Article(id=1241321989630120446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697644800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883824975, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1711900800000, pubDateStr=2024-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883824975, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883824975, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883824975, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321979433767757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883822544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884556149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=83, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321989965664790, articleId=1241321989630120446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Comparison of Dephosphorization Performance of Different Additives in Direct Reduction of High-Phosphorus Hematite and Molecular Dynamics Simulation, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Experiments were carried out to compare dephosphorization performance of CaCO3, Na2CO3 and CaF2 in direct reduction roasting process of high-phosphorus hematite. It is found that Na2CO3 presents the best dephosphorization performance, followed by CaCO3. The molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to calculate the distribution of bridging oxygen and the mean square displacement (MSD) of oxygen atoms during the roasting process of the system with three different additives respectively, and the dephosphorization mechanism of CaCO3, Na2CO3, CaF2 during the direct reduction process of high-phosphorus hematite was explored. The results show that the mechanism of dephosphorization by additives is to inhibit reduction of apatite by increasing the content of free oxygen or the MSD of oxygen atoms in the system and reducing the oxygen atoms shared by Si and P in the system. It is found that the dephosphorization performance of additives is positively correlated with the MSD of oxygen atoms in the system.

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通过试验对比了高磷赤铁矿直接还原焙烧过程中不同添加剂CaCO3、Na2CO3、CaF2的脱磷性能,结果表明,Na2CO3的脱磷性能更好,CaCO3次之。利用分子动力学模拟统计计算使用3种不同添加剂后体系在焙烧过程中的桥氧分布和氧原子均方位移,查明了高磷赤铁矿直接还原过程中CaCO3、Na2CO3、CaF2的脱磷机制,结果表明,添加剂脱磷的作用机制是提高体系中自由氧含量或提高体系中氧原子的均方位移,减少体系中Si、P共用氧原子,从而抑制磷灰石的还原;添加剂脱磷性能与体系中氧原子均方位移呈正相关的规律。

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钟志刚(1993—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,主要从事矿产资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

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钟志刚(1993—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,主要从事矿产资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

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钟志刚(1993—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,主要从事矿产资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图7, caption=各体系中氧原子均方位移, figureFileSmall=lE0WC598evFt0da+ZIfnWA==, figureFileBig=3NPkAwWxa1LKpLP85A6kBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327506784055981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321989630120446, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TFeSiO2Al2O3CaOMgOP
43.5817.109.283.580.450.94
), ArticleFig(id=1241327506855359153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321989630120446, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

鄂西高磷赤铁矿化学多元素分析结果(质量分数)

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TFeSiO2Al2O3CaOMgOP
43.5817.109.283.580.450.94
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添加剂种类原子个数盒子边长/nm
FeOPCaSiFNa总计
8881 82639641701303 0006.628 4
20%CaCO38881 998392361701303 3447.043 7
20%Na2CO38881 9903964170133283 4927.043 7
20%CaF8881 8263928917046303 6757.043 7
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体系原子种类、个数及盒子边长

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添加剂种类原子个数盒子边长/nm
FeOPCaSiFNa总计
8881 82639641701303 0006.628 4
20%CaCO38881 998392361701303 3447.043 7
20%Na2CO38881 9903964170133283 4927.043 7
20%CaF8881 8263928917046303 6757.043 7
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添加剂种类各类氧含量/%
桥氧非桥氧自由氧
27.1069.103.80
20%CaCO313.9774.1111.92
20%Na2CO310.1473.1216.74
20%CaF24.0572.123.83
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不同体系各类氧含量对比

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添加剂种类各类氧含量/%
桥氧非桥氧自由氧
27.1069.103.80
20%CaCO313.9774.1111.92
20%Na2CO310.1473.1216.74
20%CaF24.0572.123.83
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高磷赤铁矿直接还原过程中不同添加剂脱磷的性能对比及分子动力学模拟研究
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钟志刚 , 李宗蔚 , 杨备 , 罗良飞
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024,44(2): 83-87
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024, 44(2): 83-87
高磷赤铁矿直接还原过程中不同添加剂脱磷的性能对比及分子动力学模拟研究
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钟志刚 , 李宗蔚, 杨备, 罗良飞
作者信息
  • 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 钟志刚(1993—),男,江西赣州人,硕士,主要从事矿产资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

Comparison of Dephosphorization Performance of Different Additives in Direct Reduction of High-Phosphorus Hematite and Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Zhigang ZHONG , Zongwei LI, Bei YANG, Liangfei LUO
Affiliations
  • Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.021
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通过试验对比了高磷赤铁矿直接还原焙烧过程中不同添加剂CaCO3、Na2CO3、CaF2的脱磷性能,结果表明,Na2CO3的脱磷性能更好,CaCO3次之。利用分子动力学模拟统计计算使用3种不同添加剂后体系在焙烧过程中的桥氧分布和氧原子均方位移,查明了高磷赤铁矿直接还原过程中CaCO3、Na2CO3、CaF2的脱磷机制,结果表明,添加剂脱磷的作用机制是提高体系中自由氧含量或提高体系中氧原子的均方位移,减少体系中Si、P共用氧原子,从而抑制磷灰石的还原;添加剂脱磷性能与体系中氧原子均方位移呈正相关的规律。

