Article(id=1241321993153336095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698336000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883825815, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1711900800000, pubDateStr=2024-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883825815, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883825815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883825815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321979433767757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883822544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884556149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=183, endPage=187, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321993417577276, articleId=1241321993153336095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effects of Welding Parameters on Tolerance in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the effects of welding parameters on the tolerance of friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar aluminum alloys, the mechanical properties and structure of joint of dissimilar aluminum alloys (A356 and AA6061) by FSW under different welding parameters were studied by means of micro-hardness testing, tensile mechanical properties testing, scanning electron microscopy among other analytical testing means. The results show that as for the workpieces with the gap from 0 mm to 1 mm, the welded joint has tensile strength decreased significantly and presents visible welding defects. With tool pin of the same specification, the material flow can be promoted by decreasing the welding speed from 120 mm/min to 80 mm/min, thus the tolerance of workpiece gap will be greatly improved. The tool pin with diameter increased from 4 mm to 6 mm can lead to higher tolerance for welding, but also the material with a higher fusion degree and without delamination.

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为了研究焊接参数对异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的影响,采用显微硬度测试、拉伸力学性能测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析测试手段研究了不同焊接工艺参数下的A356与AA6061异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接头的力学性能及组织。结果表明,工件间隙从0 mm增至1 mm,焊接头抗拉强度显著下降,并产生肉眼可见的焊接缺陷;搅拌头规格保持不变,将焊接速度从120 mm/min降至80 mm/min,可促进材料流动从而提高对工件间隙的容限;搅拌针直径从4 mm增至6 mm,可提高焊接的公差容限,且材料融合程度明显提高,不再出现分层现象。

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王孟君(1965—),男,湖南长沙人,教授,主要从事铝合金塑性成形方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘家睿(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为搅拌摩擦焊的残余应力。E-mail:

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刘家睿(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为搅拌摩擦焊的残余应力。E-mail:

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刘家睿(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为搅拌摩擦焊的残余应力。E-mail:

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Manufacturing Review, 2020, 7: 2020025., articleTitle=The influence of welding parameters on macrostructure and mechanical properties of Sc-modified AA2519-T62 FSW joints, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327514103108052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321993153336095, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=26, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=黄紫玲, 杨昭, 范纲衔, journalName=热加工工艺, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄紫玲, 杨昭, 范纲衔, 等. 对接间隙对A356铝合金FSW接头组织和性能的影响[J]. 热加工工艺, 2022(9): 26-31., articleTitle=对接间隙对A356铝合金FSW接头组织和性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327514203771349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321993153336095, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=119, pageEnd=126, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=肖毅华, 张浩锋, journalName=机械科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=肖毅华, 张浩锋. 6061-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场的数值模型和参数影响分析[J]. 机械科学与技术, 2017, 36(1): 119-126., articleTitle=6061-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊温度场的数值模型和参数影响分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327514291851735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321993153336095, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=163, pageEnd=169, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=王淼, 刘强, 李天景, journalName=矿冶工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王淼, 刘强, 李天景. 6061铝合金FSW焊缝时效组织与力学性能研究[J]. 矿冶工程, 2021, 41(5): 163-169., articleTitle=6061铝合金FSW焊缝时效组织与力学性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327514367349210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321993153336095, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=909, pageEnd=920, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Bijanrostami K, Barenji R V, Hashemipour M, journalName=Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bijanrostami K, Barenji R V, Hashemipour M. Effect of traverse and rotational speeds on the tensile behavior of the underwater dissimilar friction stir welded aluminum alloys[J]. 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(a)焊接起始位置;(b)焊接结束位置

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(a)80 mm/min;(b)120 mm/min

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(a)焊核区;(b)焊核区到热机影响区的过渡区;(c)母材

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材料名称CuMnMgZnCr
AA6061-T60.15~0.400.150.8~1.20.250.04~0.35
A356-T60.050.30~0.450.05
材料名称TiFeSiAl
AA6061-T60.150.700.4~0.8余量
A356-T60.20.126.5~7.5余量
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实验材料成分(质量分数)

