Article(id=1241406716487725135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717689600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904025431, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904025431, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904025431, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904025431, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406716819075172, articleId=1241406716487725135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Hydrogen Reduction Process for Bayan Obo Niobium Concentrate, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The occurrence state of key elements of niobium, rare earths, and titanium in Bayan Obo niobium concentrate samples was characterized before and after hydrogen reduction, and effect of hydrogen reduction condition on iron metallization rate was also explored. After 90 min reduction with flow rate of hydrogen at 300 mL/min, and reduction temperatures of 800 ℃, 850 ℃, 900 ℃, 950 ℃, 1 000 ℃, and 1 050 ℃ respectively, the corresponding metallization rates are 89.22%, 85.79%, 82.50%, 80.52%, 72.15%, and 70.64%. It is found that during hydrogen reduction process, most of iron minerals can be reduced to metallic iron, but with temperature rise, the reduction rate of iron minerals decreases due to effect of mineral powder bonding. Niobite, as the main niobium-containing phase, is easily reduced, while aeschynite and niobium-iron rutile are difficult to be reduced; bastnasite, the main rare earth-containing phase, doesn't change, while monazite can undergo thermal decomposition at 1 050 ℃; ilmenite, niobium-iron rutile and aeschynite, as the main titanium-containing phases, are difficult to be reduced.

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对白云鄂博铌精矿氢还原前后铌、稀土、钛等关键元素的赋存状态进行了表征,研究了氢还原条件对铁金属化率的影响。结果表明,氢气流量300 mL/min、还原时间90 min条件下,还原温度800 ℃、850 ℃、900 ℃、950 ℃、1 000 ℃、1 050 ℃时的金属化率分别为89.22%、85.79%、82.50%、80.52%、72.15%、70.64%。氢还原过程中,大部分铁矿物会被还原成金属铁,但随着还原温度升高,受矿粉黏结影响,铁矿物还原率降低;主要含铌矿相铌铁矿易被还原,易解石和铌铁金红石难被还原;主要含稀土矿相氟碳铈矿未发生变化,独居石在1 050 ℃下可发生热分解反应;主要含钛物相钛铁矿、铌铁金红石和易解石难被还原。

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张波(1984—),男,山东高唐人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为复杂共伴生矿产资源综合回收利用。E-mail:
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赵燕鲁(1996—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为复杂共伴生矿产资源综合回收利用。E-mail:

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赵燕鲁(1996—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为复杂共伴生矿产资源综合回收利用。E-mail:

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赵燕鲁(1996—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为复杂共伴生矿产资源综合回收利用。E-mail:

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TFeNb2O5REOTiO2SiO2MgOCaO
45.951.211.923.6617.121.751.71
MnOAl2O3Na2OP2O5K2OSO3F
0.640.510.260.200.190.080.76
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白云鄂博铌精矿化学成分分析结果(质量分数)

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TFeNb2O5REOTiO2SiO2MgOCaO
45.951.211.923.6617.121.751.71
MnOAl2O3Na2OP2O5K2OSO3F
0.640.510.260.200.190.080.76
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物相FeNbTiCeLaOSiCaNaMgAlCPFMn
铌铁矿6.9044.5841.860.791.144.73
赤铁矿49.3750.63
石英66.6233.38
钠辉石11.6353.2020.0215.15
氟碳铈矿9.9230.6019.7727.211.1611.34
云母11.161.0552.4816.077.855.64
独居石27.1010.6547.7314.52
钛铁矿17.2023.2258.351.24
易解石20.5311.719.0058.76
铌铁金红石3.9018.369.5461.662.982.251.31
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白云鄂博铌精矿EDS数据(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物相FeNbTiCeLaOSiCaNaMgAlCPFMn
铌铁矿6.9044.5841.860.791.144.73
赤铁矿49.3750.63
石英66.6233.38
钠辉石11.6353.2020.0215.15
氟碳铈矿9.9230.6019.7727.211.1611.34
云母11.161.0552.4816.077.855.64
独居石27.1010.6547.7314.52
钛铁矿17.2023.2258.351.24
易解石20.5311.719.0058.76
铌铁金红石3.9018.369.5461.662.982.251.31
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样品含铌物相组成
还原前铌铁矿、易解石、铌铁金红石
850 ℃还原后易解石、铌铁金红石
950 ℃还原后易解石、铌铁金红石
1 050 ℃还原后易解石、铌铁金红石
), ArticleFig(id=1241406734070248448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241406716487725135, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同温度下氢还原白云鄂博铌精矿典型含铌物相组成

