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Article(id=1241406722691093356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904026911, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904026911, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904026911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904026911, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=134, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406723123106703, articleId=1241406722691093356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect of Step Quenching on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Effect of step quenching at different temperatures on mechanical and corrosion properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy was explored by carrying out room temperature tensile test, intergranular corrosion test, electrochemical corrosion test, as well as by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the alloy, after 60 minutes of step quenching at 100 ℃ followed by 28 days of natural aging, can not only maintain a low yield strength of 162.49 MPa and a high strengthening increment of 105.60 MPa, but also exhibit a 57.2% reduction in intergranular corrosion depth compared to water-quenched alloy. TEM and EDS analyses show that type II Mg-Si clusters formed during step quenching effectively inhibit type I clusters formed during natural aging, while promote precipitation of intergranular β″ phase and β′ phase. Moreover, the precipitated phase at grain boundary is coarse and spherical with discrete distribution due to depletion of nearby solute atoms.

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采用室温拉伸、晶间腐蚀、电化学腐蚀和TEM等测试方法，研究了不同温度下分级淬火对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明，100 ℃/60 min分级淬火后的合金在28 d自然时效后不仅能维持162.49 MPa的低屈服强度和105.60 MPa的高强化增量，相较于水淬合金，晶间腐蚀深度降低了57.2%。TEM和EDS分析结果表明，分级淬火期间形成的Ⅱ型Mg-Si团簇抑制了自然时效期间形成的Ⅰ型团簇，有效促进了晶内β″相、β′相的析出。此外，晶界处的析出相由于附近溶质原子的耗尽呈现粗大球形、离散分布的特征。

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陈志国（1969—），男，湖南临澧人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为高性能材料的微观调控。E-mail：
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王昆（1998—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为高性能铝合金。E-mail：

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王昆（1998—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为高性能铝合金。E-mail：

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王昆（1998—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为高性能铝合金。E-mail：

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Acta Materialia, 2021, 203: 116455., articleTitle=Design of solute clustering during thermomechanical processing of AA6016 Al-Mg-Si alloy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406736591016481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=24, issue=12, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=YANG Z, CHENG J, LIANG Z, journalName=Advanced Engineering Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Z, CHENG J, LIANG Z, et al. Two-step preaging of an Al-Mg-Si alloy[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2022, 24(12): 2200973., articleTitle=Two-step preaging of an Al-Mg-Si alloy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406736729428518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=43, issue=8, pageStart=198, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=赵鸿金, 李升燕, 张荣伟, journalName=金属热处理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵鸿金, 李升燕, 张荣伟, 等. 分级淬火对6016铝合金自然时效及烤漆硬化的影响[J]. 金属热处理, 2018, 43(8): 198-202., articleTitle=分级淬火对6016铝合金自然时效及烤漆硬化的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406737803170346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=790, pageEnd=800, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=HUA L, YUAN P G, ZHAO N, journalName=Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUA L, YUAN P G, ZHAO N, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of 6082 aluminum alloy processed by preaging and hot forging[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2022, 32(3): 790-800., articleTitle=Microstructure and mechanical properties of 6082 aluminum alloy processed by preaging and hot forging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406737920610865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=792, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=QIAN F, ZHAO D, Mørtsell E A, journalName=Materials Science and Engineering: A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIAN F, ZHAO D, Mørtsell E A, et al. Enhanced nucleation and precipitation hardening in Al-Mg-Si (-Cu) alloys with minor Cd additions[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, 792: 139698., articleTitle=Enhanced nucleation and precipitation hardening in Al-Mg-Si (-Cu) alloys with minor Cd additions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406738012885555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=145, issue=null, pageStart=437, pageEnd=450, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=DING L, JIA Z, NIE J, journalName=Acta Materialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING L, JIA Z, NIE J, et al. The structural and compositional evolution of precipitates in Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy[J]. Acta Materialia, 2018, 145: 437-450., articleTitle=The structural and compositional evolution of precipitates in Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406738142908986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=303, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=FANIJO E O, THOMAS J G, ZHU Y, journalName=Materials Chemistry and Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANIJO E O, THOMAS J G, ZHU Y, et al. Effects of thermal history on the corrosion kinetics of rolled aluminum 6111 alloy[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2023, 303: 127802., articleTitle=Effects of thermal history on the corrosion kinetics of rolled aluminum 6111 alloy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406738260349500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=57, issue=30, pageStart=14490, pageEnd=14510, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=ZHU L, GUO M, LI G, journalName=Journal of Materials Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU L, GUO M, LI G, et al. Enhancing the intergranular corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-xSi-Cu-Zn alloys by synergistic intergranular and intragranular precipitation behaviors[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2022, 57(30): 14490-14510., articleTitle=Enhancing the intergranular corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of Al-Mg-xSi-Cu-Zn alloys by synergistic intergranular and intragranular precipitation behaviors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241406738423927358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=150, issue=null, pageStart=100, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=ZHANG X, ZHOU X, NILSSON J, journalName=Corrosion Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG X, ZHOU X, NILSSON J. Corrosion behaviour of AA6082 Al-Mg-Si alloy extrusion: the influence of quench cooling rate[J]. 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（a）WQ；（b）SQ100；（c）SQ150