分子动力学模拟  /  直接还原  /  高磷赤铁矿  /  脱磷  /  脱磷剂  /  磷灰石  /  自由氧  /  均方位移

Experiments were carried out to compare dephosphorization performance of CaCO3, Na2CO3 and CaF2 in direct reduction roasting process of high-phosphorus hematite. It is found that Na2CO3 presents the best dephosphorization performance, followed by CaCO3. The molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to calculate the distribution of bridging oxygen and the mean square displacement (MSD) of oxygen atoms during the roasting process of the system with three different additives respectively, and the dephosphorization mechanism of CaCO3, Na2CO3, CaF2 during the direct reduction process of high-phosphorus hematite was explored. The results show that the mechanism of dephosphorization by additives is to inhibit reduction of apatite by increasing the content of free oxygen or the MSD of oxygen atoms in the system and reducing the oxygen atoms shared by Si and P in the system. It is found that the dephosphorization performance of additives is positively correlated with the MSD of oxygen atoms in the system.

molecular dynamics simulation  /  direct reduction  /  high-phosphorus hematite  /  dephosphorization  /  dephosphorizing agent  /  apatite  /  free oxygen  /  mean square displacement (MSD)
钟志刚, 李宗蔚, 杨备, 罗良飞. 高磷赤铁矿直接还原过程中不同添加剂脱磷的性能对比及分子动力学模拟研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (2) : 83 -87 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.021
Zhigang ZHONG, Zongwei LI, Bei YANG, Liangfei LUO. Comparison of Dephosphorization Performance of Different Additives in Direct Reduction of High-Phosphorus Hematite and Molecular Dynamics Simulation[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (2) : 83 -87 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.021
世界高磷铁矿储量丰富,仅我国的储量就高达74亿吨。开发适用于高磷赤铁矿的选冶技术,对于保证我国铁矿资源供给、促进我国钢铁工业长期稳定发展,具有重大意义[1]
根据高磷赤铁矿的复杂特性,可以采用还原焙烧-磨矿-磁选的选冶联合工艺对其进行高效处理[1-5]。该工艺将高磷赤铁矿在一定还原气氛下焙烧,所得焙烧产物在合适的工艺条件下磨矿和磁选,实现金属铁与脉石的分离[6]。该工艺的难点在于还原气氛下不仅赤铁矿会发生还原,磷灰石也会部分还原产生单质磷,还原出的单质磷很容易进入铁相[7-9],此时只通过磨矿-磁选的方法难以实现铁磷的分离,不能得到指标良好的金属铁。
为了抑制磷灰石的还原,研究人员在直接还原过程中加入脱磷剂,CaCO3、Na2CO3、CaF2被证实能够在还原过程中起到脱磷作用[10-12],但这3种添加剂在高磷赤铁矿直接还原焙烧过程中脱磷性能差异未被详细对比,且脱磷机制尚不清晰。本文以鄂西高磷鲕状赤铁矿为原料,对比了3种添加剂的脱磷性能,并利用分子动力学模拟手段从分子层面对3种添加剂的脱磷机理进行研究,阐明了CaCO3、Na2CO3、CaF2脱磷性能不同的原因。