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样品含铌物相组成
还原前铌铁矿、易解石、铌铁金红石
850 ℃还原后易解石、铌铁金红石
950 ℃还原后易解石、铌铁金红石
1 050 ℃还原后易解石、铌铁金红石
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白云鄂博铌精矿氢还原研究
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赵燕鲁 1, 2 , 张波 1, 2, 3 , 刘承军 1, 2 , 姜茂发 1, 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024,44(6): 112-116
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024, 44(6): 112-116
白云鄂博铌精矿氢还原研究
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赵燕鲁1, 2 , 张波1, 2, 3 , 刘承军1, 2, 姜茂发1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学 多金属共生矿生态化冶金教育部重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 2.东北大学 冶金学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
  • 3.包头稀土研究院 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用国家重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014030
  • 赵燕鲁(1996—),男,山东济宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为复杂共伴生矿产资源综合回收利用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张波(1984—),男,山东高唐人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为复杂共伴生矿产资源综合回收利用。E-mail:
Hydrogen Reduction Process for Bayan Obo Niobium Concentrate
Yanlu ZHAO1, 2 , Bo ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Chengjun LIU1, 2, Maofa JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Minerals, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
  • 2.School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Research and Comprehensive Utilization of Bayan Obo Rare Earth Resource, Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou 014030, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.024
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对白云鄂博铌精矿氢还原前后铌、稀土、钛等关键元素的赋存状态进行了表征,研究了氢还原条件对铁金属化率的影响。结果表明,氢气流量300 mL/min、还原时间90 min条件下,还原温度800 ℃、850 ℃、900 ℃、950 ℃、1 000 ℃、1 050 ℃时的金属化率分别为89.22%、85.79%、82.50%、80.52%、72.15%、70.64%。氢还原过程中,大部分铁矿物会被还原成金属铁,但随着还原温度升高,受矿粉黏结影响,铁矿物还原率降低;主要含铌矿相铌铁矿易被还原,易解石和铌铁金红石难被还原;主要含稀土矿相氟碳铈矿未发生变化,独居石在1 050 ℃下可发生热分解反应;主要含钛物相钛铁矿、铌铁金红石和易解石难被还原。

白云鄂博矿  /  铌  /  氢还原  /  矿相转变  /  稀土  /  铌铁矿  /  钛铁矿

The occurrence state of key elements of niobium, rare earths, and titanium in Bayan Obo niobium concentrate samples was characterized before and after hydrogen reduction, and effect of hydrogen reduction condition on iron metallization rate was also explored. After 90 min reduction with flow rate of hydrogen at 300 mL/min, and reduction temperatures of 800 ℃, 850 ℃, 900 ℃, 950 ℃, 1 000 ℃, and 1 050 ℃ respectively, the corresponding metallization rates are 89.22%, 85.79%, 82.50%, 80.52%, 72.15%, and 70.64%. It is found that during hydrogen reduction process, most of iron minerals can be reduced to metallic iron, but with temperature rise, the reduction rate of iron minerals decreases due to effect of mineral powder bonding. Niobite, as the main niobium-containing phase, is easily reduced, while aeschynite and niobium-iron rutile are difficult to be reduced; bastnasite, the main rare earth-containing phase, doesn't change, while monazite can undergo thermal decomposition at 1 050 ℃; ilmenite, niobium-iron rutile and aeschynite, as the main titanium-containing phases, are difficult to be reduced.