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材料名称CuMnMgZnCr
AA6061-T60.15~0.400.150.8~1.20.250.04~0.35
A356-T60.050.30~0.450.05
材料名称TiFeSiAl
AA6061-T60.150.700.4~0.8余量
A356-T60.20.126.5~7.5余量
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实验组轴肩尺寸/mm行进速度/(mm·min-1搅拌针直径/mm
1151204
215806
3151206
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焊接参数

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实验组轴肩尺寸/mm行进速度/(mm·min-1搅拌针直径/mm
1151204
215806
3151206
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焊接参数对异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的影响
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刘家睿 , 李庆乾 , 李佳慧 , 杨昭 , 王孟君
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(2): 183-187
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(2): 183-187
焊接参数对异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的影响
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刘家睿 , 李庆乾, 李佳慧, 杨昭, 王孟君
作者信息
  • 中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 刘家睿(1999—),男,湖南长沙人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为搅拌摩擦焊的残余应力。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王孟君(1965—),男,湖南长沙人,教授,主要从事铝合金塑性成形方面的研究。E-mail:
Effects of Welding Parameters on Tolerance in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys
Jiarui LIU , Qingqian LI, Jiahui LI, Zhao YANG, Mengjun WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.039
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为了研究焊接参数对异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的影响,采用显微硬度测试、拉伸力学性能测试、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析测试手段研究了不同焊接工艺参数下的A356与AA6061异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接头的力学性能及组织。结果表明,工件间隙从0 mm增至1 mm,焊接头抗拉强度显著下降,并产生肉眼可见的焊接缺陷;搅拌头规格保持不变,将焊接速度从120 mm/min降至80 mm/min,可促进材料流动从而提高对工件间隙的容限;搅拌针直径从4 mm增至6 mm,可提高焊接的公差容限,且材料融合程度明显提高,不再出现分层现象。

搅拌摩擦焊  /  异种铝合金焊接  /  公差容限  /  力学性能  /  工件间隙  /  焊接速度  /  搅拌针直径

To study the effects of welding parameters on the tolerance of friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar aluminum alloys, the mechanical properties and structure of joint of dissimilar aluminum alloys (A356 and AA6061) by FSW under different welding parameters were studied by means of micro-hardness testing, tensile mechanical properties testing, scanning electron microscopy among other analytical testing means. The results show that as for the workpieces with the gap from 0 mm to 1 mm, the welded joint has tensile strength decreased significantly and presents visible welding defects. With tool pin of the same specification, the material flow can be promoted by decreasing the welding speed from 120 mm/min to 80 mm/min, thus the tolerance of workpiece gap will be greatly improved. The tool pin with diameter increased from 4 mm to 6 mm can lead to higher tolerance for welding, but also the material with a higher fusion degree and without delamination.

