Article(id=1241406717787951773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904025742, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904025742, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904025742, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904025742, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=163, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406718131884710, articleId=1241406717787951773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Monoxide-Based Anode Material Coated with Layers of Li4Ti5O12/C, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A kind of silicon monoxide-based anode material coated with layers of lithium titanate and carbon was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel method. The electrochemical measurement shows that with lithium titanate coating at an amount of 3%, the anode material presents good performance, showing that the specific capacity is 1 485.4, 1443.8, 1386.4, 1341 and 1276.2 mAh/g correspondingly at 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C and 4C rate respectively, and the specific capacity is 1 138.1 mAh/g after 150 charge-discharge cycles at current density of 750 mA/g. The flexible carbon layer can buffer volume expansion of the internal silicon core and improve the conductivity of the material. The rigid lithium titanate can ensure structural integrity of the material. The synergy of two layers of coatings can effectively improve cycle stability, rate performance and reversible capacity of electrode material.

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通过化学气相沉积和溶胶-凝胶法制备了钛酸锂/碳双层包覆的氧化亚硅基锂离子电池负极材料。电化学测试结果表明,钛酸锂包覆量3%时,负极材料性能较好,在0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、4C倍率下的比容量分别为1 485.4、1 443.8、1 386.4、1 341、1 276.2 mAh/g,在电流密度750 mA/g下循环150次后比容量为1 138.1 mAh/g。柔韧的碳层可以缓冲内部硅芯的体积膨胀并提高材料电导率,刚性的钛酸锂可以保证材料结构完整性,双壳层协同作用有效提升了电极材料的循环稳定性、倍率性能和可逆容量。

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杨乐之(1983—),男,湖南常德人,博士,高级工程师,硕士研究生导师,主要研究方向为新能源材料与器件。E-mail:
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银华杰(2001—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂离子电池硅基负极材料。E-mail:

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银华杰(2001—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂离子电池硅基负极材料。E-mail:

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银华杰(2001—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂离子电池硅基负极材料。E-mail:

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(a)SC;(b)SC@1%LTO;(c)SC@3%LTO;(d)SC@5%LTO

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(a)SC;(b)SC@1%LTO;(c)SC@3%LTO;(d)SC@5%LTO

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样品名称RsRctD(Li+)/(cm2·s-1
SC1.825155.46.56×10-17
SC@1%LTO1.47363.301.75×10-16
SC@3%LTO1.54391.172.64×10-16
SC@5%LTO1.66299.071.39×10-16
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SC和SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)样品的欧姆阻抗、电荷转移阻抗和锂离子扩散系数

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样品名称RsRctD(Li+)/(cm2·s-1
SC1.825155.46.56×10-17
SC@1%LTO1.47363.301.75×10-16
SC@3%LTO1.54391.172.64×10-16
SC@5%LTO1.66299.071.39×10-16
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样品名称首次放电比容量/(mAh·g-1首次充电比容量/(mAh·g-1首次库仑效率/%
SC1 612.122 191.5073.56
SC@1%LTO1 621.992 212.7573.30
SC@3%LTO1 597.292 175.6373.42
SC@5%LTO1 592.182 157.2773.81
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样品首次充放电比容量和首次库仑效率

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样品名称首次放电比容量/(mAh·g-1首次充电比容量/(mAh·g-1首次库仑效率/%
SC1 612.122 191.5073.56
SC@1%LTO1 621.992 212.7573.30
SC@3%LTO1 597.292 175.6373.42
SC@5%LTO1 592.182 157.2773.81
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材料放电(充电)比容量/(mAh·g-1首次库仑效率/%电流密度/(mA·g-1循环比容量/(mAh·g-1文献
SiOx-TiO2@RGO951.6(1 862.7)51.1100730(200次)[1]
SiOx/MWCNT@C721.38(1 093)66.0200621(270次)[25]
SiO/H-rGO1 242(1 800)69.0120744(50次)[26]
SiOx/C469.06(998)47.0100582(100次)[27]
SiO/TiO2/C997.2(1 385)72.0140674(100次)[14]
SiO@TiO21 516.8(1 920)79.0200901(200次)[18]
SiO@TiO2/C1 367(1 822.67)75.01 000710(150次)[28]
SiO@TiO2/CNF1 248(1 782)69.8200760(200次)[29]
TiO2-x@Si/SiOx1 163(2 227.97)52.22001 140.9(100次)[30]
SC@3%LTO1 597.29(2 175.63)73.427701 138.1(150次)本研究
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本研究与近年来文献中关于硅氧负极材料表面复合改性研究的电化学性能对比