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（a）WQ；（b）SQ150；（c）SQ100

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（a）WQ；（b）SQ100；（c）SQ150

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MgSiCuMnFeAl
1.030.990.020.650.24余量
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实验合金的化学成分（质量分数）

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MgSiCuMnFeAl
1.030.990.020.650.24余量
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样品名称固溶处理淬火方式自然时效人工时效
SQ100560 ℃/60 min100 ℃/60 min+冷水淬火28 d170 ℃/6 h
SQ150150 ℃/60 min+冷水淬火170 ℃/5 h
WQ冷水淬火170 ℃/8 h
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Al-Mg-Si-（Cu）合金的分级淬火热处理工艺参数

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样品名称固溶处理淬火方式自然时效人工时效
SQ100560 ℃/60 min100 ℃/60 min+冷水淬火28 d170 ℃/6 h
SQ150150 ℃/60 min+冷水淬火170 ℃/5 h
WQ冷水淬火170 ℃/8 h
), ArticleFig(id=1241406734519030203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称极限抗拉强度/MPa屈服强度/MPa
人工时效前人工时效后人工时效前人工时效后
SQ100264.88370.48162.49310.35
SQ150287.40341.53187.50293.77
WQ320.12375.23252.51310.68
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不同热处理后合金在人工时效前后的力学性能变化

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样品名称极限抗拉强度/MPa屈服强度/MPa
人工时效前人工时效后人工时效前人工时效后
SQ100264.88370.48162.49310.35
SQ150287.40341.53187.50293.77
WQ320.12375.23252.51310.68
), ArticleFig(id=1241406734762299848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称合金析出相峰值特征温度/℃
β″相β′相β相
WQ247283435
SQ100237273435
SQ150237270431
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不同热处理下合金析出相的峰值特征温度

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样品名称合金析出相峰值特征温度/℃
β″相β′相β相
WQ247283435
SQ100237273435
SQ150237270431
), ArticleFig(id=1241406734963626452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合金自腐蚀电位/（V Vs SCE）自腐蚀电流密度/[10-5（A·cm-2）]
WQ-0.7182.301
SQ150-0.7141.106
SQ100-0.7070.754
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不同热处理下合金的电化学性能参数

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合金自腐蚀电位/（V Vs SCE）自腐蚀电流密度/[10-5（A·cm-2）]
WQ-0.7182.301
SQ150-0.7141.106
SQ100-0.7070.754
), ArticleFig(id=1241406735160758751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素质量分数/%原子分数/%不确定系数/%修正系数k比值
Mg（K）2.552.830.080.881.050
Si（K）3.973.810.100.921.000
Al（K）93.3293.280.510.921.030
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针状相的EDS分析结果

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元素质量分数/%原子分数/%不确定系数/%修正系数k比值
Mg（K）2.552.830.080.881.050
Si（K）3.973.810.100.921.000
Al（K）93.3293.280.510.921.030
), ArticleFig(id=1241406735374668264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素质量分数/%原子分数/%不确定系数/%修正系数k比值
Mg（K）2.312.620.140.881.050
Si（K）1.711.670.090.921.000
Al（K）94.0994.340.670.921.030
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棒状相的EDS分析结果

