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Article(id=1241406720128373450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720454400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904026299, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904026299, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904026299, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904026299, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=23, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406722569458528, articleId=1241406720128373450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Characteristics Analysis and Prediction of Heavy Rainfall Infiltration After Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For estimating the amount of infiltrated water during heavy rainfall after transition from open-pit mining to underground block caving, the Beiyi mining area of Shilu Iron Mine in Hainan Province after transition from open-pit to underground mining was taken for study. The characteristics of “three zones” formed due to overburden subsidence during the block caving of Beiyi mining area were analyzed based on the field investigation and numerical simulation of land subsidence area. The influence of different overburden on the infiltration coefficient of rainfall was also analyzed with a numerical calculation model for unsaturated overburden. Then, based on the practical measurement of rainfall and drainage, statistical analysis and inverse analysis were conducted for the infiltration coefficient of the caving zone and the surface runoff coefficient. The infiltrated water due to heavy rainfall in Beiyi mining area after transition from open pit from underground mining is calculated to be 225 386 m3, which can provide a reference for the design of infiltration and drainage system for the mine after transition from open-pit to underground mining.

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针对露天转地下崩落法开采强降雨入渗量估算问题，以海南石碌铁矿北一采区露天转地下工程为例，借助现场调查、塌陷区数值模拟，分析了北一采区崩落法开采过程覆岩沉陷“三带”特征；采用覆盖层非饱和数值计算模型，分析了不同覆盖层形态对降雨渗入系数的影响；结合矿山实测降雨和排水数据，对冒落带渗入系数、地表径流系数等进行了统计和反演分析。计算得到北一采区露天转地下强降雨入渗量为225 386 m3，可为露天转地下开采防排水系统设计提供依据。

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何祥（1990—），男，四川巴中人，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：
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张艺山（1989—），男，海南万宁人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：

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张艺山（1989—），男，海南万宁人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：

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张艺山（1989—），男，海南万宁人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：

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（a）侧面倾斜70°覆盖层；（b）“上宽下窄”状覆盖层

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工况渗透系数/（cm·s-1）表面形状最大渗入系数
10.1平坦0.38
20.1凹陷0.42
30.1倾斜0.43
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不同表面形态的覆盖层渗入系数计算结果

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工况渗透系数/（cm·s-1）表面形状最大渗入系数
10.1平坦0.38
20.1凹陷0.42
30.1倾斜0.43
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工况宽厚比侧面倾斜表面形状最大渗入系数
1200∶40无斜0.43
2100∶40无斜0.39
350∶40无斜0.28
4100∶4070°斜0.39
5100∶40上宽下窄斜0.49
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表面倾斜覆盖层渗入系数统计结果

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工况宽厚比侧面倾斜表面形状最大渗入系数
1200∶40无斜0.43
2100∶40无斜0.39
350∶40无斜0.28
4100∶4070°斜0.39
5100∶40上宽下窄斜0.49
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月份T/m3S/km2R/mmP/mmΦ
689 3901.2571.5209.20.34
7115 9821.2592.8146.40.63
8878 3501.56563.01 064.40.53
9197 2451.56126.4180.30.70
10350 2031.56224.5472.10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1241406738260349499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406720128373450, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

露天采场降雨径流系数分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份T/m3S/km2R/mmP/mmΦ
689 3901.2571.5209.20.34
7115 9821.2592.8146.40.63
8878 3501.56563.01 064.40.53
9197 2451.56126.4180.30.70
10350 2031.56224.5472.10.48
), ArticleFig(id=1241406738428121665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406720128373450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算区域设计频率的日强降雨量Hp/mm区域面积F/m2强降雨渗入系数α强降雨入渗量Q/（m3·d-1）
坑底覆盖层434.571 1480.618 548
冒落带434.5345 3890.460 029
导水裂隙带434.5353 1120.230 685
外围汇水裂隙带434.5545 9880.237 957
外围汇水冒落带434.5562 1900.478 167
), ArticleFig(id=1241406738604282435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406720128373450, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

