Article(id=1241406716244455485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719417600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904025374, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904025374, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904025374, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904025374, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=156, endPage=162, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406716588388438, articleId=1241406716244455485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect of Cu Content and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu-Mn Alloys, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Effects of heat treatment system and Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of two conventionally cast Al-Cu-Mn alloys were investigated. It is found that after treatment at proper temperatures, including 525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×8 h for Cu2.8 alloy, 525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×14 h for Cu5.7 alloy, the Cu2.8 alloy and Cu5.7 alloy have their tensile strength up to 209.76 MPa and 349.15 MPa respectively, and yield strength reaching 107.15 MPa and 216.21 MPa correspondingly. The detailed exploration of precipitation behavior of the alloy after aging indicates that Cu content brings an important influence to the precipitation behavior. The precipitation of the T phase leads to depletion of Cu atoms in low-Cu alloy during solid solution process. The θ′ phases only adhere near the T phase, and dispersed θ″ phases are only precipitated in the high-Cu alloy, which contribute mainly to higher strength of high-Cu alloy.

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研究了热处理制度和Cu含量对2种常规铸造Al-Cu-Mn合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:Cu2.8合金适宜的热处理制度为525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×8 h,Cu5.7合金适宜的热处理制度为525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×14 h;在此热处理制度下,Cu2.8合金与Cu5.7合金抗拉强度分别达到209.76 MPa、349.15 MPa,屈服强度分别为107.15 MPa、216.21 MPa。详细研究了时效后合金的析出行为,Cu含量对Al-Cu-Mn合金时效析出行为有重要影响,固溶过程中T相的析出使低Cu合金Cu原子贫化,θ′相只在T相附近黏附,只有高Cu合金基体中才能析出弥散的θ″相,θ″相是高Cu合金强度更高的主要原因。

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尹登峰(1966—),男,湖南株洲人,博士,教授,主要从事铝合金性能研究。E-mail:
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宋转转(1998—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu合金组织与性能。E-mail:

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宋转转(1998—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu合金组织与性能。E-mail:

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宋转转(1998—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu合金组织与性能。E-mail:

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(a)Cu2.8合金;(b)Cu5.7合金

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(a)Cu2.8合金;(b)Cu5.7合金

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(a)Cu2.8合金;(b)Cu5.7合金

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(a)Cu2.8合金;(b)Cu5.7合金

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(a)Cu2.8合金;(b)Cu5.7合金

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(a)Cu2.8合金;(b)Cu5.7合金

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(a)Cu2.8合金;(b)Cu5.7合金

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(a)Cu2.8合金明场像;(b)Cu5.7合金明场像;(c)(d)棒状相TEM及EDS;(e)棒状相选区电子衍射;(f)菱形粒子放大图像

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(a)T相附近针状相;(b)Cu5.7合金析出相;(c)图(b)中一条针状相放大图像;(d)电子衍射

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合金名称CuMnTiFeAl
Cu2.82.800.670.330.10余量
Cu5.75.710.650.350.09余量
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Al-xCu-Mn合金成分(质量分数)

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合金名称CuMnTiFeAl
Cu2.82.800.670.330.10余量
Cu5.75.710.650.350.09余量
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合金CuMn
Cu2.81.50.4
Cu5.72.40.5
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基体中固溶元素含量(质量分数)

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合金CuMn
Cu2.81.50.4
Cu5.72.40.5
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Cu含量及热处理对Al-Cu-Mn合金显微组织及力学性能的影响
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宋转转 , 尹登峰 , 王华 , 谢凯文 , 徐庆
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(6): 156-162
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(6): 156-162
Cu含量及热处理对Al-Cu-Mn合金显微组织及力学性能的影响
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宋转转 , 尹登峰 , 王华, 谢凯文, 徐庆
作者信息
  • 中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 宋转转(1998—),女,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为Al-Cu合金组织与性能。E-mail:

通讯作者:

尹登峰(1966—),男,湖南株洲人,博士,教授,主要从事铝合金性能研究。E-mail:
Effect of Cu Content and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu-Mn Alloys
Zhuanzhuan SONG , Dengfeng YIN , Hua WANG, Kaiwen XIE, Qing XU
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.033
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研究了热处理制度和Cu含量对2种常规铸造Al-Cu-Mn合金组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:Cu2.8合金适宜的热处理制度为525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×8 h,Cu5.7合金适宜的热处理制度为525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×14 h;在此热处理制度下,Cu2.8合金与Cu5.7合金抗拉强度分别达到209.76 MPa、349.15 MPa,屈服强度分别为107.15 MPa、216.21 MPa。详细研究了时效后合金的析出行为,Cu含量对Al-Cu-Mn合金时效析出行为有重要影响,固溶过程中T相的析出使低Cu合金Cu原子贫化,θ′相只在T相附近黏附,只有高Cu合金基体中才能析出弥散的θ″相,θ″相是高Cu合金强度更高的主要原因。

Al-Cu-Mn合金  /  热处理  /  微观组织  /  力学性能  /  时效强化  /  固溶处理  /  析出相  /  弥散强化

Effects of heat treatment system and Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of two conventionally cast Al-Cu-Mn alloys were investigated. It is found that after treatment at proper temperatures, including 525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×8 h for Cu2.8 alloy, 525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×14 h for Cu5.7 alloy, the Cu2.8 alloy and Cu5.7 alloy have their tensile strength up to 209.76 MPa and 349.15 MPa respectively, and yield strength reaching 107.15 MPa and 216.21 MPa correspondingly. The detailed exploration of precipitation behavior of the alloy after aging indicates that Cu content brings an important influence to the precipitation behavior. The precipitation of the T phase leads to depletion of Cu atoms in low-Cu alloy during solid solution process. The θ′ phases only adhere near the T phase, and dispersed θ″ phases are only precipitated in the high-Cu alloy, which contribute mainly to higher strength of high-Cu alloy.