鄂西鲕状铁矿是高磷赤铁矿石中较为典型的一类矿床,具有分布广、规模大、储量丰富等特点。其化学多元素分析结果见表1。该矿石中铁含量达到了43.58%,主要以赤铁矿形式赋存;有害元素磷含量达到了0.94%。
为了考察不同添加剂对高鳞鲕状赤铁矿直接还原铁指标的影响规律,在还原温度1 150 ℃、烟煤用量20%、焙烧时间70 min条件下,只改变添加剂种类和用量,使用包埋法对高磷赤铁矿进行还原焙烧-磨矿-磁选,获得直接还原铁精矿。试验流程见图1
将制备好的球团放入石墨坩埚中用20%的烟煤包埋加盖保护,待马弗炉炉膛温度升至1 150 ℃时,将坩埚放入马弗炉中焙烧70 min。达到焙烧时间后将坩埚取出,在空气中自然冷却得到焙烧矿。将焙烧矿破碎至-2 mm,缩分后用棒磨机进行一段磨矿,磨矿细度-0.074 mm粒级占50%,使用磁选管在磁场强度87.58 kA/m条件下进行一段磁选,一段磁选精矿进行再磨再选;二段磨矿细度-0.074 mm粒级占90%,二段磁选磁场强度87.58 kA/m,二段磁选精矿为最终产品直接还原铁。
采用化学分析法检测直接还原铁粉中铁品位及磷含量,计算金属铁回收率,对试验结果进行分析,对比不同添加剂的脱磷性能。
CaCO3用量对直接还原铁指标的影响如图2所示。由图2可以看出,不添加CaCO3时,直接还原铁铁品位和铁回收率分别为92.84%和87.59%,但磷含量达到0.47%;随着CaCO3用量增加,直接还原铁品位逐渐下降,但依然保持在较高水平,铁回收率小幅上升,磷含量先大幅下降后小幅下降,说明CaCO3能降低直接还原铁中磷含量。
Na2CO3用量对直接还原铁指标的影响如图3所示。随着Na2CO3用量增加,直接还原铁品位逐渐提高,磷含量大幅下降,铁回收率小幅增加。Na2CO3提铁降磷性能良好,指标优于CaCO3
CaF2用量对直接还原铁指标的影响如图4所示。CaF2用量增加对直接还原铁品位和回收率的影响很小,CaF2用量20%时直接还原铁中磷含量仍有0.38%。可见CaF2具有一定的脱磷效果但不显著。
从回收铁的角度看,CaCO3和Na2CO3都能提高铁回收率,添加Na2CO3还能提高直接还原铁的品位;从脱磷性能分析,CaCO3、Na2CO3和CaF2都具有脱磷效果,其中Na2CO3脱磷性能最好,CaCO3次之。Na2CO3在提高铁回收率和脱磷效果方面更具优势,但CaCO3更廉价,大量添加Na2CO3会使成本过高。
选择Born-Mayer-Huggins(BMH)势函数作为分子动力学模拟的力场。BMH势函数形式如下:
式中Vijr)为i原子和j原子之间的势能;i原子和j原子之间的直接距离,nm;ε0为真空电容率,ε0=8.854 18×10-12 F/m(近似值);qiqji原子和j原子有效电荷的乘积;Aij为原子之间的库伦作用,g·nm2/fs2ρij为近程排斥作用,nm;Cij为相互作用产生的范德华作用,g·nm8/fs2;单位fs为飞秒,1 fs=1×10-15 s;AijρijCij的数值可查找BMH势函数的参数集[13]获得。
根据试验结果设置4个初始模型作为独立体系,分别为不使用添加剂、添加20%CaCO3、添加20%Na2CO3和添加20%CaF2。由于CaCO3和Na2CO3在高温下分解为CaO和Na2O,为了简化体系,可以按照质量比将20%的CaCO3和20%的Na2CO3换算为11.2%的CaO和11.6%的Na2O加入模拟系统中。
体系中赤铁矿密度约5.2 g/cm3,石英密度约2.7 g/cm3,氟磷灰石密度约3.18 g/cm3,因此可将体系密度确定为5.0 g/cm3。为了保证分子动力学模拟结果具有代表性,能够客观反映添加剂在直接还原过程中的作用情况,同时保证原子数量为整数,设置不使用添加剂的初始模型总原子数量为3 000,其他初始模型在该模型基础上加入添加剂,已知体系中全原子的相对分子质量和体系密度,可计算体系中盒子的边长。各初始构型的原子种类、个数及盒子边长如表2所示。
还原焙烧过程中,球团温度达到预设温度后,体系温度不变,过程中原子总数也不变,因此选择分子动力学模拟在NVT系统下进行,即保证体系原子数量n、体积v和温度t保持不变。平衡计算精度和效率将短程力的截止半径设为1 nm,选择周期性边界条件。
通过大量的探索性模拟,确定了一个稳定的计算过程,并将其应用于每个样本。首先将初始温度设为5 000 K,运行24 000个时间步长,这一步的目的是模拟高温地质成矿作用,消除建模过程中人为原因对原子初始分布的影响,优化体系中原子的初始位置。然后,用96 000个时间步长将温度冷却到1 423 K。系统在1 423 K弛豫60 000个时间步长,温度、体积和焓都保持不变时,表明系统达到了平衡状态。
本文研究的4个体系中包含了Si和P氧化物,根据已有文献资料,可以按照O2-两端所连接的离子不同,将O2-划分为桥氧、非桥氧以及自由氧。本文主要涉及的非桥氧结构为Si—O—Ca、P—O—Ca;自由氧两端连接的都是碱性阳离子。4个体系达到平衡态后各类氧含量比例如表3所示。从表3可以看出,未使用添加剂的体系和添加20%CaF2的体系自由氧含量较低、桥氧含量较高,说明未使用添加剂的体系和添加20%CaF2的体系中聚合体结构的聚合度更高;添加20%CaCO3和20%Na2CO3的体系聚合体结构更松散;添加20%Na2CO3体系的桥氧含量最低,说明添加Na2CO3后体系结构松散简单,有利于扩散。