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元素质量分数/%原子分数/%不确定系数/%修正系数k比值
Mg（K）2.312.620.140.881.050
Si（K）1.711.670.090.921.000
Al（K）94.0994.340.670.921.030
), ArticleFig(id=1241406735571800562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406722691093356, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素质量分数/%原子分数/%不确定系数/%修正系数k比值
Mg（K）0.000.00100.000.881.050
Si（K）3.703.570.130.921.000
Al（K）95.3495.990.830.921.030
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椭球相的EDS分析结果

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元素质量分数/%原子分数/%不确定系数/%修正系数k比值
Mg（K）0.000.00100.000.881.050
Si（K）3.703.570.130.921.000
Al（K）95.3495.990.830.921.030
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分级淬火对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学及腐蚀性能的影响
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王昆 1 , 陈志国 2, 3 , Tarek Khelfa 3 , 周燕锴 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(6): 134-138
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(6): 134-138
分级淬火对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学及腐蚀性能的影响
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王昆1 , 陈志国2, 3 , Tarek Khelfa3, 周燕锴1
作者信息
  • 1.中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083
  • 2.湖南开放大学　智能制造学院，湖南　长沙　410004
  • 3.湖南人文科技学院　能源与机电工程学院，湖南　娄底　417000

    • 王昆（1998—），男，安徽合肥人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为高性能铝合金。E-mail：

通讯作者:

陈志国（1969—），男，湖南临澧人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为高性能材料的微观调控。E-mail：
Effect of Step Quenching on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy
Kun WANG1 , Zhiguo CHEN2, 3 , Tarek Khelfa3, Yankai ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
  • 2.School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Hunan Open University, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
  • 3.School of Energy and Electromechanical Engineering, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.029
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摘要
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采用室温拉伸、晶间腐蚀、电化学腐蚀和TEM等测试方法，研究了不同温度下分级淬火对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学和耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明，100 ℃/60 min分级淬火后的合金在28 d自然时效后不仅能维持162.49 MPa的低屈服强度和105.60 MPa的高强化增量，相较于水淬合金，晶间腐蚀深度降低了57.2%。TEM和EDS分析结果表明，分级淬火期间形成的Ⅱ型Mg-Si团簇抑制了自然时效期间形成的Ⅰ型团簇，有效促进了晶内β″相、β′相的析出。此外，晶界处的析出相由于附近溶质原子的耗尽呈现粗大球形、离散分布的特征。

分级淬火  /  Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金  /  力学性能  /  腐蚀性能  /  屈服强度  /  极限抗拉强度  /  析出相

Effect of step quenching at different temperatures on mechanical and corrosion properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy was explored by carrying out room temperature tensile test, intergranular corrosion test, electrochemical corrosion test, as well as by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It is found that the alloy, after 60 minutes of step quenching at 100 ℃ followed by 28 days of natural aging, can not only maintain a low yield strength of 162.49 MPa and a high strengthening increment of 105.60 MPa, but also exhibit a 57.2% reduction in intergranular corrosion depth compared to water-quenched alloy. TEM and EDS analyses show that type II Mg-Si clusters formed during step quenching effectively inhibit type I clusters formed during natural aging, while promote precipitation of intergranular β″ phase and β′ phase. Moreover, the precipitated phase at grain boundary is coarse and spherical with discrete distribution due to depletion of nearby solute atoms.