Al-Cu-Mn alloy  /  heat treatment  /  microstructure  /  mechanical property  /  strengthening effect by aging treatment  /  solid solution process  /  precipitated phase  /  dispersion strengthening
宋转转, 尹登峰, 王华, 谢凯文, 徐庆. Cu含量及热处理对Al-Cu-Mn合金显微组织及力学性能的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 156 -162 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.033
Zhuanzhuan SONG, Dengfeng YIN, Hua WANG, Kaiwen XIE, Qing XU. Effect of Cu Content and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Cu-Mn Alloys[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 156 -162 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.033
Al-Cu合金因比强度与比刚度高、密度低而广泛应用于交通、航天等领域[1-2]。但是Al-Cu合金铸造性能较差,容易产生热裂、缩孔、偏析等缺陷,在一定程度上限制了该系合金的应用[3-4]。合适的热处理制度是解决这一问题的有效方法之一。Cu元素作为Al-Cu合金的主要合金元素,对合金组织和性能都有重要影响:Cu元素较少时,时效析出的细小弥散相会相应减少,导致强化效果不理想;当Cu元素过多时,固溶时晶界处共晶组织无法回溶到基体中,这些脆性相会在变形过程中产生应力集中,导致材料断裂[5]。本文制备了低Cu和高Cu两种铝合金,重点研究Cu含量及热处理工艺对Al-Cu-Mn合金显微组织及力学性能的影响,并详细表征了时效后合金的析出行为,可为Al-Cu-Mn合金的热处理强化提供理论支持。
考虑到Cu在Al中的极限固溶度为5.65%[6],将最大固溶度值及其半值作为实验合金的Cu含量取值。将工业纯铝、Al-50%Cu、Al-10%Mn、Al-3%Ti中间合金加入电阻炉中,750 ℃下熔化,连续搅拌熔体以确保合金元素均匀分布;氯化钠(NaCl)、氯化钾(KCl)、氟铝酸钠(Na3AlF6)按质量比1∶1∶2混合,作为覆盖剂,六氯乙烷(C2Cl6)作为除气剂,在720 ℃下保持10 min;将熔体倒入涂有ZnO并在200 ℃下干燥过的铁模中,并在空气中冷却至室温,得到铝合金铸锭。使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测量合金化学成分,结果如表1所示,根据Cu含量,2种合金分别被标记为Cu2.8、Cu5.7。
从所得铸锭上切割Cu2.8、Cu5.7试样,试样在525 ℃下固溶16 h后,迅速在170 ℃、175 ℃、180 ℃时效0~24 h,每隔1~2 h取2个样品进行硬度测试,绘制时效硬化曲线;在每条曲线对应的峰值状态下进行室温拉伸,并在拉伸强度最高时对应的状态下观察其微观组织。
使用D/Max 2500型X射线衍射仪(XRD)测定铸造合金相组成;使用示差扫描量热仪(DSC:NETZSCHSTA-449C)测定固溶温度;使用光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察样品合金微观组织。室温拉伸试验在Instron 3369型万能试验机上进行,拉伸试样尺寸根据ASTME8M标准设计,如图1所示。
2种铸态合金XRD分析结果如图2所示。2种铸态合金中只有Al基体相和Al2Cu相,没有观察到其他物相的峰。衍射峰的高度代表物相的含量,说明这2种合金中Cu5.7合金中Al2Cu相含量更高。
图3为2种铸态合金阳极覆膜后的金相组织照片及晶粒尺寸。从图3可以看出,铸态合金晶粒近似呈等轴状,晶粒粗大,且由于非平衡凝固,晶界处共晶组织偏析严重。合金凝固组织第二相主要分为两种:分布于晶界处连续的长条状第二相和分布于晶内颗粒状第二相。且随着Cu含量增加,Cu5.7合金晶界处第二相宽度明显变宽,晶内颗粒状第二相数量也有所增多。统计2种合金晶粒尺寸,Cu2.8、Cu5.7合金铸态平均晶粒尺寸分别为133.5 μm、127.7 μm,两者无明显差异,说明实验范围内Cu含量对Al-Cu-Mn系合金晶粒尺寸影响不大。
图4为2种铸态合金扫描电镜(SEM)图。图中灰色区域为α-Al基体,骨架网格状共晶组织沿晶界分布,另外还有少量白色细长形第二相与网状组织相连,在晶内还存在少数颗粒状第二相。对第二相进行EDS能谱分析,网状(标记为1)与圆颗粒状(标记为3)共晶组织只含有Al和Cu 2种元素,因此认为是Al+T相,这与XRD结果相符。细长形相(标记为2)为富含Al、Cu、Mn、Fe的第二相。Al-Cu-Mn合金在凝固过程中,在548 ℃和547.5 ℃下发生以下反应[7]