friction stir welding (FSW)  /  welding of dissimilar aluminum alloy  /  tolerance  /  mechanical properties  /  workpieces with the gap  /  welding speed  /  diameter of tool pin
刘家睿, 李庆乾, 李佳慧, 杨昭, 王孟君. 焊接参数对异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (2) : 183 -187 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.039
Jiarui LIU, Qingqian LI, Jiahui LI, Zhao YANG, Mengjun WANG. Effects of Welding Parameters on Tolerance in Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Aluminum Alloys[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (2) : 183 -187 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.039
铝合金汽车轮毂具有自重轻、制作工艺成熟等优势,使用搅拌摩擦焊将A356铸造轮毂盘面与AA6061旋压轮圈[1]焊接[2]成具有中空结构的轮毂,可在降低轮毂自重的条件下降低车辆运行时产生的噪音。实际生产中,受待焊工件加工精度及装配等因素的影响,可能导致焊缝无法对齐、焊缝之间存在间隙或工件之间存在高低差[3-6],影响焊接头质量。两片式轮毂的盘面采用铸造工艺,尺寸精度较低,可能无法与轮圈部分良好对接;焊接过程中,夹具夹持力不足也会导致对接件无法紧密接触[6-8]。工件间存在间隙时,搅拌头无法带动足够材料填补该间隙,接触面积减少也会导致搅拌头热输入降低[5,9],进一步增加了焊接缺陷产生的可能性。本课题组前期研究表明,对接公差达到0.3 mm时无法获得具有良好性能的焊接头[10],因此,探寻提高搅拌摩擦焊公差容限的方法具有重要的工程应用价值。
实验材料为AA6061铝合金与A356铝合金,热处理状态均为T6,其成分如表1所示。
采用2518-3T型龙门式搅拌摩擦焊机进行焊接,使用的两种搅拌头其搅拌针直径分别为4 mm和6 mm,均附有名义螺距1 mm的螺纹,轴肩直径15 mm,如图1所示。一端塞入1.2 mm塞规时,将两块待焊工件固定在夹具上,在焊接路径上形成0~1.2 mm连续变化的间隙,并采用如表2所示的焊接参数进行焊接。
焊接完成后,沿焊接方向切割出拉伸试样,并使用STS1000K型万能力学试验机进行拉伸试验。使用OLYMPUS BH2-UMA型金相显微镜观察焊接头金相组织;采用TESCAN Mira3型扫描电镜观察拉伸断口;采用HVS-1000显微硬度计测试焊接头硬度分布情况,硬度点取样位置如图2所示,为5×15个横纵向点距均为1 mm的取样点。
Φ6 mm搅拌针在焊接速度120 mm/min下的焊缝宏观形貌如图3所示。由图3可知,在焊缝的起始阶段存在飞边缺陷,主要分布于后退侧母材表面,呈不规则形状或波浪形。产生飞边缺陷的原因是预热阶段搅拌头下压量过大,压缩了焊缝内空间,导致焊缝内的空间无法容纳过多被软化的金属,这些多余的金属在搅拌头的旋转作用下到达轴肩边缘并不断溢出[2],形成飞边缺陷。焊缝表面附着有大小不一的铝合金颗粒,是因为焊接过程中表面的高温铝合金随轴肩滚动形成球形颗粒,降温后附着在焊缝表面[10]。焊缝尾端存在匙孔缺陷,除此之外,焊缝表面平整光亮,仅在边缘处产生少量毛刺。同时,焊缝表面洋葱环分布均匀。Φ6 mm搅拌针在不同焊接速度下的焊缝飞边缺陷如图4所示。由图4可知,焊接速度120 mm/min时焊缝表面飞边缺陷更大且溢出的物质更多,起伏明显。
使用不同焊接参数焊接产生的隧道孔缺陷如图5所示。采用Φ6 mm搅拌针,行进速度120 mm/min,工件间隙大于0.6 mm时出现隧道孔缺陷,且随着工件间隙扩大,隧道孔缺陷有增大的趋势;搅拌针直径6 mm、焊接速度80 mm/min,工件间隙大于0.9 mm后出现微小隧道孔缺陷;搅拌针直径4 mm,焊接速度120 mm/min时,隧道孔缺陷贯穿整个焊接行程,未能形成良好的焊接头,且随着工件间隙增大,隧道孔缺陷明显增大。搅拌针直径6 mm时,焊接样品隧道孔缺陷产生于前进侧焊核区边缘靠近焊缝表面的位置,如图5中白色圆圈位置所示。搅拌针直径4 mm时,隧道孔缺陷位于热机影响区底部。隧道孔缺陷产生的原因与材料流动性有关[4],搅拌头行进速度过快时,工件受热不足[11],材料流动性下降,导致金属无法被完全软化并被搅拌头带动,较小的搅拌针也无法带动足够的材料流动以填补搅拌过程中产生的空隙,出现隧道孔缺陷[5]