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材料放电(充电)比容量/(mAh·g-1首次库仑效率/%电流密度/(mA·g-1循环比容量/(mAh·g-1文献
SiOx-TiO2@RGO951.6(1 862.7)51.1100730(200次)[1]
SiOx/MWCNT@C721.38(1 093)66.0200621(270次)[25]
SiO/H-rGO1 242(1 800)69.0120744(50次)[26]
SiOx/C469.06(998)47.0100582(100次)[27]
SiO/TiO2/C997.2(1 385)72.0140674(100次)[14]
SiO@TiO21 516.8(1 920)79.0200901(200次)[18]
SiO@TiO2/C1 367(1 822.67)75.01 000710(150次)[28]
SiO@TiO2/CNF1 248(1 782)69.8200760(200次)[29]
TiO2-x@Si/SiOx1 163(2 227.97)52.22001 140.9(100次)[30]
SC@3%LTO1 597.29(2 175.63)73.427701 138.1(150次)本研究
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钛酸锂/碳双层包覆氧化亚硅基负极材料及其电化学性能研究
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银华杰 , 王力 , 孙波 , 陈立夫 , 谭婷 , 杨乐之
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(6): 163-169
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(6): 163-169
钛酸锂/碳双层包覆氧化亚硅基负极材料及其电化学性能研究
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银华杰 , 王力, 孙波, 陈立夫, 谭婷, 杨乐之
作者信息
  • 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 银华杰(2001—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锂离子电池硅基负极材料。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨乐之(1983—),男,湖南常德人,博士,高级工程师,硕士研究生导师,主要研究方向为新能源材料与器件。E-mail:
Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Monoxide-Based Anode Material Coated with Layers of Li4Ti5O12/C
Huajie YIN , Li WANG, Bo SUN, Lifu CHEN, Ting TAN, Lezhi YANG
Affiliations
  • Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co, Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.034
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通过化学气相沉积和溶胶-凝胶法制备了钛酸锂/碳双层包覆的氧化亚硅基锂离子电池负极材料。电化学测试结果表明,钛酸锂包覆量3%时,负极材料性能较好,在0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、4C倍率下的比容量分别为1 485.4、1 443.8、1 386.4、1 341、1 276.2 mAh/g,在电流密度750 mA/g下循环150次后比容量为1 138.1 mAh/g。柔韧的碳层可以缓冲内部硅芯的体积膨胀并提高材料电导率,刚性的钛酸锂可以保证材料结构完整性,双壳层协同作用有效提升了电极材料的循环稳定性、倍率性能和可逆容量。

锂离子电池  /  氧化亚硅  /  负极材料  /  双壳层结构  /  钛酸锂  /  碳包覆  /  硅基材料

A kind of silicon monoxide-based anode material coated with layers of lithium titanate and carbon was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel method. The electrochemical measurement shows that with lithium titanate coating at an amount of 3%, the anode material presents good performance, showing that the specific capacity is 1 485.4, 1443.8, 1386.4, 1341 and 1276.2 mAh/g correspondingly at 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C and 4C rate respectively, and the specific capacity is 1 138.1 mAh/g after 150 charge-discharge cycles at current density of 750 mA/g. The flexible carbon layer can buffer volume expansion of the internal silicon core and improve the conductivity of the material. The rigid lithium titanate can ensure structural integrity of the material. The synergy of two layers of coatings can effectively improve cycle stability, rate performance and reversible capacity of electrode material.

