Article(id=1241406721810289457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717171200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904026701, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904026701, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904026701, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904026701, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406722154222409, articleId=1241406721810289457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Analysis of Vanadium Reduction Behavior in Smelting Process of Vanadium-Bearing Titanium Concentrate, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the study on reduction behavior of vanadium during the smelting of vanadium-bearing titanium concentrate in an electric furnace, the comprehensive recovery of vanadium resources was explored through experiments. The vanadium-bearing titanium concentrate from Yunnan Province was taken as raw material to carry out an industrial-scale smelting experiment in an electric furnace with different carbon ratios. Based on the thermodynamic theory, the distribution and influencing factors of vanadium element in slag-iron phase were all analyzed. The results show that with carbon ratio up from 6.5% to 14.0%, the mass fraction of TiO2 in titanium slag increases from 54.12% to 92.51%, the proportion of vanadium element reduced into molten iron increases from 1.14% to 6.61%, and the proportion of vanadium element left in the titanium slag decreases from 92.95% to 88.17%. It is found that there is a small amount of vanadium in dust, accounting for about 5.5%, which has no significant correlation to carbon ratio. The smelting process of titanium slag is not conducive to vanadium reduction, which is principally attributed to carbon deficiency operation and low-basicity slag system. It is not economically feasible to extract vanadium from molten iron by smelting vanadium-bearing titanium concentrate in an electric furnace, so it is suggested that vanadium should be extracted from the vanadium mud obtained after refining and vanadium removal process of titanium dioxide.

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研究了电炉冶炼含钒钛精矿过程中钒元素的还原行为以及钒资源综合回收方式。以云南某地含钒钛精矿为原料,在不同配碳比条件下进行工业级规模电炉冶炼实验,结合热力学理论分析钒元素在渣-铁相的分配及影响因素。结果表明,随着配碳比从6.5%增加至14.0%,钛渣中TiO2质量分数从54.12%升高至92.51%,钒元素被还原进入铁水的比例从1.14%增加至6.61%,钒元素残留在钛渣中的比例从92.95%降至88.17%。少量钒元素进入除尘灰,占比约5.5%,与配碳比无明显相关性。钛渣冶炼过程不利于钒还原,主要归因于欠碳操作和低碱度渣系。含钒钛精矿在电炉冶炼中采用铁水提钒经济上不可行,建议从钛白粉精制除钒工序所得钒泥中提取钒元素。

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刘军(1967—),男,湖南宁乡人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为冶金化学。E-mail:
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王祥丁(1983—),男,湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:

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王祥丁(1983—),男,湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:

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王祥丁(1983—),男,湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:

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TiO2FeOFe2O3CaOMgOSiO2V2O5其他
46.2932.6112.780.542.212.570.212.79
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含钒钛精矿成分(质量分数)

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TiO2FeOFe2O3CaOMgOSiO2V2O5其他
46.2932.6112.780.542.212.570.212.79
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固定碳灰分挥发分内水外水
89.224.885.740.252.7
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还原剂指标(质量分数)

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固定碳灰分挥发分内水外水
89.224.885.740.252.7
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元素质量分数/%作用系数
C1.600-0.340
Si0.1200.042
V0.0300.015
P0.060-0.041
S0.120-0.082
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1 873 K铁液中溶解元素对钒的相互作用系数[9]

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元素质量分数/%作用系数
C1.600-0.340
Si0.1200.042
V0.0300.015
P0.060-0.041
S0.120-0.082
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含钒钛精矿冶炼过程中钒还原行为分析
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王祥丁 1 , 刘军 2 , 黄翔 1 , 廖星星 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024,44(6): 121-124
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024, 44(6): 121-124
含钒钛精矿冶炼过程中钒还原行为分析
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王祥丁1 , 刘军2 , 黄翔1, 廖星星1
作者信息
  • 1.广东粤桥新材料科技有限公司,广东 茂名 525000
  • 2.广东省科学院产业技术育成中心,广东 广州 510650
  • 王祥丁(1983—),男,湖南衡阳人,高级工程师,硕士,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘军(1967—),男,湖南宁乡人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为冶金化学。E-mail:
Analysis of Vanadium Reduction Behavior in Smelting Process of Vanadium-Bearing Titanium Concentrate
Xiangding WANG1 , Jun LIU2 , Xiang HUANG1, Xingxing LIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Ubridge New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Industrial Technology Incubation Center, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.026
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研究了电炉冶炼含钒钛精矿过程中钒元素的还原行为以及钒资源综合回收方式。以云南某地含钒钛精矿为原料,在不同配碳比条件下进行工业级规模电炉冶炼实验,结合热力学理论分析钒元素在渣-铁相的分配及影响因素。结果表明,随着配碳比从6.5%增加至14.0%,钛渣中TiO2质量分数从54.12%升高至92.51%,钒元素被还原进入铁水的比例从1.14%增加至6.61%,钒元素残留在钛渣中的比例从92.95%降至88.17%。少量钒元素进入除尘灰,占比约5.5%,与配碳比无明显相关性。钛渣冶炼过程不利于钒还原,主要归因于欠碳操作和低碱度渣系。含钒钛精矿在电炉冶炼中采用铁水提钒经济上不可行,建议从钛白粉精制除钒工序所得钒泥中提取钒元素。