因此,被标记为2的相是Al+θ+T共晶相。杂质元素Fe常能与Mn元素互换[8]。上述现象说明:低Cu和高Cu含量的Al-Cu-Mn合金铸造组织中第二相主要为θ相,初生T相数量较少。
固溶温度的高低与低熔点共晶相溶解有关。使用DSC曲线初步确定合适的固溶温度,Cu5.7合金DSC曲线如图5所示。在熔化过程中,合金共出现了2个吸热峰(分别标记为峰1、峰2),发生温度分别为546.9 ℃、650.4 ℃。因此,合金固溶处理的温度应低于峰1开始温度543.9 ℃,固溶温度选择525 ℃。
2种合金在525 ℃×16 h固溶处理后立即水淬,观察固溶后的微观组织,如图6所示。从图6可以看出,Cu2.8合金固溶处理后晶界变得平直,而Cu5.7合金由于Cu含量接近在铝中的极限固溶度,固溶处理后仍有共晶组织残留于晶界。
为了确定残留相的成分,对固溶处理后的2种合金进行SEM观察,结果如图7所示。与铸态合金相比,固溶态合金微观偏析降低,存在于晶界处的粗大第二相数量已经大幅减少,且形态由连续网状组织转变为不连续条状。对未溶入基体的少量残留相进行能谱分析,Cu2.8合金中残留相主要为Al-Cu-Mn-Fe相,而Cu5.7合金中有更多的Al-Cu相残留下来。
对于时效强化型铝合金,制定合适的时效工艺对提高合金性能有重要意义。而Al-Cu-Mn系铝合金是典型的时效强化铝合金。图8为Cu2.8、Cu5.7合金在525 ℃×16 h固溶后马上在170 ℃、175 ℃、180 ℃进行时效处理的维氏显微硬度曲线。2种合金硬度随着时效时间的变化呈现相同的趋势,即在时效初期,硬度随着时效时间增加迅速增大,随后增速减慢,到达峰时效后,继续增加时效时间,硬度稍有降低并最终保持稳定。时效温度170 ℃时,Cu2.8、Cu5.7合金硬度分别在8 h、14 h时达到峰值。升高时效温度,强化响应速率增大,180 ℃时2种合金达到峰时效的时间分别为6 h、10 h,但峰值时硬度比170 ℃时稍有降低。比较过时效的硬度变化,发现180 ℃时效硬度下降明显。
2种合金分别在170 ℃、175 ℃、180 ℃时效峰值状态下进行室温拉伸,时效温度对合金拉伸性能的影响见图9。2种合金均在170 ℃时效时强度和延伸率最高:Cu2.8合金抗拉强度(UTS)和屈服强度(YS)分别为209.76 MPa、107.15 MPa,延伸率为13.69%;Cu5.7合金UTS和YS分别为349.15 MPa、216.21 MPa,延伸率为7.23%。因此,确定Cu2.8、Cu5.7合金热处理制度分别为525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×8 h、525 ℃×16 h+170 ℃×14 h。
2种合金峰时效后的拉伸断裂断口形貌如图10所示。由图10看出,2种合金的室温拉伸表现出明显的韧性断裂特征,断口主要由尺寸不一的韧窝和撕裂棱以及少数解理面构成。相比之下,Cu2.8合金韧窝大且深,表明其塑性较好;Cu5.7合金断口韧窝小且浅,塑性较差。这与2种合金延伸率数据相一致。
2种合金峰时效态(T6态)的显微组织TEM图像(近<001>Al方向)和EDS结果见图11。TEM结果显示,析出物大多呈长短不一的棒状,少数呈近似菱形的粒子。棒状相具有特定的取向和规则的形状,直径20~100 nm,长度500~1 000 nm。通过TEM-EDS分析,这些棒状相主要成分为Al、Cu、Mn元素,首先被认为是原子比接近2∶3的T相(Al20Cu2Mn3)(图11(c)、(d))。并且,SAD模式(图11(e))的计算也证实了这一点。对于含Al-Cu-Mn的铝合金,T相是最常见的金属间化合物,通常在铸锭均匀化或固溶处理过程中形成[9]。Chen[10]等研究发现,Al-5Cu-1Mn合金在固溶后的析出相大多数为棒状Al20Cu2Mn3相。据报道,T相具有正交结构[11],晶格参数为a=2.41 nm,b=1.25 nm,c=0.78 nm。一个菱形状粒子的放大图如图11(f)所示,该粒子显示出典型的孪晶结构,它是棒状相的截面[12]
Cu5.7合金HAADF-STEM图像见图12图11(f)中菱形粒子附近可以观察到针状析出相,图12(a)为针状析出相与粒子界面附近HAADF图像,针状析出相显示了典型的θ′相原子排布,SAD模式(图12(d))在1/2{220}Al处的衍射斑点也证实了这点[13]。除此之外,Cu5.7合金中还发现在基体中均匀分布的正交针状析出相,如图12(b)所示,可以看出,针状析出相长度约为50 nm,宽为2 nm,放大图像(图12(c))显示每两层Cu原子面之间被三层Al原子面分隔开,表明这些针状析出相为θ″相[14],对应图12(d)衍射花样中沿(200)方向不连续的条纹。Cu2.8合金除了T相及黏附于其上的θ′相,在Al基体中没有观察到其他析出相。