lithium-ion battery  /  silicon monoxide  /  anode material  /  double-shell structure  /  lithium titanate  /  carbon coating  /  silicon-based material
银华杰, 王力, 孙波, 陈立夫, 谭婷, 杨乐之. 钛酸锂/碳双层包覆氧化亚硅基负极材料及其电化学性能研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 163 -169 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.034
Huajie YIN, Li WANG, Bo SUN, Lifu CHEN, Ting TAN, Lezhi YANG. Electrochemical Performance of Silicon Monoxide-Based Anode Material Coated with Layers of Li4Ti5O12/C[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 163 -169 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.034
目前商业化锂离子电池主要以石墨作为负极材料,而石墨材料较低的理论容量难以满足现在对锂离子电池更高能量密度的需求,因此,亟须寻找新的负极材料[1-3]。氧化亚硅具有高理论比容量、合适的嵌锂电位,被认为是合适的石墨替代材料;然而氧化亚硅在循环过程中大的体积膨胀会造成材料粉化破裂并与集流体失去接触导致容量快速衰减,此外,低的首次库仑效率、本征电导率都阻碍了氧化亚硅负极材料的大规模产业化应用[4-6]。目前针对氧化亚硅材料的改性主要有尺寸缩减[7]、多孔设计[8]、预锂化[9]和与其他材料复合化[10-12],其中,与碳材料复合被认为是更直接、有效的方法,因为碳材料具有优异的电导率,除此之外碳还可以作为一个保护层将活性硅芯与电解液隔离开来,减少不稳定SEI膜的生成[13]。然而,单纯的碳包覆仍然难以解决硅基材料存在的问题,因为硅材料刚性强、膨胀大,碳层容易断裂导致失去保护效果[14]。钛酸锂具有优异的性能,在锂化过程的体积膨胀只有0.2%,可视为一种“零应变”材料[15];钛酸锂具有三维锂离子扩散通道,拥有比传统石墨负极材料更高的锂离子扩散系数,且具有良好的热稳定性,锂化后是电子的优良导体[16]。为了有效解决氧化亚硅体积膨胀大和电导率低的问题,本文设计了一种双层包覆结构,内核为氧化亚硅材料,中间层为无定形导电碳层,外层为刚性的钛酸锂包覆层(Li4Ti5O12,以下简称LTO)。
实验原料主要包括:氧化亚硅粉末(衡水超凡新能源材料有限公司,D50=5 μm),无水乙醇(分析纯),钛酸四丁酯(分析纯),二水醋酸锂(分析纯,质量分数99%),聚醚P123(相对分子质量5 800)。
将500 g SiO放入CVD气氛烧结炉,通入乙炔气体,以升温速率5 ℃/min升温至800 ℃,保温2 h,待冷却至室温,过325目(0.045 mm)筛,即得到碳包覆氧化亚硅材料,标记为样品SC。
按锂/钛物质的量比6∶5称取二水醋酸锂和钛酸四丁酯,将二水醋酸锂和定量聚醚P123加入无水乙醇中,搅拌溶解,待完全溶解后加入钛酸四丁酯,搅拌30 min,加入样品SC,继续搅拌30 min,置于60 ℃水浴锅中搅拌水解,80 ℃干燥过夜,研磨后放入管式炉,通入氮气气氛保护,以升温速率5 ℃/min升温至700 ℃,保温8 h,冷却至室温后,研磨,过325目(0.045 mm)筛,得到钛酸锂/碳双层包覆氧化亚硅基负极材料,根据钛酸锂包覆量不同,标记为样品SC@xLTO(x=1%,3%,5%,质量分数,下同)。
采用德国布鲁克D8 ADVANCE型X射线衍射仪对材料物相组成进行定性分析;采用日本电子JSM-7900F型扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪观察材料表面形貌和元素分布;采用美国FEI公司Tecnai G2 F20 200KV场发射透射电子显微镜观察材料内部结构;采用美国康塔QUADASORB SI-3比表面积和孔隙度分析仪分析材料比表面积。