图6为焊接头不同区域的金相显微组织。焊核区材料在搅拌头的作用下产生剧烈塑性变形,其中A356的微观组织为细小等轴晶,母材中Si被打碎后呈颗粒状弥散分布于铝基体中,A356与AA6061之间存在明显分界线。从焊合区到热影响区之间的晶粒形态可见,焊合区由细小等轴晶组成,中部的热机影响区内部晶粒变形程度较低且不发生动态再结晶,因此为沿界面方向伸长的长条状;右下部分热影响区内晶粒仅受热循环作用而没有机械作用,因此晶粒形态与母材基本一致,但尺寸相比母材稍大[12]。母材由树枝晶组成。
Φ6 mm搅拌针在焊接速度120 mm/min、无间隙条件下得到的无缺陷焊接头剖面显微硬度分布如图7所示。图中左侧为硬度较高的AA6061母材,右侧为硬度较低的A356母材。由图7可知,焊核区域硬度显著低于母材,且硬度最低值出现在热机影响区内部的轴肩影响区和搅拌针影响区的交界处,略低于焊核区硬度,且与特定焊接参数下隧道孔缺陷产生的位置一致。结合Hall-Petch公式及金相照片可知,热影响区仅受热循环影响,晶粒粗化,硬度下降,焊核区组织同时受到热输入和机械搅拌作用,主要由细小的等轴晶组成,但由于晶粒破碎过程中铝合金强化相易析出,破坏了原有晶格组织,焊核区硬度仍低于母材[10]。热机影响区内部的低硬度区域恰好与特定焊接参数下隧道孔缺陷产生的位置一致,表明在焊接过程中此区域材料回填能力差,易于产生隧道孔缺陷。由此可知,热机影响区内部的低硬度区域是焊接头中最薄弱的位置。
不同焊接参数下焊接头抗拉强度见图8。由图8可知,不同焊接参数下,焊接头抗拉强度均出现不同程度的下降。Φ6 mm搅拌针在焊接速度120 mm/min下的焊接头抗拉强度下降明显,工件间隙0.9 mm时,焊接头抗拉强度仅为无间隙样品的86%。焊接速度降至80 mm/min时,抗拉强度下降幅度减小,工件间隙0.9 mm时焊接头抗拉强度相较无间隙样品仅下降4.9%。焊接速度提高后,对工件的热输入减小,工件材料无法完全软化,流动性不佳,工件间隙扩大时,焊接头内产生隧道孔缺陷,导致焊接头有效承载面积显著下降,同时冷却速度过快会导致焊后沉淀析出相减少,力学性能下降[13]。Φ4 mm搅拌针在焊接速度120 mm/min时无法获得良好的焊接头,无工件间隙时依然存在大尺寸隧道孔缺陷,使得其抗拉强度处于较低水平。
图9为焊接速度120 mm/min下焊接头的拉伸断口宏观及微观形貌。焊接头通常在硬度最低的区域断裂,但由于本实验采用的样品保留了未焊透的部分,在焊核区底部受未焊透部分影响,不同工艺参数下的样品裂纹均从焊接头底部未焊透处开启,沿焊核区前进侧边缘向上扩展。样品中存在隧道孔缺陷时,其附近出现应力集中,造成裂纹扩展前端应力状态改变,裂纹扩展方向改变且途经隧道孔缺陷。由图9可知,Φ6 mm搅拌针、工件间隙0 mm时,断口内未见隧道孔缺陷。从断口表面看,两种材料融合良好,没有出现明显分层,断口表面分布着许多尺寸不等、深浅不一的韧窝,在韧窝底部可以观察到第二相颗粒,表现为良好的韧性断裂特征。工件间隙增至0.6 mm及0.9 mm时,断口表面可观察到沿焊接方向分布的隧道孔缺陷,其尺寸随着工件间隙增大而增加。受隧道孔缺陷影响,断口受力及裂纹扩展方向均发生改变,断口表面除等轴韧窝外还出现了尺寸较大的拉伸撕裂韧窝,韧窝较深,表明材料塑性良好。Φ4 mm搅拌针焊接的焊接头内部分层明显,材料融合情况差且出现隧道孔缺陷。
1)待焊工件间隙从0 mm增至1 mm时,焊接头抗拉强度显著下降,并产生肉眼可见的焊接缺陷。
2)焊接速度从120 mm/min降至80 mm/min或搅拌针直径从4 mm增至6 mm后,工件间隙容限有所增加。焊接速度80 mm/min、搅拌针直径6 mm时,工件间隙的容限较高。
参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.039
  • 接收时间:2023-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-27
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    中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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王孟君(1965—),男,湖南长沙人,教授,主要从事铝合金塑性成形方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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