Bayan Obo deposit  /  niobium  /  hydrogen reduction  /  phase transition  /  rare earth  /  niobite  /  ilmenite
赵燕鲁, 张波, 刘承军, 姜茂发. 白云鄂博铌精矿氢还原研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 112 -116 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.024
Yanlu ZHAO, Bo ZHANG, Chengjun LIU, Maofa JIANG. Hydrogen Reduction Process for Bayan Obo Niobium Concentrate[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 112 -116 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.024
白云鄂博矿床是世界最大的多金属共伴生矿床[1],据统计,该矿床铁矿石储量为14.68×109 t,稀土资源储量为1.80×109 t,铌(Nb2O5)储量为320.19×105 t[2-4]。受限于白云鄂博矿“贫、细、杂、散”的矿相特征[5],其开发利用以铁为主,稀土资源综合利用率不足10%,其余元素综合利用率更低。铌是关键稀有金属,而我国铌资源对外依存度超过95%[6-8],如何实现白云鄂博多金属共伴生矿中有价组分的高效提取和利用,成为亟待解决的问题。
在白云鄂博矿有价元素分离提取方面,普遍采用较为成熟的火法还原工艺,通过碳热还原将铁氧化物还原为金属铁再经过选矿的方式分离提取铁、铌、稀土[9]。文献[10]通过1 400 ℃碳热还原将烧绿石中的铌、钛和铁分别还原为NbC、TiC和金属铁,以金属铁为载体通过磁选实现铌和钛的富集;文献[11]以含Ti-Nb铁精矿为研究对象,在1 100 ℃下碳热还原铁,通过添加CaCO3抑制液相形成,提高铁还原率,使得铌精矿中的铌得到富集;文献[12]开发了磁化焙烧-磁选技术,从白云鄂博铌精矿中回收铁、富集铌。从已有研究成果中可以发现,采用碳热还原和选矿工艺在一定程度上可以实现铁氧化物的还原和铌的富集,但存在还原率低和出现NbC的问题,NbC熔点高且表面吸附性很强,既容易吸附于渣表面又容易吸附于焦炭表面,并能在渣、铁表面形成NbC滞留带,使铌难以进入铁相[13-15],不利于冶炼铌铁合金。伴随着氢还原冶金技术的进步,用氢气对白云鄂博矿进行选择性还原具备了可行性,既可以彻底避免NbC的生成,又符合国家碳达峰碳中和的战略要求。本文以氢气作为还原气体,对白云鄂博铌精矿进行高温氢还原实验,研究铁氧化物选择性还原规律并观察矿相转变形式。利用氢冶金技术对白云鄂博铌精矿进行选择性还原的过程中,应重点关注与铁矿物共伴生的含铌矿相的演变规律,以便后续高效富集和分离提取氢还原产物中的铌。
白云鄂博铌精矿化学成分分析结果如表1所示。根据预实验及文献[16]所述,实验过程恒定气体流速300 mL/min、升降温速率5 ℃/min、氢还原保温时间90 min。使用YAW-2000微机控制电液伺服压力试验机,设置压力10 MPa保压10 min,将3 g白云鄂博铌精矿粉压成直径1.2 cm的圆饼状后放入5.0 cm×3.0 cm×2.0 cm的刚玉方舟中,然后置于GSL-1400X高温卧式管式炉的恒温区。通入纯度99.999%的高纯氩气吹扫炉管20 min后,启动升温程序,升至实验温度后将氩气切换为等流量的纯度99.999%的氢气,保温90 min后,再切换至等流量氩气进行降温。
使用X射线衍射仪(XRD,D8 ADVANCE,GRE)和扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS,Phenom ProSuite,NL)分析白云鄂博铌精矿样品物相及对应的元素组成,使用激光粒度分析仪(Master sizer 2000)测试其粒度,其体积加权平均值D[4,3]=40.491 μm。
图1为白云鄂博铌精矿XRD衍射图谱。由图1可知,铌精矿的主要组成物相为赤铁矿、磁铁矿和钠辉石。
图2为白云鄂博铌精矿SEM图,对应的EDS数据见表2。由图2表2可知:铌精矿中主要含铌物相为铌铁矿、易解石和铌铁金红石;主要含稀土物相为氟碳铈矿、独居石和易解石;主要含钛物相为钛铁矿、易解石和铌铁金红石。
采用三氯化钛还原重铬酸钾滴定法测定还原后白云鄂博铌精矿样品全铁含量,采用三氯化铁分解重铬酸钾滴定法测定还原后白云鄂博铌精矿样品金属铁含量,计算样品金属化率:
式中:M为样品金属化率,%;w(MFe)为样品中金属铁质量分数,%;w(TFe)为样品中全铁质量分数,%。
结合《无机物热力学数据手册》[17]对白云鄂博铌精矿中常见氧化物的氢气还原反应进行热力学分析,计算标准状态下还原反应的吉布斯自由能:
式中:ΔGθ为标准吉布斯自由能,J/mol;T为温度,K。
进一步地,对铁氧化物和铌氧化物在不同H2分压下的优势区域进行计算。以反应式(2)为例,计算方法参考文献[18],过程如下:
压力不高时,用H2的体积分数φH2来代替分压PH2/Pθ
式中:R为气体常数,R=8.314 J/(K·mol);Kθ为平衡常数;PH2PH2OPθ分别为氢气压强、水蒸气压强、标准大气压,pθ=1.013 25×10-5 Pa;φH2为H2的体积分数,%。
计算得到H2/H2O气氛下铁氧化物相和铌氧化物相稳定区域分别如图3图4所示。