北一采区设计频率的强降雨入渗量计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算区域设计频率的日强降雨量Hp/mm区域面积F/m2强降雨渗入系数α强降雨入渗量Q/（m3·d-1）
坑底覆盖层434.571 1480.618 548
冒落带434.5345 3890.460 029
导水裂隙带434.5353 1120.230 685
外围汇水裂隙带434.5545 9880.237 957
外围汇水冒落带434.5562 1900.478 167
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露天转地下开采强降雨入渗特征分析及降雨入渗量预测
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张艺山 1 , 何祥 2 , 张妨 2 , 王少泉 2 , 东龙宾 2 , 兰舟 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024,44(6): 23-27
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024, 44(6): 23-27
露天转地下开采强降雨入渗特征分析及降雨入渗量预测
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张艺山1 , 何祥2 , 张妨2, 王少泉2, 东龙宾2, 兰舟1
作者信息
  • 1.海南矿业股份有限公司，海南　昌江　572799
  • 2.中冶北方（大连）工程技术有限公司，辽宁　大连　116600

    • 张艺山（1989—），男，海南万宁人，博士研究生，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：

通讯作者:

何祥（1990—），男，四川巴中人，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：
Characteristics Analysis and Prediction of Heavy Rainfall Infiltration After Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining
Yishan ZHANG1 , Xiang HE2 , Fang ZHANG2, Shaoquan WANG2, Longbin DONG2, Zhou LAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hainan Mining Co., Ltd., Changjiang 572799, Hainan, China
  • 2.Northern Engineering & Technology Corporation, MCC, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.005
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摘要
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针对露天转地下崩落法开采强降雨入渗量估算问题，以海南石碌铁矿北一采区露天转地下工程为例，借助现场调查、塌陷区数值模拟，分析了北一采区崩落法开采过程覆岩沉陷“三带”特征；采用覆盖层非饱和数值计算模型，分析了不同覆盖层形态对降雨渗入系数的影响；结合矿山实测降雨和排水数据，对冒落带渗入系数、地表径流系数等进行了统计和反演分析。计算得到北一采区露天转地下强降雨入渗量为225 386 m3，可为露天转地下开采防排水系统设计提供依据。

露天转地下  /  降雨入渗  /  崩落法  /  渗入系数  /  渗透系数  /  入渗量预测  /  涌水量  /  裂隙带  /  冒落带  /  覆盖层

For estimating the amount of infiltrated water during heavy rainfall after transition from open-pit mining to underground block caving, the Beiyi mining area of Shilu Iron Mine in Hainan Province after transition from open-pit to underground mining was taken for study. The characteristics of “three zones” formed due to overburden subsidence during the block caving of Beiyi mining area were analyzed based on the field investigation and numerical simulation of land subsidence area. The influence of different overburden on the infiltration coefficient of rainfall was also analyzed with a numerical calculation model for unsaturated overburden. Then, based on the practical measurement of rainfall and drainage, statistical analysis and inverse analysis were conducted for the infiltration coefficient of the caving zone and the surface runoff coefficient. The infiltrated water due to heavy rainfall in Beiyi mining area after transition from open pit from underground mining is calculated to be 225 386 m3, which can provide a reference for the design of infiltration and drainage system for the mine after transition from open-pit to underground mining.