以去离子水为溶剂,将活性物质、导电炭黑(SP)、黏结剂(LA133)以5∶3∶2的质量比制成浆料,脱泡搅拌20 min后用100 μm的刮刀涂布在铜箔之上,经60 ℃干燥4 h后,用冲片机制成直径16 mm的极片,经60 ℃真空干燥12 h后放入手套箱,以金属锂片为负极、极片为正极,制成CR2430型扣式半电池。
以武汉蓝电电池测试系统对电池进行恒流充放电测试,测试温度25 ℃,电压范围0.001~1.5 V,以0.1C、0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、4C、0.1C(1C=1 500 mAh/g)倍率对电池进行倍率性能测试。以上海辰华仪器有限公司的CHI660电化学工作站对电池进行循环伏安测试,电压范围0.01~2.5 V,扫描速率0.1 mV/s,电化学阻抗谱测试频率范围0.01~100 kHz,振幅5 mV。
图1为SC和SC@xLTO(x=1%,3%,5%)样品的扫描电镜图。SC颗粒呈不规则多边形状,粒径约5 μm,表面的碳层平整光滑。SC@xLTO颗粒形状轮廓基本保持不变,尺寸没有明显变化,表面有一层无序的包覆层。SC@1%LTO材料表面的钛酸锂包覆层稀疏而薄,呈网状结构,有碳层裸露;随着包覆量增加,包覆层更加致密,SC@3%LTO材料表面平整光滑,钛酸锂均匀包覆于碳层之上,无碳层裸露;SC@5%LTO材料包覆层增厚,且表面细小的钛酸锂晶粒增多,有向晶体化转变的趋势。包覆层增厚可能会延长锂离子的传输路径,导致界面阻抗增加,薄而疏的包覆层则可能起不到保证材料结构完整性和稳定性的作用。SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)的比表面积分别为4.510、4.418、8.236 m2/g;SC@3%LTO包覆层平整光滑,比表面积与SC@1%LTO无太大变化;SC@5%LTO包覆层增厚,钛酸锂晶粒开始聚集长大,比表面积骤升,比表面积增大可能会导致材料与电解液副反应增多,不利于电极材料的循环稳定性。
图2为不同放大倍数下SC@3%LTO样品的透射电子显微镜图。由图2可以看出,材料由三层结构组成,内部为SiO芯,是复合材料主要的容量提供者;中间层可以观察到明显的类石墨层结构,是导电碳层,厚约15 nm,可作为SiO芯体积膨胀时的缓冲基质并提高材料的电导率;最外面的非晶包覆层厚约5 nm,起着保障结构稳定的作用;仔细观察发现,外层非晶层中含有少量有序晶格条纹,通过HRTEM可得到其晶面间距为0.48 nm,对应于尖晶石Li4Ti5O12的(111)晶面。
进一步对SC@3%LTO样品进行能谱测试,以观察材料的元素分布,结果如图3所示。可以看到复合材料主要由Si、O、C、Ti元素组成,符合预期结果;Si元素主要分布在颗粒内部,在边缘处含量大幅减少,相应的C元素和Ti元素在边缘处含量上升;边缘处发现一条清晰的Ti元素带,C元素主要分布于Ti元素带内,与HRTEM结果互相印证,表明材料由核-壳-壳结构组成。
图4为SC和SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)样品的X射线衍射图。20°~24°的宽峰属于非晶态的氧化亚硅,位于28.4°、47.3°、56.1°三处较明显的衍射峰分别对应Si的(111)、(220)和(311)晶面,一般认为一氧化硅经碳包覆后会发生歧化反应,生成细小的硅团簇[17]
根据谢乐公式:
式中:D为晶粒尺寸;K为常数,K=0.943;λ为X射线波长;β为衍射峰半高宽;θ为衍射角。
由式(1)可求得SC和SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)中硅的晶粒尺寸均为4.7 nm,可以认为不同的二次包覆后未改变材料内硅的晶粒尺寸。
图4中位于18.3°、35.5°、43.2°处的衍射峰分别对应Li4Ti5O12的(111)、(311)和(400)晶面,随着包覆量增加,衍射峰逐渐尖锐和明显,说明钛酸锂有从非晶向晶体化转变的趋势,与硅的三处衍射峰相比,这三处衍射峰宽而弱,基本为非晶结构,这与扫描电镜结果相吻合。