为了进一步探究添加剂对体系结构及桥氧分布的影响规律,针对体系中存在的Si—O—P、Ca—O—P和Si—O—Si型氧进行统计,结果如图5所示。根据已有热力学研究了解到,没有石英参与,氟磷灰石无法在1 423 K发生还原,而石英的参与能够促进氟磷灰石的还原,此时体系中会出现Si—O—P型氧。
模拟开始前体系中不含Si—O—P型氧,模拟结束后体系中Si—O—P型氧含量越高,磷灰石的还原越充分;体系中Ca—O—P型氧存在于磷灰石中,模拟开始后不会生成新的Ca—O—P型氧,因此Ca—O—P含量能够描述体系中氟磷灰石的稳定性,Ca—O—P含量越高,说明体系中氟磷灰石越稳定。Si—O—Si型氧含量能够反映体系中Si4+网络结构的复杂程度,Si—O—Si型氧含量越高,体系中网格结构越复杂,体系中各种粒子的扩散受复杂网格的影响越严重。
图5可以看出,添加20%CaCO3和20%Na2CO3的体系中Si—O—P型氧和Si—O—Si型氧含量明显低于未使用添加剂和添加20%CaF2的体系,这是因为未使用添加剂和添加20%CaF2的体系中自由氧含量低,为了形成稳定的四面体结构,Si和P相互争夺氧原子,当两个不同的Si原子共用顶角的O原子时产生了Si—O—Si型氧,当Si原子和P原子共用O原子时出现了Si—O—P型氧。如图6所示。
CaCO3和Na2CO3分解后的组分为CaO和Na2O,它们为体系提供了自由氧,自由氧含量增加后Si、P无需再共用O原子,Si—O—Si型氧与Si—O—P型氧含量降低,体系中不产生Si—O—P型氧,磷灰石的还原被抑制。
图5还可以看出,添加CaCO3和Na2CO3的体系中Ca—O—P型氧含量更高,而体系中Ca—O—P型氧只存在于氟磷灰石中,这说明添加CaCO3和Na2CO3后氟磷灰石在体系中的稳定性提高了,不利于磷的还原。
虽然桥氧分布的研究已经解释了CaCO3和Na2CO3脱磷性能优于CaF2的原因,但还不能解释Na2CO3脱磷性能优于CaCO3的原因。相同质量的CaCO3分解后产生的自由氧数量多于Na2CO3,但脱磷性能却次于Na2CO3
如前所述,添加CaCO3的体系中Si—O—Si型氧含量要明显多于添加Na2CO3的体系,而Si—O—Si型氧越多,体系中原子迁移越困难。均方位移能够直观反映某个粒子在体系网格结构中的活跃程度,氧原子的均方位移MSD计算公式为:
式中rit)为i原子在t时刻的位置;〈〉是对组内所有原子进行平均的运算。
体系中氧原子的均方位移如图7所示。从图7可以看出,相同时间下,添加Na2CO3体系中氧原子均方位移最大,这与前文中添加Na2CO3后体系结构松散简单、利于扩散的结论一致,这是由于Na+具有更小的离子半径,能够较好地解聚体系中的复杂网格结构,网格边缘的Na+起到润滑的作用,加快自由氧的扩散,使得自由氧能充分扩散到体系中。因此,虽然添加20% Na2CO3的体系自由氧数量少于添加20%CaCO3的体系,但自由氧在Na+的润滑作用下能快速扩散到体系中,与[SiO4]和[PO4]四面体结合,达到抑制氟磷灰石还原的目的。CaF2具有一定脱磷效果的原因是体系中Ca2+数量增多,解聚了部分网格结构,加速了体系中自由氧的扩散。
1)CaCO3、Na2CO3和CaF2都具有脱磷效果,其中Na2CO3脱磷性能最好,CaCO3次之,且CaCO3和Na2CO3在脱磷的同时能提高铁回收率。
2)添加剂脱磷的作用机制是提高体系中自由氧含量或者提高体系中氧原子的均方位移、减少体系中Si、P共用氧原子,从而抑制磷灰石的还原。Na2CO3、CaCO3分解后的有效组分为Na2O、CaO,这两者能为焙烧体系提供金属阳离子和自由氧,但Na2CO3中的Na+能解聚复杂的网格体系,提高体系中自由氧的均方位移,其脱磷效果优于CaCO3。CaF2只能增加体系中金属阳离子,脱磷效果不明显。
3)添加剂脱磷性能与体系中氧原子均方位移呈正相关,提高体系中氧原子的均方位移有利于抑制磷灰石的还原。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2902504)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.021
  • 接收时间:2023-10-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-19
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国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2902504)
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    长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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