Article(id=1241406714105360404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715097600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773904024863, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1732982400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773904024863, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773904024863, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773904024863, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241406711219680205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='174', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773904024176, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773911273793, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241437118384362345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241437118388556650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241406711219680205, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241406715841802289, articleId=1241406714105360404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Analysis of Acoustic Emission and Fractal Characteristics of Granite Under Step Loading, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An acoustic emission (AE) test of granite under uniaxial step loading was carried out, and the evolution characteristics of AE frequency, event incidence and fractal dimension of the sample at each load-holding stage before occurrence of instability and fracture were analyzed. The results show that the high-frequency signal first decreases and then increases with the increase of stress in the process of step loading; and macro-instability occurs in the sample at the last stage of step loading, at which the internal micro-cracks in the sample undergo from stable propagation to unstable propagation. The incidence of acoustic emission events decreases gradually as time is prolonged. At the last stage of step loading, the incidence of acoustic emission events decreases first and then increases, unstable fracture in the rock increases and micro-cracks gradually merge and coalesce to form macro-cracks, resulting in overall instability and fracture of the sample; with the increase of stress, the fractal dimension of acoustic emission decreases after an initial increase, and the rock fracture develops gradually in an order way from a disorder way.

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针对花岗岩开展单轴分级加载声发射试验,分析了试样在失稳破裂前各保载阶段声发射频率、事件发生率及其分形维数演化特征。结果表明:花岗岩分级加载过程中,高频信号随着应力增大先减小后增加;试样在分级应力加载的最后一个保载阶段发生宏观失稳,该阶段试样内部微裂纹由稳定扩展阶段进入非稳定扩展阶段;试样失稳前各保载阶段,声发射事件发生率随着时间延长而逐渐降低,最后一个保载阶段,声发射事件发生率先降低后升高,岩石内部非稳定性破裂增加,微裂纹逐渐合并、贯通,形成宏观裂纹,进而引发试样的整体失稳破坏;随着应力增大,声发射分形维数呈现先升高后降低的趋势,岩石破裂逐渐从无序向有序发展。

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侯奎奎(1991—),男,河南焦作人,硕士,工程师,主要从事深部岩石力学与地压监测方面的研究。E-mail:

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侯奎奎(1991—),男,河南焦作人,硕士,工程师,主要从事深部岩石力学与地压监测方面的研究。E-mail:

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侯奎奎(1991—),男,河南焦作人,硕士,工程师,主要从事深部岩石力学与地压监测方面的研究。E-mail:

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(a)示意图;(b)实物图

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(a)50 MPa;(b)140 MPa;(c)150 MPa

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花岗岩分级加载过程中声发射及其分形特征分析
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侯奎奎 1, 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024,44(6): 32-35
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024, 44(6): 32-35
花岗岩分级加载过程中声发射及其分形特征分析
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侯奎奎1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.山东黄金集团深井开采实验室,山东 莱州 261400
  • 2.山东省深海深地金属矿智能开采重点实验室,山东 济南 250000
  • 侯奎奎(1991—),男,河南焦作人,硕士,工程师,主要从事深部岩石力学与地压监测方面的研究。E-mail:

Analysis of Acoustic Emission and Fractal Characteristics of Granite Under Step Loading
Kuikui HOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Laboratory of Deep Mining of Shandong Gold Group Co., Ltd., Laizhou 261400, Shandong, China
  • 2.Shandong Key Laboratory of Deep-Sea and Deep-Earth Metallic Mineral Intelligent Mining, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
出版时间: 2024-12-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.007
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针对花岗岩开展单轴分级加载声发射试验,分析了试样在失稳破裂前各保载阶段声发射频率、事件发生率及其分形维数演化特征。结果表明:花岗岩分级加载过程中,高频信号随着应力增大先减小后增加;试样在分级应力加载的最后一个保载阶段发生宏观失稳,该阶段试样内部微裂纹由稳定扩展阶段进入非稳定扩展阶段;试样失稳前各保载阶段,声发射事件发生率随着时间延长而逐渐降低,最后一个保载阶段,声发射事件发生率先降低后升高,岩石内部非稳定性破裂增加,微裂纹逐渐合并、贯通,形成宏观裂纹,进而引发试样的整体失稳破坏;随着应力增大,声发射分形维数呈现先升高后降低的趋势,岩石破裂逐渐从无序向有序发展。