扫描速率0.1 mV/s,样品在0.01~2.5 V内的循环伏安测试结果如图5所示。其中,0.01 V和0.6 V处的还原峰和氧化峰分别代表锂硅合金(LixSi)的生成和分解,随着扫描的进行,峰电流逐渐增加,材料得到活化,反应动力学在不断提升[18]图5(a)中可以看到首圈循环时1.39 V和0.75 V处有明显的还原峰,并在第2圈和第3圈循环中消失,一般认为这分别对应电解液添加剂FEC分解和SEI膜生成而发生的不可逆反应[19];经钛酸锂包覆后,出现了一对还原峰(1.53 V)和氧化峰(1.60 V),分别代表钛酸锂的嵌锂和脱锂过程[20],可以看到,钛酸锂包覆后的材料在首圈扫描中仅在0.75 V处出现一个小的不可逆还原峰,代表少量SEI膜的生成,无明显电解液添加剂FEC的分解反应峰,说明钛酸锂包覆有效减少了界面处的不可逆反应,这有助于提升材料的循环稳定性。在第3圈循环伏安测试中,SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)在0.01 V和0.6 V处的还原峰和氧化峰的电流密度较SC明显增大,说明硅的合金化-去合金化反应速率得到提升,其中,SC@3%LTO的峰电流最大,代表最佳的反应动力学。
由式(2)和式(3)可求得锂离子扩散系数D(Li+):
式中:R为气体常数;T为绝对温度;A为电极面积;n为电子转移数目;F为法拉第常数;c为锂离子浓度;σ为Warburg因子;D为扩散系数。
图6(a)为4种材料的Nyquist图,图6(b)Z′和ω-1/2的线性拟合图,图6(c)为对应的等效电路图,其中Rs为整个电池的欧姆阻抗,高频区的半圆代表材料的电荷转移阻抗(Rct),低频区的斜线代表锂离子在活性物质体相中扩散的Warburg阻抗[21],拟合结果及锂离子扩散系数计算结果如表1所示。4种材料的Rs无太大差异,经钛酸锂包覆后Rct显著减小。这是因为表面的钛酸锂层提供了多维的锂离子和电子迁移通道[22],更有利于电化学反应的发生,随着包覆量增加,外部的钛酸锂层更加致密和有序化,一定程度上阻碍了界面处锂离子的传输,导致电荷转移阻抗也有相应增加。SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)较SC的锂离子扩散系数提高了一个数量级,说明钛酸锂有效促进了锂离子的传输,提高了其扩散速率,其中钛酸锂包覆量3%时锂离子扩散系数最大。
表2为SC和SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)样品的首次充放电容量和首次库仑效率。4种材料的首次库仑效率无明显差异,这是因为电池的循环电压范围为0.001~1.5 V,锂离子嵌入钛酸锂后无法完全脱出,在后续循环中钛酸锂以岩盐相(Li7Ti5O12)形式存在。Li7Ti5O12具有多维锂离子迁移通道,且电子导电性大幅提高,有助于提升锂离子和电子的传输[22],因此SC@1%LTO较SC容量略有上升,而钛酸锂的理论比容量较低(175 mAh/g),进一步增加LTO包覆量后反而会降低复合材料的比容量。图7为4个样品的首次充放电曲线,可见4条曲线几乎重合,电压平台无明显变化,说明钛酸锂的引入在提升材料性能的同时并未改变材料整体的反应特性。
图8为SC和SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)样品的倍率性能测试结果。可以看到,SC@xLTO(x=1%、3%、5%)材料的倍率性能在电流密度0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、4C条件下都要优于SC材料,这得益于锂化后的钛酸锂不仅是电子良导体,还提供了多维锂离子通道,降低了电荷转移阻抗、促进了锂离子的迁移[23],这与EIS电化学阻抗测试结果相对应。其中,SC@3%LTO材料的倍率性能极好,在电流密度0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、4C下的比容量分别为1 485.4 mAh/g、1 443.8 mAh/g、1 386.4 mAh/g、1 341 mAh/g、1 276.2mAh/g,电流密度回到0.1C时,比容量仍有1 429.5 mAh/g,容量保持率为86.12%;SC材料在电流密度0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C、4C下比容量分别为1 405.4 mAh/g、1 323.0 mAh/g、1 276.9 mAh/g、1 237.1 mAh/g、1 205.7 mAh/g,电流密度回到0.1C时,比容量为1 372.6 mAh/g,保持率为84.40%。