transition from open-pit to underground mining  /  rainfall infiltration  /  block caving  /  infiltration coefficient  /  percolation coefficient  /  prediction of infiltration  /  amount of infiltrated water  /  fracture zone  /  caving zone  /  overburden
张艺山, 何祥, 张妨, 王少泉, 东龙宾, 兰舟. 露天转地下开采强降雨入渗特征分析及降雨入渗量预测. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 23 -27 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.005
Yishan ZHANG, Xiang HE, Fang ZHANG, Shaoquan WANG, Longbin DONG, Zhou LAN. Characteristics Analysis and Prediction of Heavy Rainfall Infiltration After Transition from Open-Pit to Underground Mining[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 23 -27 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.005
正文
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露天转地下崩落法开采过程中，地表开裂沉陷、边坡滑塌、覆盖层运移等为强降雨、径流及上部水体入渗突水提供了优势通道[1]，是诱发突水、淹井、井下泥石流灾害的重要原因[2]。针对降雨入渗突水过程的机理与涌水量计算方法，相关学者[3-8]开展了广泛研究，提出了理论公式法、有限差分法、离散元法、有限单元法、非饱和渗流分析法等多种方法。然而现有数值计算模型存在对渗透非均匀表征不足，对含水层水源的达西流、突水通道的非达西流和开采扰动作用考虑不全等问题，因而难以对矿山采动岩体突水发生、发展全过程的非线性渗流进行数值再现[9]。对塌陷破裂损伤过程进行数值模拟分析，确定开采塌陷过程覆岩破坏与渗透演化特征，根据降雨和涌水实测数据反演降雨入渗计算参数，采用经验理论公式计算强降雨条件下涌水量是地下采矿防排水设计较为可靠和实用的方法。
1　工程背景
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石碌铁矿位于海南省昌江县，地处海南热带雨林地区，属热带海洋季风气候，多年平均气温23.8 ℃，雨量较充沛，多年年平均降雨量1 928.4 mm，多年日最大降雨量644.4 mm，多年平均雨水蒸发量1 899.6 mm。石碌铁矿北一采区露天采场于2015年转入地下开采，主要开采矿区-360 m水平以上矿体，采矿方法为无底柱分段崩落法，矿山年产矿石480万t。2016年北一采区处于露天转地下开采的过渡阶段，矿山开采至0水平，露天坑底覆盖层形成完毕。北一采区露天转地下空间位置如图1所示。
矿区地层以上元古界青白口系石碌群碳酸盐岩和变质岩岩系为主，新元古界震旦系和第四系松散堆积层分布较少，花岗岩类侵入岩环绕。北一采区地下水类型主要为构造裂隙水和风化裂隙水，动储量和静储量均不丰富，地下水变化与大气降雨关系密切，主要由大气降雨补给。随着崩落开采覆岩冒落、运移，降雨入渗成为地下涌水主要来源。
2　矿区崩落开采“三带”分析与预测
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崩落法开采引起上覆岩层破坏和移动可分为冒落带、导水裂隙带以及整体移动带[9]。冒落带内岩块之间空隙多、连通性强，岩石渗透性强，是降雨渗入坑内的主要通道。导水裂隙带一般处于冒落带和整体移动带之间，岩层产生新的破裂和离层，岩层裂隙发育程度增强，发展到地表时会成为大气降水渗入坑内的较好通道。整体移动带由于岩层下部支撑力减小，在自重作用下产生了塑性弯曲或岩层整体缓慢下沉，岩层结构变化不大，渗透较小。综上所述，冒落带降雨入渗最强，导水裂隙带次之，整体移动带降雨入渗最弱，整体移动带降雨一般按照径流考虑。