θ系列相完整的析出序列为:过饱和固溶体→GP区→θ″相→θ′相→θ相[15-16]。在时效初期,溶质原子从淬火态的过饱和固溶体中脱溶析出,形成原子团簇(GP区),而由于T相附近Cu含量较高,GP区在T相附近优先形核,故峰时效时T相附近长大成θ′相,而基体中均匀分布的析出相为θ″相。Cu2.8合金中Cu含量较低,固溶过程中形成了大量T相,消耗了Cu元素,θ″相析出被抑制。
同种合金不同温度时效后强度差异不大,但Cu含量增加对合金强度的提高起到了关键作用,Cu5.7合金在不同温度时效后抗拉强度均远高于Cu2.8合金,Cu5.7合金170 ℃峰时效后UTS和YS分别为349.15 MPa、216.21 MPa,比Cu2.8合金分别提高了66.45%和101.78%。
合金强度主要取决于晶粒大小、位错密度、固溶强化效应、析出相大小及密度等。经热处理后,合金位错密度较低,考虑到可能的强化机制,合金的强度可以通过式(1)[17]计算:
式中:σYS为合金总屈服强度;σ0为纯铝的晶格摩擦应力;σGBσssσps分别为由晶界、固溶原子、析出相析出引起的屈服强度的增量。
细晶强化与晶粒尺寸有关。晶粒尺寸越细小的合金,单位面积内包含的晶界越多,高密度的晶界在拉伸变形时与位错交互作用,使得合金屈服强度上升。材料屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸增大而减小。具体可用Hall-Petch方程式描述:
式中:k为Hall-Petch常数;d为平均晶粒直径。已有研究表明时效处理后淬火态的晶粒尺寸几乎没有变化,图6中固溶后两种合金的晶粒尺寸在统计误差范围内相差无几,因此,细晶强化对两种合金屈服强度的贡献一致。
固溶强化与合金元素在基体中固溶而引起的畸变有关。对固溶强化进行定量表征[18]
式中:ci为固溶元素在基体中的质量分数;ki为相应元素固溶体强化效率;m为常数,在Al-Cu-Mn合金体系中,m通常取1。2种合金基体中固溶元素含量见表2。Al基体中固溶的Mn元素含量差别不大,但是Cu含量却有显著差异。Cu5.7合金中固溶Cu元素更高,固溶强化效果更明显,固溶处理对2种合金屈服强度的贡献分别为32.8 MPa、48.3 MPa。
根据位错穿过颗粒的方式将析出相-位错之间的相互作用分为两类:位错切过颗粒机制和位错绕过颗粒机制。Cu5.7合金中,小分散体(θ″相)是较弱的析出相,可以被位错切过,并通过式(4)表达的强化模型来描述[19]
式中:M为Al的泰勒因子;Δμ(拟合参数,取4.03 GPa)为相与基体间的剪切模量;fv为析出相体积分数。
当位错遇到尺寸较大的析出相时,位错将不能切过沉淀相,而是绕过,强化机制由切过机制转为绕过机制(Orowan),其机制表达式[20]为:
式中:G为Al的剪切模量,G=27.8 GPa;b为Al的柏氏矢量,b=0.286 nm;ϑ为Al的泊松比,ϑ=0.345;r为析出相等效半径;λ为析出相间平均距离。
TEM图像显示,合金中析出了棒状的富铜T相及其周围黏附的θ′相,由于尺寸较大,阻碍了位错通过Orowan旁路机制的运动,从而提高了合金的强度。计算得到析出相对合金屈服强度的贡献分别为:σps,Cu2.8=67.2 MPa、σps,Cu5.7=144.9 MPa。
总之,与Cu2.8合金相比,Cu5.7合金强度的提高归因于固溶后剩余的Cu元素在基体中形成细小弥散的θ″相,拉伸变形时θ″相与位错的交互作用使得强度提高。
1)同种合金不同温度时效后强度差异不大,但Cu含量的增加对合金强度的提高起到了关键作用。
2)随着铜含量增加,Al-Cu-Mn合金时效析出富铜相含量增多。合金固溶过程中析出T相,时效时θ系列相优先在T相附近形核。Cu2.8合金固溶时消耗了Cu元素,时效后只有黏附在T相的θ′相,在基体中没有观察到θ″相;增加Cu含量,Cu5.7合金铝基体中析出细小的θ″相。
3)细小的析出相可以钉扎位错,发挥强化作用。Cu5.7合金比Cu2.8合金有更高的UTS与YS,其峰时效时的UTS和YS分别为349.15 MPa、216.21 MPa,比Cu2.8合金分别提高了66.45%和101.78%,延伸率稍有降低。
  • 广东省科技计划项目(0214B090903012)
  • 徐州市科技项目(KC20006)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.033
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
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广东省科技计划项目(0214B090903012)
徐州市科技项目(KC20006)
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    中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

通讯作者:

尹登峰(1966—),男,湖南株洲人,博士,教授,主要从事铝合金性能研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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