分试样中有一定含量残余奥氏体；TQ=225 ℃、tQ=120 s试样和TQ=275 ℃、tQ=90 s试样的残余奥氏体体积分数分别为6.4%和5.4%，其余淬火-配分试样的残余奥氏体体积分数介于3%～5%之间。
3）相同配分温度下，延长配分时间，齿轮轴用钢会发生马氏体回火转变以及碳化物析出（固溶强化效果减弱）与长大现象。
基金
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  • 河南省科技攻关项目(192102310244)
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.035
  • 接收时间：2024-06-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-09
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河南省科技攻关项目(192102310244)
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    1.河南机电职业学院，河南　新郑　451191
    2.河南应用技术职业学院，河南　郑州　450042
    3.郑州大学，河南　郑州　450001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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