钒钛精矿  /  电炉冶炼  /  熔融还原  /  钒资源回收  /  富钛料  /  钒  /  配碳比

Based on the study on reduction behavior of vanadium during the smelting of vanadium-bearing titanium concentrate in an electric furnace, the comprehensive recovery of vanadium resources was explored through experiments. The vanadium-bearing titanium concentrate from Yunnan Province was taken as raw material to carry out an industrial-scale smelting experiment in an electric furnace with different carbon ratios. Based on the thermodynamic theory, the distribution and influencing factors of vanadium element in slag-iron phase were all analyzed. The results show that with carbon ratio up from 6.5% to 14.0%, the mass fraction of TiO2 in titanium slag increases from 54.12% to 92.51%, the proportion of vanadium element reduced into molten iron increases from 1.14% to 6.61%, and the proportion of vanadium element left in the titanium slag decreases from 92.95% to 88.17%. It is found that there is a small amount of vanadium in dust, accounting for about 5.5%, which has no significant correlation to carbon ratio. The smelting process of titanium slag is not conducive to vanadium reduction, which is principally attributed to carbon deficiency operation and low-basicity slag system. It is not economically feasible to extract vanadium from molten iron by smelting vanadium-bearing titanium concentrate in an electric furnace, so it is suggested that vanadium should be extracted from the vanadium mud obtained after refining and vanadium removal process of titanium dioxide.