图9为4个样品的循环对比图。从图9可以看出,SC循环100次时容量开始快速衰减,循环150次后比容量为469.8 mAh/g,容量保持率为36.96%,这是因为活性硅在嵌锂过程中会发生巨大的体积膨胀,经多次充放电后表面的碳层开始破裂,活性硅粉化、破裂暴露出新的表面与电解液接触使得SEI膜反复裂解与生成,导致容量快速衰减[24];SC@1%LTO初始容量最高,体积膨胀最大,循环过程中容量在持续缓慢衰减,循环150次后比容量为785.4 mAh/g,容量保持率为74.12%。SC@3%LTO和SC@5%LTO在前100次循环中容量逐渐上升,随后开始缓慢衰减,这是因为经过双层包覆后,有效隔绝了内部硅芯与电解液的接触,增加了材料的活化过程,材料在循环过程中不断活化,容量逐步上升,循环150次后的比容量分别为1 138.1、1 103.4 mAh/g,均超过开始循环时的比容量989.1、1 025.2 mAh/g。以上结果说明钛酸锂包覆量过低时难以完全限制材料的体积膨胀,合适的包覆量可以与碳层形成有效的“双保险”,中间碳层既可以提高材料的导电性,又可以限制硅芯的体积膨胀,外部的钛酸锂层保证了材料整体结构的稳定性和完整性,减少了界面副反应的发生,这种协同作用有效提升了电极材料的循环稳定性,使得电极材料的可逆比容量大幅提升。钛酸锂包覆量进一步增加时,包覆层增厚,增加了材料的活化时间,并降低复合材料的比容量,这使得SC@5%LTO比容量略低于SC@3%LTO。
表3为本研究与近年来文献中关于硅氧负极材料表面复合改性研究的电化学性能对比。可见本研究所得产品首次库仑效率与循环比容量都有明显提升,有望为推动硅氧负极材料的进一步商业化应用提供参考。
1)通过化学气相沉积和溶胶-凝胶法制备了钛酸锂/碳双层包覆的氧化亚硅基锂离子电池负极材料,在氧化亚硅芯外面包覆碳层可以提升材料的导电性,碳层处在硅芯和刚性钛酸锂壳层之间充当缓冲层,可以有效限制氧化亚硅的体积膨胀。
2)钛酸锂具有优异的稳定性和多维的锂离子传输通道,这种刚性结构可以保证材料整体结构的稳定性和完整性。
3)双壳层结构可以有效隔绝活性物质与电解液的接触,减少副反应的发生,提升界面稳定性,这种双壳层协同作用可以有效提升电极材料的循环稳定性和电池的可逆比容量。其中SC@3%LTO具有更优的电化学性能,其电荷转移阻抗较SC材料大幅减小,锂离子扩散系数高,循环150次后充电比容量为1 138.1 mAh/g。
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2024年第44卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.034
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
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长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司科技创新项目(CL-22-01)
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    长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012

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杨乐之(1983—),男,湖南常德人,博士,高级工程师,硕士研究生导师,主要研究方向为新能源材料与器件。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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