采用三维激光扫描现场调查北一采区开采至0水平时东端帮上覆岩层破坏情况，如图2所示。图2表明，开采至0水平时，塌陷区主要为冒落带，面积约42 000 m2，基本无导水裂隙带，冒落带外整体移动带面积约43000 m2；整个冒落带汇水面积约207300 m2，可作为研究期间冒落带涌水量估算的依据。
文献[10]基于FLAC3D数值模拟，考虑崩落围岩运移过程，对北一采区开采至0、-60、-120、-360 m水平的塌陷特征进行预测分析，开采不同阶段地表崩落区计算区域如图3所示。根据图3的开采范围计算，北一采区开采至-360 m水平时冒落带面积约416 537 m2，导水裂隙带分布在冒落带外围，面积约353112 m2，导水裂隙带外围为整体移动带，整体移动带面积约294810 m2，可作为矿山整体防排水规划设计的依据。
3　覆岩降雨渗入系数分析
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3.1　覆盖层降雨渗入系数分析
北一采区露天转地下开采时留设厚40 m的废石作为覆盖层。覆盖层填料属于超宽级配，且含有极大粒径的废石，超过了现有渗透仪的测试能力。文献[11]基于样本分析，采用神经网络构建了海南铁矿碎石土级配对渗透系数预测模型，并采用平均影响值算法评价级配特征对渗透系数的影响，根据神经网络分析预测结果，北一采区覆盖层渗透系数为0.12 cm/s。
为进一步分析覆盖层对降雨入渗过程的影响，对放矿导致覆盖层发生运移下的降雨入渗过程进行非饱和渗流分析。采用SEEP/W软件构建沿进路向剖面入渗分析模型，覆盖层表面施加降雨入渗边界条件，底部采用渗出边界，两侧采用不透水边界，计算降雨当天及其后4天内的入渗过程。
考虑平坦、凹陷及倾斜3种表面形态的覆盖层沿进路向剖面计算模型见图4，此3种表面形态已考虑到可能的极端情况，不同表面形态的覆盖层渗入系数计算结果见表1。由表1可知，表面形态对最大渗入系数影响较大，其中凹陷与倾斜是不利的覆盖层表面形态。
对最不利的表面形态——倾斜的覆盖层进行进一步的渗入系数研究，设计覆盖层厚度40 m，取3个剖面宽度200、100、50 m来研究覆盖层剖面宽厚比对渗入系数的影响，其中侧面倾斜覆盖层计算模型如图5所示，表面倾斜覆盖层渗入系数统计结果见表2。
由表2可知，覆盖层侧面无倾斜时，覆盖层宽厚比越小，最大渗入系数越小。按渗透系数0.1 cm/s作为标准值，表面倾斜覆盖层最大渗入系数取值为0.28～0.49。覆盖层侧面倾斜对其最大渗入系数无影响，若覆盖层为“上宽下窄”状时，最大渗入系数会大幅上升，故应避免形成漏斗状剖面。
3.2　冒落带渗入系数反演分析
2016年8月，受台风影响，矿区发生连续强降雨，统计现场降雨量、入渗量及排水量，并绘制曲线如图6所示。根据图6降雨量曲线计算可知，16—18日矿山累计降雨量849.4 mm，井下涌水量增加，但受降雨影响较小，主要为地下水涌水。由16日的总入渗量和总排水量可知，地下水涌水量约6 720 m3/d。强降雨入渗一部分是通过冒落带直接入渗，一部分是通过露天坑底及边坡裂隙等缓慢入渗。从图6中的入渗量曲线可以看出，降雨入渗主要经历了4个阶段：第一阶段为18—19日，降雨入渗量约14 000 m3/d；第二阶段为20—21日，降雨入渗量最大，约53 000 m3/d；第三阶段为22—23日，降雨入渗量有所减少，约39 000 m3/d；第四阶段为24—28日，降雨入渗量进一步降低，约26 000 m3/d。
坑内20—28日累计排水量约43.7×104 m3，扣除地下水和生产废水影响后累计降雨入渗量约31.48×104 m3。图6中第一、第二阶段的降雨入渗量主要是冒落带及边坡和露天坑底渗水量叠加组成，冒落带以优先流入渗，对降雨入渗量影响最大；第三、第四阶段的降雨入渗主要是边坡和露天坑底渗水，统计这两部分的平均入渗量约为21 500 m3/d。考虑到采场边坡和坑底目前尚没有大的裂隙，降雨主要是通过微小裂隙入渗，入渗相对较平稳，因此，第一、第二阶段边坡及露天坑底入渗量也按照21 500 m3/d考虑。坑内20—28日通过采场边坡及露天坑底缓慢入渗坑内采场的降雨入渗量为19.35×104 m3。据此统计得冒落带20—28日累计降雨入渗量为12.13×104 m3。
根据现场调查，冒落带汇水面积约207 300 m2，19日降雨量为0，因此，16—19日降雨量合计为849.4 mm。根据式（1）计算得冒落带汇水量为12.33×104 m3，与统计的冒落带累计降雨入渗量基本一致。
式中：Q1为冒落带强降雨汇水量，m3/d；H1为强降雨量，取849.4 mm；F为冒落带汇水面积，取207 300 m2；Φ为径流系数，取0.7。