vanadium-bearing titanium concentrate  /  electric furnace smelting  /  smelting reduction  /  vanadium resource recovery  /  titanium-rich material  /  vanadium  /  carbon ratio
王祥丁, 刘军, 黄翔, 廖星星. 含钒钛精矿冶炼过程中钒还原行为分析. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 121 -124 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.026
Xiangding WANG, Jun LIU, Xiang HUANG, Xingxing LIAO. Analysis of Vanadium Reduction Behavior in Smelting Process of Vanadium-Bearing Titanium Concentrate[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 121 -124 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.026
钒,素有“现代工业味精”的美誉,作为重要的国家战略稀有金属,在金属材料工业、化学工业、航空航天工业、轻纺工业以及医学等诸多领域皆有着广泛应用[1]。目前行业内提钒原料以含钒铁精矿为主,石煤次之。含钒铁精矿提钒采用的工艺流程是:高炉冶炼含钒生铁→铁水经转炉制备钒渣→湿法冶金工艺从钒渣中提取五氧化二钒。
在钛冶炼领域,钒资源的综合回收利用率偏低。在电炉冶炼过程中,钛精矿中绝大部分铁氧化物会被还原为金属铁,而钛氧化物大多未被还原,留存于熔渣中进而形成钛渣。钛渣主要用于钛白粉和海绵钛的生产[2-3],金属铁则用于生产钢铁[4-5]。钛精矿作为冶炼钛渣的主要原材料,通常伴生钒。然而,在钛冶炼过程中,钒资源的回收利用问题未能引起行业的足够重视。
本文所用原料为云南某地的含钒钛精矿,在电炉冶炼过程中,部分钒元素被还原并溶解进入铁水,部分未还原的钒氧化物则残留在渣相中进入钛渣。对于钛渣来说,钒元素被视作杂质,会影响下游钛白粉的白度指标[6-7];对于金属铁而言,其中的钒元素能够提升其价值,甚至可作为提钒的原料。然而,在电炉冶炼含钒钛精矿的过程中,人们主要关注钛和铁的还原,对钒的还原行为研究甚少,目前尚未见关于含钒钛精矿冶炼过程中钒还原过程研究及钒资源回收的报道;同时,钛冶炼工艺过程中尚未开发回收钒资源的工业化装置;导致钛精矿中的钒资源被浪费,得不到有效回收利用。
本文通过生产实践与理论分析,深入研究电炉冶炼含钒钛精矿过程中钒元素的还原行为,重点探究钒元素在渣-铁相中的分配情况以及影响钒元素还原的因素,并提出钛精矿中钒资源的利用方向及建议。
云南某地含钒钛精矿含V2O5约0.21%,主要化学成分见表1。实验采用的还原剂为无烟煤,具体指标见表2
实验前通过ICP电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对无烟煤充分燃烧后的灰分进行钒含量检测,灰分中V2O5含量为0.000 2%,含量较低,因此可忽略还原剂引入的钒元素对实验结果的影响。
在某企业钛渣电炉内开展工业级规模实验,实验条件基于正常生产条件。配碳比是本次实验的重要参数,配碳比直接影响钒的还原程度,以及钒在渣-铁相的分配比。生产实践表明,配碳比6.5%时,配碳量不足;配碳比高于14.0%时,由于大量低价钛的生成,钛渣冶炼过程已较难开展。因此,本次实验选择配碳比6.5%~14.0%,可充分反映钛渣正常冶炼范围内的配碳情况;同时其他实验条件保持不变:熔池温度约1 600 ℃,冶炼时间12 h。
实验分为6组,配碳比分别为6.5%、8.0%、9.5%、11.0%、12.5%、14.0%,每组连续取10个炉次数据。每冶炼完成一炉后分别对钛渣和金属铁进行成分分析和质量计量,而除尘灰由于量相对较小,每组10炉次完成后再计量并分析综合样。
采用钒元素分配比例表征钒元素分别在渣、铁、除尘灰中的分配比例。
钒在渣中分配比例可按式(1)计算:
式中:ω为钒在渣中的分配比例;www分别为渣、铁、除尘灰中钒的加权平均质量分数;mmm分别为渣、铁、除尘灰质量,t。
钒在铁和除尘灰中分配比例可类似计算。
按6组配碳比进行冶炼实验,分别对渣、铁、除尘灰质量及其钒元素含量进行测定,并计算每组实验10个炉次钒进入渣、铁、除尘灰的平均比例。图1为不同配碳比条件下钒在渣、铁和除尘灰中的分配比例及钛渣TiO2质量分数。
图1可知,随着配碳比增加,钛渣TiO2质量分数从54.12%升高至92.51%,其原因是随着配碳比增加,钛精矿中的铁氧化物被还原成铁水,由于铁水与熔渣的密度差异(铁水密度约为7.13 g/cm3,而钛渣熔体由于成分差异,密度为3.5~4.0 g/cm3),铁水沉积于电炉下部,而熔渣浮于铁水表面,从而实现渣铁分离,而钛精矿中钛氧化物不被还原,使得熔渣中TiO2得到富集,形成钛渣。钛精矿中铁氧化物被还原得越多,渣钛中TiO2得到富集的程度越高。在钛渣行业中,钛渣的TiO2质量分数[8]通常在73%~92%之间。因此,本实验配碳比范围可很好地表征钛渣冶炼过程不同还原条件。
随着配碳比增加,钒元素被还原进入铁水的比例增加;配碳比从6.5%增加至14.0%时,钒元素被还原进入铁水的比例从1.14%增加至6.61%;钒元素绝大部分残留于渣中未被还原,配碳比从6.5%增加至14.0%,钒元素残留在钛渣中的比例从92.95%降至88.17%;若继续增加配碳比,钒元素进入铁水的量会继续升高,但钛精矿中铁氧化物大量还原的同时,有大量钛氧化物被还原为低价钛,甚至形成TiC、TiN等高熔点质点,严重影响钛渣冶炼过程炉内熔池的熔化性和流动性,影响电炉的运行,因此继续在工业化装置中增加配碳比有较大的运行风险。