花岗岩  /  分级加载  /  声发射  /  岩石力学  /  分形特征  /  频谱分析  /  分形维数

An acoustic emission (AE) test of granite under uniaxial step loading was carried out, and the evolution characteristics of AE frequency, event incidence and fractal dimension of the sample at each load-holding stage before occurrence of instability and fracture were analyzed. The results show that the high-frequency signal first decreases and then increases with the increase of stress in the process of step loading; and macro-instability occurs in the sample at the last stage of step loading, at which the internal micro-cracks in the sample undergo from stable propagation to unstable propagation. The incidence of acoustic emission events decreases gradually as time is prolonged. At the last stage of step loading, the incidence of acoustic emission events decreases first and then increases, unstable fracture in the rock increases and micro-cracks gradually merge and coalesce to form macro-cracks, resulting in overall instability and fracture of the sample; with the increase of stress, the fractal dimension of acoustic emission decreases after an initial increase, and the rock fracture develops gradually in an order way from a disorder way.

granite  /  step loading  /  acoustic emission  /  rock mechanics  /  fractal characteristics  /  spectrum analysis  /  fractal dimension
侯奎奎. 花岗岩分级加载过程中声发射及其分形特征分析. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (6) : 32 -35 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.007
Kuikui HOU. Analysis of Acoustic Emission and Fractal Characteristics of Granite Under Step Loading[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (6) : 32 -35 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.007
深部矿产资源开发过程中岩石应力会发生多次变化,且均有可能保持一定时间。不同应力状态下岩石内部将发生不同程度的裂纹萌生、扩展,宏观上表现为岩石流变及时效特性[1]。目前,岩石力学室内试验主要利用声发射(acoustic emission,AE)技术[2-7],以试样应力、应变为基础,研究岩石时效特性。声发射技术作为一种无损检测技术,能够敏锐获取岩石内部微破裂相关信息,在岩石力学试验中广泛应用。本文以内蒙古某金矿下盘花岗岩为研究对象,对试样开展单轴分级加载声发射试验,分析试样在加载、保载阶段声发射频率、事件发生率及分形维数演化特征,揭示岩石破裂过程中内部微裂纹萌生、扩展、贯通的演化过程,为评估深部岩石在长期荷载作用下的稳定性提供参考。
试验设备包括ZTR-276微机控制电液伺服岩石三轴试验系统、PCI-2型声发射系统和RT50-AE型声发射传感器。ZTR-276微机控制电液伺服岩石三轴试验系统最大轴向力2 000 kN,加载速率0.01~5 kN/s(0.01~50 mm/min)。试验过程中声发射系统门槛值为45 dB,采样率5 MHz,采样长度3 000。
从埋深约1 000 m处取试验用花岗岩,将其加工成直径50 mm、高100 mm的圆柱形标准岩石试样,试样两端不平行度小于0.02 mm[8]。试验采用分级加载,从0开始逐级加载,每级增加10 MPa,每级加载结束后保载30 min。加载过程采用应力控制,加载速率0.1 kN/s。每个岩石试样表面均匀布置6个声发射传感器,其分布如图1所示。
单轴压缩试验主频与应力见图2
试样在失稳前的各保载阶段均保持应力稳定直至进入下一次加载阶段;最后一次加载结束后试样仍能保持稳定,未发生宏观失稳;进入最后一个保载阶段一段时间后,试样发生宏观破裂。