按统计的降雨入渗量计算冒落带强降雨入渗量与渗入系数如图7所示。冒落带强降雨渗入系数随着雨情不断变化，前期降雨量大，渗入系数最大为0.266，后期随着降雨量降低以缓慢入渗为主，渗入系数约为0.04。计算的渗入系数可作为矿山井下涌水量预测计算参数的依据。
4　露天转地下开采降雨入渗量预测
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4.1　估算方法及参数分析
露天转地下开采强降雨入渗量主要由露天坑底覆盖层区域降雨入渗量、冒落带降雨入渗量、导水裂隙带降雨入渗量、外围径流渗入冒落带及导水裂隙带的入渗量组成。其中，覆盖层、冒落带、导水裂隙带降雨入渗量Qmax计算公式为：
外围径流入渗量Q′max估算公式为：
式中：Hp为设计频率的24 h强降雨量，mm；α为强降雨渗入系数；Φ为径流系数；F为各个区域面积，m2。
根据《海南省矿业矿区范围内暴雨强参数统计资料》[12]，矿区历年最大24 h强降雨量均值为197.5 mm，矿区范围内设计频率5%，24 h强降雨量为434.5 mm。北一采区外围径流汇水面积约0.8 km2，对2016年6—10月的降雨数据进行统计分析，反演露天采场的地表径流系数，计算公式为：
式中：Φ为径流系数；R为径流深，mm；P为月降水量，mm；T为降雨径流量，m3；S为汇水面积，km2。
露天采场降雨径流系数分析结果如表3所示，径流系数最大为0.70，计算涌水量时，考虑安全富余，径流系数取0.8。
4.2　矿区深部开采期间降雨入渗量预测
根据图3分析结果，划分北一采区深部开采期间降雨入渗区如图8所示。径流Ⅰ区位于露天采场西端帮，汇水主要是径流后通过北一采区冒落带渗入坑内采场，设计频率的强降雨渗入系数为0.4。径流Ⅱ区主要为导水裂隙带外围径流区，径流通过北一采区导水裂隙带渗入坑内采场，设计频率的强降雨渗入系数为0.2。
根据上述设计强降雨渗入系数和相关参数，北一采区设计频率的强降雨入渗量计算结果见表4。计算强降雨入渗量合计为225 386 m3/d，以此为设计依据，矿山布置了多台排水设施，经历多次台风强降雨，未发生强降雨入渗突水事故，成功运行至今。
5　结论
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1）露天转地下崩落法开采过程中，地表开裂沉陷、边坡滑塌、覆盖层运移，覆岩呈现“三带”特征，其中冒落带是降雨渗入坑内的主要通道，导水裂隙带是降雨渗入坑内的较好通道，整体移动带渗漏能力变化较小，一般按照径流考虑。
2）北一采区作为覆盖层的填料为超宽级配、大粒径的废石，覆盖层渗透系数为0.12 cm/s；采用SEEP/W非饱和渗流软件计算得到覆盖层渗入系数取值为0.28～0.49，覆盖层是否倾斜对其渗入系数无影响，覆盖层为“上宽下窄”状时，渗入系数会大幅上升。
3）冒落带强降雨渗入系数随着雨情不断变化，前期降雨量大，渗入系数最大为0.266，随着降雨影响减弱，后期以缓慢入渗为主，渗入系数约0.04。
4）预测设计频率北一采区降雨入渗量为225386 m3，以此为设计依据，矿山布置了多台排水设施，未发生强降雨入渗突水事故。
基金
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  • 大连市优秀青年科技人才项目(2022RY12)
文献
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.005
  • 接收时间：2024-07-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-07-09
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大连市优秀青年科技人才项目(2022RY12)
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    1.海南矿业股份有限公司，海南　昌江　572799
    2.中冶北方（大连）工程技术有限公司，辽宁　大连　116600

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何祥（1990—），男，四川巴中人，工程师，主要从事采矿与岩石力学研究工作。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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