step quenching  /  Al-Mg-Si-Cu alloy  /  mechanical properties  /  corrosion performance  /  yield strength  /  ultimate tensile strength  /  precipitated phase
王昆, 陈志国, Tarek Khelfa, 周燕锴. 分级淬火对Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金力学及腐蚀性能的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 134 -138 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.029
Kun WANG, Zhiguo CHEN, Tarek Khelfa, Yankai ZHOU. Effect of Step Quenching on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 134 -138 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.029
正文
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可热处理强化的Al-Mg-Si合金凭借中等的力学性能、优良的焊接性能和成形性能被广泛应用于汽车、轮船工业[1-4]。然而，工业生产条件限制导致Al-Mg-Si合金析出动力学和强化反应不足，严重限制了Al-Mg-Si合金的直接应用范围[5]。因此，通常在Al-Mg-Si合金中加入不同质量分数的Cu，以增强析出动力学从而提升合金的力学性能。但加入Cu会增加合金的晶间腐蚀（intergranular corrosion，IGC）敏感性，降低材料耐腐蚀性能。热处理是一种调控铝合金材料性能的常见手段，具有效率高、成本低、操作简单、易实现连续生产等优势。已有研究表明：不同温度的两步预时效工艺组合显著影响Al-Mg-Si合金的力学性能，特别是第一步预时效发挥了更重要作用[6]，这归因于不同温度下团簇和空位的演化不同；且560 ℃/30 min+100 ℃/50 min分级淬火可以显著抑制自然时效的负面效果[7]，促进合金的快速时效强化。
目前的研究主要针对分级淬火对材料力学性能的影响，而对材料腐蚀性能特别是晶间腐蚀性能影响方面的研究鲜有报道。本文以某公司Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金为研究对象，探究分级淬火对合金材料力学和腐蚀性能的协同影响，并分析其影响机理，可为实际生产提供理论依据。
1　实验材料及方法
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实验所用Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金化学成分见表1。
分级淬火热处理工艺如下：合金试样在箱式电阻炉中进行560 ℃/60 min固溶处理后，使用盐浴淬火炉迅速淬火至100 ℃、150 ℃，最后用冷水冷却到室温。对所有试样进行28 d自然时效处理，再将试样在恒温鼓风干燥箱中进行人工时效处理。具体热处理工艺参数如表2所示，其中，SQ100试样分级淬火温度为100 ℃，SQ150试样分级淬火温度为150 ℃，WQ试样直接用冷水淬火。
使用HV-1000Z型维氏硬度仪测试显微硬度（试验力为4.9 N），每组测试7个点，舍去最大值和最小值后取平均值。使用Instron 3369型材料试验机进行室温拉伸力学测试，每组3个试样，取平均值。依照GB/T 36174—2018在恒定30 ℃下进行晶间腐蚀测试，镶样后使用徕卡DM4M金相显微镜检测试样的腐蚀形貌和深度。在MULTI AUTOLAB M204电化学工作站进行电化学性能测试，腐蚀液为质量分数3.5%的NaCl溶液，极化曲线电位极化范围为±0.3 V（Vs OCP），扫描速率为1 mV/s。透射试样先经机械减薄至50 μm，再置于-20 ℃以下的双喷液（甲醇与硝酸体积比为3∶1）中使用RL-I型双喷减薄仪进行减薄。采用Titan G2 60-300透射电子显微镜对样品微观组织进行观察。
2　实验结果与讨论
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2.1　分级淬火对合金力学性能的影响