由于脆性岩石峰值频率一般大于100 kHz,需采用声发射采集系统后处理功能过滤掉峰值频率低于100 kHz的声发射信号。整体上看,应力较小时声发射信号频率主要集中在150~250 kHz。试样所受应力60 MPa左右时,声发射高频信号为整个加载过程的最低值,随着应力增加,声发射信号频率开始向高频迁移。结合声发射事件发生率,试样所受应力60 MPa时,声发射事件开始持续产生,岩石试样开始进入塑性阶段。不同尺度微破裂产生的声发射信号主频不同[9],随着试样所受荷载增大,声发射高频信号逐渐增加,岩石试样内部出现较大尺度的破裂与微裂纹贯穿。总之,花岗岩加载过程中高频信号数量随着应力增大先减少后增加。
试样各保载阶段声发射事件发生率见图3
保载应力10~60 MPa时,试样主要处于微裂隙压密阶段与弹性变形阶段,内部应力调整时间较短,保载初期仍有声发射事件发生,随着保载时间持续,声发射事件逐渐降低至0,声发射事件主要由岩石本身微裂隙压密与原生微裂纹的闭合所产生。保载应力50 MPa时的声发射事件发生率如图3(a)所示。
保载应力70~140 MPa时,试样逐渐进入塑性阶段。各阶段声发射事件随着时间延长而逐渐降低,最终以较低的发生率持续产生。声发射事件持续产生代表试样内部在不断地进行应力调整,岩石内部微破裂进入稳定发展阶段,内部微裂纹逐渐产生、合并及贯通。保载应力140 MPa时的声发射事件发生率如图3(b)所示。
保载应力150 MPa时,声发射事件随着时间延长先降低后迅速升高,最终试样发生宏观破裂,如图3(c)所示。
图3可以看出:试样所受应力较低时,岩石声发射活动恢复到较低水平的时间较短,岩石处于微裂纹稳定扩展阶段;随着岩石所受应力逐渐增大,岩石内部微裂纹逐渐转向非稳定性扩展阶段,声发射活动恢复到稳定阶段的时间增加,最终发生宏观破坏。
分形理论创立于20世纪70年代[10],我国最早由谢和平[11]将分形理论与损伤力学相结合,应用于岩石损伤程度分析。本文从不同保载应力下声发射事件发生率分形维数的变化情况对试样的稳定性进行分析,采用G-P算法[12-13]计算试样在各阶段声发射事件发生率的分形维数,每一个保载阶段形成一个序列集:
由式(1)构建m维相空间(m<n),收割m维相空间向量为:
依次向后平移一个数据构成以下向量:
一共可以构建NN=n-m+1)个向量,其关联函数为:
式中:H为Heaviside函数,其表达式为:
r为量测尺度,为避免分散性,r的取值为:
式中k=1,2,3,4,…。
每个量测尺度r对应一个Wr)。将坐标系中由lgr与lgWr)构成的坐标点进行一元线性拟合,拟合直线斜率即为分形维数D
不同相空间维数m会得到不同分形维数Dm值较小时,不相邻的点有可能出现虚假相邻现象,相空间吸引子重叠。m值较大时,原本相邻相空间有可能出现虚假相离现象,相空间吸引子分散[12]图4为保载应力10 MPa时不同m值分形维数的变化图。从图4可知,m达到3时分形维数趋于稳定,因此本文选取相空间维数为3。
以声发射事件发生率分形维数作为岩石内部微破裂无序性的度量,能够很好地反映微破裂演化规律。不同保载应力下分形维数如图5所示。
图5可知:0~80 MPa时,声发射事件发生率分形维数随着保载应力增大整体升高,这是因为在较低应力水平时,试样内部以小尺度的微破裂为主,小尺度微破裂所占比例较多且有所增加,岩石处于相对稳定阶段;80~140 MPa时,声发射事件发生率分形维数变化较小,说明岩石内部微破裂逐渐从稳定扩展阶段转向非稳定扩展阶段,小尺度微破裂和大尺度微破裂所占比例相当;试样所受保载应力150 MPa时,声发射事件发生率分形维数显著降低,意味着岩石内部大尺度破裂所占比例增加,岩石内裂纹扩展从无序逐渐向有序发展,最终出现宏观破裂。岩石在破裂过程中,声发射事件发生率分形维数出现先升高后降低的趋势,特别是在试样发生破坏前,分形维数下降到最低,反映了岩石破裂过程中的分维规律性,表明岩石失稳破坏是一个降维有序的过程,可利用岩石分形维数的变化规律对岩石稳定性进行评估。
以内蒙古某金矿下盘花岗岩为研究试件,开展了单轴分级加载试验,分析了加载、保载过程中岩石破裂全过程声发射事件发生率及分形维数演化特征,得出以下研究结论:
1)试样加载全过程中声发射高频信号随着应力增大先减少后增多,保载阶段声发射高频信号较少。
2)试样所受应力较低时,岩石声发射活动恢复到平静阶段的时间较短,岩石处于微裂纹稳定扩展状态。随着岩石所受应力增大,岩石内部微裂纹逐渐转向非稳定扩展,声发射事件持续产生,声发射活动恢复到稳定期的时间增加,微裂纹进入非稳定扩展阶段,最终形成宏观裂纹。
3)岩石在破裂过程中,声发射分形维数出现先升高后降低的趋势,特别是在试样发生破坏前,分形维数下降到最低,反映了岩石破裂过程中的分维规律性,表明岩石失稳破坏是一个降维有序的过程,可利用岩石分形维数的变化规律对岩体稳定性进行评估。
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021ZD36)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.06.007
  • 接收时间:2024-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-12-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-08
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山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021ZD36)
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    1.山东黄金集团深井开采实验室,山东 莱州 261400
    2.山东省深海深地金属矿智能开采重点实验室,山东 济南 250000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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