图3中,3条曲线把图分为3个区域,上面为Fe稳定区域,中间位置为FeO稳定区域,下面为Fe3O4稳定区域。3条曲线相交于一点,交点温度为570 ℃。570 ℃以下,随着φH2增大,Fe3O4直接被还原成Fe;570 ℃以上,Fe3O4先被还原成FeO,然后再被还原成Fe。在本文计算的500~1 200 ℃范围内,随着φH2增大,不同价态的铁氧化物均可被还原为金属铁。
图4中,较大的φH2范围均处于Nb2O5优势区域;随着φH2增大,铌可进入NbO2优势区域;φH2接近1.0时铌才可进入NbO和Nb的优势区域。可见,铌氧化物的氢还原反应很难发生,只有在较高的φH2时才能发生铌价态的降低,而生成铌金属则极为困难。
对比发现,铁氧化物的氢还原反应相较于铌氧化物更易发生,这为铌精矿中铁矿物的选择性还原提供了理论可行性。
不同温度下氢还原白云鄂博铌精矿的金属化率如图5所示。800~1 050 ℃,铌精矿经过氢还原后金属化率均在70%以上,最高可达89.22%。可见铌精矿中的铁矿物大部分被还原成金属铁。随着温度升高,金属化率逐渐下降。
由热力学分析可知,高温有利于氢还原反应的进行。为分析金属化率随温度升高而降低的原因,对氢还原后样品的微观形貌进行SEM观察,并对Fe元素进行面扫描,结果如图6所示。可以看出,随着温度升高,金属相逐渐减少,分布状态由大面积块状聚集转变为围绕在孔隙周边的条状。究其原因在于:升高温度虽然在热力学上有利于反应进行,但过高的温度会使矿粉发生黏结从而影响氢气的内扩散,动力学受阻,从而导致金属化率降低。
不同温度下氢还原白云鄂博铌精矿矿相组成SEM图如图7所示。经850 ℃还原后,物相组成为钠辉石、氟碳铈矿、独居石、钛铁矿、易解石、铌铁金红石、橄榄石、金属相,此时样品金属化率为85.79%;经950 ℃还原后,物相组成为钠辉石、氟碳铈矿、独居石、钛铁矿、易解石、铌铁金红石、橄榄石、磁铁矿、金属相,此时样品金属化率为80.52%;经1050 ℃还原后,物相组成为钠辉石、氟碳铈矿、钛铁矿、易解石、铌铁金红石、橄榄石、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、金属相,此时样品金属化率为70.64%;1 050 ℃下反应后未找到独居石。
结合文献[19],认为此时发生了独居石的热分解反应:
式中RE为稀土元素。
表3为氢还原前后白云鄂博铌精矿典型含铌物相组成。赋存在原矿中的铌铁矿在试验过程中被氢气还原,但仍可在氢还原后样品中找到易解石和铌铁金红石。作为白云鄂博铌精矿中铌的主要赋存矿相,铌铁矿在氢还原过程中被分解,有利于后续高效浸出和分离提取氢还原产物中的铌。
1)从热力学角度分析,500~1 200 ℃范围内,随着φH2增大,不同价态铁氧化物均可被还原为金属铁;铌氧化物的氢还原反应很难发生,只有在较高φH2时才能发生铌价态的降低,而生成铌金属极为困难。
2)升高温度虽然在热力学上有利于反应进行,但过高的温度会使矿粉发生黏结现象从而影响氢气的内扩散,动力学受阻,导致800~1 050 ℃时温度升高金属化率逐渐降低。
3)白云鄂博铌精矿经过高温氢还原发生了物相变化:铁矿物在氢还原过程中大部分被还原成金属铁,部分赤铁矿、磁铁矿在高温下受矿粉黏结的影响还原不彻底;铌铁矿在氢还原过程中易被还原,而易解石和铌铁金红石难被还原;氟碳铈矿在不同还原温度下均存在,而独居石在高温下发生了热分解;主要含钛物相钛铁矿、铌铁金红石和易解石难被还原。
  • 国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2021YFC2901200)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174383; 52374412)
  • 辽宁省自然科学基金(2022-YQ-09)
  • 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用国家重点实验室开放课题(GZ-2022-DK-003)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.024
  • 接收时间:2024-06-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-07
基金
国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2021YFC2901200)
国家自然科学基金(52174383; 52374412)
辽宁省自然科学基金(2022-YQ-09)
白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用国家重点实验室开放课题(GZ-2022-DK-003)
作者信息
    1.东北大学 多金属共生矿生态化冶金教育部重点实验室,辽宁 沈阳 110819
    2.东北大学 冶金学院,辽宁 沈阳 110819
    3.包头稀土研究院 白云鄂博稀土资源研究与综合利用国家重点实验室,内蒙古 包头 014030

通讯作者:

张波(1984—),男,山东高唐人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为复杂共伴生矿产资源综合回收利用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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