其余部分钒元素随炉料被电炉炉气带走,经除尘器收集后进入除尘灰,占比约5.5%,与配碳比无明显相关性。除尘灰是被炉气带走的入炉物料,主要为钛精矿、还原剂粉末,除尘灰的量约为入炉物料量的3%,相对固定,因此除尘灰中钒的分配比例差异较小。
综上所述,钛渣冶炼过程不利于钒的还原,使得绝大部分钒元素残留在钛渣中,仅少部分被还原进入铁水。炉气带走的除尘灰主要为入炉原料的细粉,含有一定的钒元素,除尘灰中的钒元素并未参与化学反应。
钛渣冶炼过程实质是TiO2和FeO的选择性还原,从TiO2和FeO还原的吉布斯自由能曲线可知,热力学上FeO比TiO2更容易被还原[9]。通过控制温度和还原度,可以使FeO大量还原而TiO2不被还原。V2O3中钒的还原性处于FeO和TiO2之间,含钒钛精矿中钒元素的还原可以表示为:
经测算,1 873 K条件下,平衡常数K1=1 145。
式中:fV为钒在铁液中的作用浓度;rV2O3为V2O3的活度系数;ωV为铁水中钒质量分数;ωV2O3为渣中V2O3质量分数;aC为反应界面碳的活度;PCO为CO分压;Pθ为标准大气压。
渣中V2O3含量较低,此处视为稀溶液,即V2O3活度系数rV2O3视为1;固体碳为纯物质,活度aC为1[10];在反应界面处CO视为饱和状态,CO分压为1,但考虑钛渣平熔池冶炼过程中,在渣-铁界面以上有10 cm熔渣层,增加CO压力。铁液中钒的作用浓度fV可按式(5)[9]进行计算:
式中:分别表示铁液中C、Si、V、P、S对V的相互作用系数;ωCωSiωVωPωS分别为铁液中C、Si、V、P、S的质量分数。
1 873 K铁液中溶解元素对钒的相互作用系数见表3
按式(5)及表3数值计算得:fV=0.285 5,将fV代入式(4),即可计算出反应平衡时铁水中钒质量分数约为0.020 5%。测算结果表明,在电炉冶炼状态下V的还原率较低,铁水中V含量低。计算结果与实验结果相吻合。
相比高炉冶炼钒钛磁铁矿时约70%钒元素被还原进入铁水[10],电炉冶炼含钒钛精矿时钒元素还原程度较低,主要原因包括以下两个方面。
钛渣冶炼过程实质为钛、铁、钒等氧化物的选择性还原,主要参与还原反应的为FeO[11],可以表示为:
钛渣冶炼过程中,也存在FeO与V2O3的反应耦合关系,可表示为:
若反应式(7)可行,冶炼终点钛渣中FeO含量增加会抑制钒氧化物的还原。而钛渣冶炼为避免钛氧化物被大量还原为高熔点的低价钛[12],采用欠碳操作模式,从而使钛渣冶炼终点保留了约5%的FeO,避免钛氧化物的还原,同时也抑制了钒元素的还原,进而影响钒与钛的分离。
钛精矿中含有大量钛氧化物,冶炼终点熔渣TiO2质量分数约85%,TiO2属于两性氧化物,降低了V2O3在渣中的活度;考虑钛渣对杂质的要求,电炉冶炼钛精矿过程中不加石灰溶剂,并且钛精矿中CaO、MgO碱性氧化物含量低,因此钛渣的碱度远低于高炉渣,低碱度下熔渣中钒氧化物的活度低,抑制钒的还原。
在电炉冶炼过程中,含钒钛精矿仅有极少量的钒被还原至铁水内,所以通过铁水提钒工艺来回收利用钒资源并不经济;钒进入除尘灰中的量也较低,除尘灰直接作为固体废弃物。因此,为了更有效地实现含钒钛精矿中钒资源的利用,可从以下几个方面着手:①强化对钛渣冶炼工艺的优化研究,积极寻觅新的添加物或者调整工艺参数,在确保不影响钛渣品质的基础上,提升钒元素的还原程度,降低其在钛渣中的残留量。②钛渣冶炼过程中,让钒主要进入钛渣,得到一定程度富集。钛渣下一步通过氯化制成四氯化钛,在精制除钒过程中钒可进一步富集于钒泥中[13-15]
因此,需要构建钒资源回收利用的产业链合作模式,把钛精矿生产、钛渣冶炼以及钛白粉生产等环节的企业联合起来,共同推进钒资源的高效回收利用。
1)在电炉冶炼含钒钛精矿过程中,随着配碳比从6.5%增加至14.0%,钛渣中TiO2含量显著升高,而钒元素被还原进入铁水中的比例仅从1.14%增加至6.61%,绝大部分钒元素残留在钛渣中,少量进入除尘灰,表明目前的钛渣冶炼过程不利于钒的还原。
2)欠碳操作和低碱度渣系是导致电炉冶炼含钒钛精矿过程中钒元素还原程度较低的主要因素。欠碳操作使钛渣冶炼终点保留较多FeO,抑制了钒氧化物的还原;低碱度渣系因钛氧化物含量高且碱性氧化物含量低,降低了钒氧化物的活度,从而抑制钒的还原。
3)含钒钛精矿在电炉冶炼中采用铁水提钒工艺不经济。可考虑从钛白粉生产过程中的精制除钒工序得到的钒泥中提取钒元素,以提高钒资源的综合回收利用率。
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.026
  • 接收时间:2024-06-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-01
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    1.广东粤桥新材料科技有限公司,广东 茂名 525000
    2.广东省科学院产业技术育成中心,广东 广州 510650

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刘军(1967—),男,湖南宁乡人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为冶金化学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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