图1为合金经不同淬火方式处理后的时效硬化曲线。不同热处理后的合金硬度均随着时效时间增加呈现先上升再下降并逐渐趋于平稳的变化趋势。其中，WQ试样的初始硬度最高，为73.28HV，并在时效8 h时达到峰值114.98HV，随后逐渐下降。SQ150试样和SQ100试样初始硬度较低，分别为71.24HV和69.04HV，但在时效开始后硬度上升速率较大，分别在时效5 h和6 h时达到峰值，相较于WQ试样明显缩短了时效时间。显然，分级淬火处理有利于加快合金时效强化速率，从而缩短峰时效时间。
工业生产过程中，固溶处理与人工时效处理之间的时间间隔往往超过1个月，在此期间会产生自然时效的负面影响，即在自然时效期间，过饱和固溶体中的Mg和Si溶质原子逐渐扩散形成Ⅰ型团簇，提高合金强度，损害合金后续的成形性和强化潜力。表3为不同热处理后合金在人工时效前后力学性能的变化。由表3可以看到，经过28 d自然时效后，WQ试样的屈服强度为252.51 MPa，远远高于SQ100试样的162.49 MPa和SQ150试样的187.5 MPa，这将影响合金后续加工处理的难易度和精度。进行人工时效后，WQ试样的极限抗拉强度增量仅为55.11 MPa，远低于SQ100试样的105.60 MPa。这是由于Ⅰ型团簇的形成导致大量溶质原子被消耗，而Ⅰ型团簇的热稳定性较高，在人工时效温度下既不溶解也无法直接转变为主要强化相β″相，故降低了WQ试样人工时效期间的强化潜力。此外，SQ150试样的极限抗拉强度增量也仅为54.13 MPa。
为进一步分析分级淬火处理对合金析出动力学的影响，对各时效态合金进行了DSC分析，结果如图2所示。可以看到在100～500 ℃范围内，WQ试样出现了3个放热峰，分别对应β″、β′、β相的析出。而经过分级淬火处理后的合金β″相的放热峰均显著减弱，这说明分级淬火处理显著促进了β″相的充分析出[8]。相较于SQ100试样还存在β′相的析出峰，SQ150试样的放热峰更加不明显，说明其在人工时效阶段β″相和β′相的演化更加充分，在后来的DSC加热过程中脱溶驱动力已经很小。值得注意的是，WQ试样在β″放热峰之前存在一个明显的吸热峰，这是室温下形成的Ⅰ型团簇溶解所导致的，而在SQ150和SQ100试样中均未观察到该吸热峰，这进一步证明了分级淬火处理抑制了Ⅰ型团簇的形成，有利于Ⅱ型团簇的形成。Ⅱ型团簇中尺寸较大部分的Mg/Si比与β″相十分接近，易于转变成β″相[9]，因此分级淬火处理可以通过形成大量Ⅱ型团簇来促进时效过程中β″相的快速析出。表4详细列出了DSC曲线中各试样的峰值特征温度。可以看出，SQ试样β″相和β′相的析出峰值特征温度均低于WQ试样，这说明经过分级淬火处理的合金更加易于析出β″相和β′相，与前述结论一致。
图3为不同热处理下合金峰时效态晶内TEM图片。WQ试样的晶内析出相主要为沿着<100>Al方向排列分布的针状相，结合文献[10]可知，此为与基体共格的β″相，是Al-Mg-Si合金中主要的强化相，通常对应较高的力学性能。SQ100合金晶内析出了多种形态的析出相，既能观察到针状的β″相，也可以观察到棒状的β′相，这说明相较于WQ试样，分级淬火处理后的合金时效过程发展更加充分[10]，在峰时效期间已有部分β″相转化为与基体半共格的非平衡相β′。通常β′相等半共格相的生成伴随着合金力学性能的损失，但适宜的分级淬火处理形成的Ⅱ型团簇有效促进了β″相的充分析出，因此相较于WQ合金来说，力学性能损失并不明显。但在较高温度下进行分级淬火处理，由于淬火空位较少，而原子扩散速度较快，会使Ⅱ型团簇的生成稳定性不足、形核率降低，造成β″相的数量密度进一步减少，如图3（c）所示，导致合金力学性能的损失，这与表3所示SQ150试样极限抗拉强度增量损失相吻合。
2.2　分级淬火对合金腐蚀性能的影响
不同热处理后合金的晶间腐蚀形貌如图4所示。各试样均发生了腐蚀现象，其中WQ和SQ150试样呈现出网状形貌，为典型的晶间腐蚀形貌，SQ100试样网状形貌不明显。同时，WQ试样最大腐蚀深度达到276.06 μm，表现出严重的晶间腐蚀倾向，SQ150试样和SQ100试样最大腐蚀深度分别为177.03 μm和118.26 μm，其中SQ100试样的腐蚀深度仅为WQ试样的42.8%。综合腐蚀形貌和最大腐蚀深度来看，100 ℃分级淬火处理有助于缓解Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金的晶间腐蚀敏感性。
不同热处理下合金的动电位极化曲线如图5所示，可以看到各试样的腐蚀模式均为没有明显钝化现象的连续腐蚀过程。分别对各极化曲线进行Tafel外推和线性拟合，得到自腐蚀电位和自腐蚀电流如表5所示。可以得到，自腐蚀电位从低到高为：WQ<SQ150<SQ100，自腐蚀电流密度从大到小为：WQ>SQ150>SQ100。由法拉第第二定律可知，自腐蚀电流密度直接反映体系腐蚀速率，因此试样的耐腐蚀性能由高到低为：SQ100>SQ150>WQ，这与晶间腐蚀形貌实验结果一致。由此可以推测适宜温度下的分级淬火处理有利于提高合金耐腐蚀性，但其作用机理仍需进一步微观组织观察。
一般认为时效硬化型铝合金的晶间腐蚀性能与其晶界结构密切相关。在腐蚀过程中，由于晶界处的析出相（GBP）与无沉淀区（PFZ）之间以及PFZ与基体之间存在电位差，这会形成以晶界析出相为阴极、晶界PFZ或邻近基体为阳极的腐蚀微电池，如果GBP呈现连续分布，则会形成连续的微电流，导致晶界处连续腐蚀[11-12]。
图6为不同热处理后试样晶界处的TEM图片，相应的EDS分析结果见表6～8。
WQ试样晶界处生成了多种连续分布的析出相，EDS分析显示其主要为针状的β″相（Mg5Si6）和棒状的富Mg相β′相（Mg9Si5）。这种晶界结构将导致WQ试样晶界上连续分布的β″/β′相在腐蚀介质中作为阳极优先溶解，逐步形成网状形貌的晶间腐蚀。
SQ100试样晶界处存在离散和较粗大的析出相，EDS分析显示主要为平衡β相和Si颗粒，呈现椭球状。这是因为作为高能区域的晶界在热处理过程中常常伴随着偏聚过程，SQ100试样在分级淬火期间的非平衡偏析将导致紧邻偏析区域中的溶质耗尽，这就消耗了Mg、Si原子和附近可移动的空位从而形成贫溶质原子区[13]。由于溶质原子和空位的损耗，SQ100试样在后续人工时效阶段晶界处只能形成离散的析出相。同时由于SQ100试样的人工时效时间较WQ试样大幅缩短，使得经PFZ进入晶界的溶质原子也相应减少，因此晶界析出相在形成过程中无法获得足够的溶质原子，继而发生降低界面能的球化过程[14]。这种离散球化的晶界析出相形貌使得沿晶界腐蚀的连续性降低，在阴极上无法持续进行还原反应，因此在动电位极化曲线中表现为较低的极化电流密度。
SQ150试样的晶界处析出了大量细小半连续的析出相，EDS分析显示为棒状的β′相和Si颗粒。值得注意的是，不同温度下分级淬火处理后试样的晶界特征明显不同，这是因为SQ150试样的处理温度接近人工时效的处理温度，分级淬火保温期间晶界处富集的元素已经开始形成析出相，并在随后的人工时效期间持续演化，但同时溶质原子的耗尽阻碍了析出相的长大，因此形成了细小半连续的晶界结构。
3　结论
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1）分级淬火工艺可以有效抑制Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金的自然时效负面影响，可在长时间自然时效后维持较低力学性能的同时还能较好保留合金的时效强化潜力。分级淬火温度100 ℃时，合金自然时效后的屈服强度仅为162.49 MPa，而极限抗拉强度增量达到105.6 MPa。
2）分级淬火工艺可以有效缓解合金在峰时效后的晶间腐蚀倾向，SQ100合金的晶间腐蚀深度较WQ合金降低了57.2%。
3）分级淬火工艺对合金力学性能的影响主要归因于有效抑制了Ⅰ型团簇的生成，有利于Ⅱ型团簇的充分发展，促进了强化相β″相的充分析出。对腐蚀性能的影响主要是影响了合金的晶界析出过程，100 ℃分级淬火处理期间晶界处的非平衡偏析形成了溶质耗尽区，同时峰时效时间的缩短也使得经PFZ进入晶界的原子数降低，形成离散球化的晶界结构，无法形成连续的腐蚀通道。
基金
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  • 湖南省科技创新计划项目(2022WZ1014)
  • 湖南省“双一流”学科建设项目(湘教通2018-469号)
文献
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.029
  • 接收时间：2024-05-30
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-30
基金
湖南省科技创新计划项目(2022WZ1014)
湖南省“双一流”学科建设项目(湘教通2018-469号)
作者信息
    1.中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083
    2.湖南开放大学　智能制造学院，湖南　长沙　410004
    3.湖南人文科技学院　能源与机电工程学院，湖南　娄底　417000

通讯作者:

陈志国（1969—），男，湖南临澧人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为高性能材料的微观调控。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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