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Article(id=1241321985347735699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697126400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883823954, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1711900800000, pubDateStr=2024-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883823954, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883823954, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883823954, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321979433767757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883822544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884556149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321985658114232, articleId=1241321985347735699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Ground Surface Displacement and Its Influence on Environment During Open-Pit Mining in Hainan Iron Mine, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ground surface displacement caused by open-pit mining of a large iron mine in Hainan was analyzed by using fuzzy measurement theory. Base on the comparison with the calculated results by using the theory of random media, it has verified that the fuzzy measurement theory is superior and practicable in the analysis of influence of open-pit mining on the surrounding environment.

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采用模糊测度理论对海南某大型露天铁矿开采引起的周围地表变形进行预测分析，并与随机介质理论计算结果进行对比，验证了模糊测度理论在分析露天开采对周围环境影响方面的优越性和实用性。

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高重阳（1990—），女，河北唐山人，博士，讲师，主要从事岩土力学与工程方面研究。E-mail：
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齐栋梁（1987—），男，河北沧州人，博士，讲师，主要从事计算力学与结构工程、岩土力学与工程方面研究。E-mail：

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齐栋梁（1987—），男，河北沧州人，博士，讲师，主要从事计算力学与结构工程、岩土力学与工程方面研究。E-mail：

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齐栋梁（1987—），男，河北沧州人，博士，讲师，主要从事计算力学与结构工程、岩土力学与工程方面研究。E-mail：

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wβw/（°）kwλH/mα/（°）
0.536.541.40.03511340
), ArticleFig(id=1241327498550636805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321985347735699, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工程参数

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wβw/（°）kwλH/mα/（°）
0.536.541.40.03511340
), ArticleFig(id=1241327498668077333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321985347735699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
wBw/（°）kwλH/mα/（°）
0.5411.00.0420044
0.7391.20.0830044
), ArticleFig(id=1241327498760352033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321985347735699, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海南石碌铁矿北一主采场工程参数

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wBw/（°）kwλH/mα/（°）
0.5411.00.0420044
0.7391.20.0830044
), ArticleFig(id=1241327498852626734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321985347735699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开挖深度/m水平影响范围/m地表下沉量预测值/mm
模糊测度理论随机介质理论
20001 892.22 404.6
1001 364.214.0
2001 067.90.1
300855.30.0
400693.40.0
500566.60.0
600465.40.0
700383.70.0
800317.10.0
900262.70.0
1 000217.90.0
1 100180.90.0
1 200150.20.0
1 300124.80.0
1 400103.70.0
1 50086.20.0
1 60071.60.0
1 70059.50.0
1 80049.40.0
1 90041.00.0
2 00034.00.0
30004 602.95 333.8
1003 219.1213.9
2002 450.911.7
3001 908.90.5
4001 504.50.0
5001 194.20.0
600952.20.0
700761.50.0
800610.20.0
900489.40.0
1 000392.80.0
1 100315.30.0
1 200253.00.0
1 300202.90.0
1 400162.60.0
1 500130.20.0
1 600104.10.0
1 70083.20.0
1 80066.40.0
1 90052.90.0
2 00042.00.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241327498953290041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321985347735699, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

预测结果

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开挖深度/m水平影响范围/m地表下沉量预测值/mm
模糊测度理论随机介质理论
20001 892.22 404.6
1001 364.214.0
2001 067.90.1
300855.30.0
400693.40.0
500566.60.0
600465.40.0
700383.70.0
800317.10.0
900262.70.0
1 000217.90.0
1 100180.90.0
1 200150.20.0
1 300124.80.0
1 400103.70.0
1 50086.20.0
1 60071.60.0
1 70059.50.0
1 80049.40.0
1 90041.00.0
2 00034.00.0
30004 602.95 333.8
1003 219.1213.9
2002 450.911.7
3001 908.90.5
4001 504.50.0
5001 194.20.0
600952.20.0
700761.50.0
800610.20.0
900489.40.0
1 000392.80.0
1 100315.30.0
1 200253.00.0
1 300202.90.0
1 400162.60.0
1 500130.20.0
1 600104.10.0
1 70083.20.0
1 80066.40.0
1 90052.90.0
2 00042.00.0
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海南露天铁矿开采地表移动及其对环境的影响
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齐栋梁 1, 2 , 高重阳 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024,44(2): 27-30
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024, 44(2): 27-30
海南露天铁矿开采地表移动及其对环境的影响
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齐栋梁1, 2 , 高重阳3
作者信息
  • 1.河北水利电力学院　土木工程系，河北　沧州　061001
  • 2.河北省岩土工程安全与变形控制重点实验室，河北　沧州　061001
  • 3.东北电力大学　建筑工程学院，吉林　吉林　132012

    • 齐栋梁（1987—），男，河北沧州人，博士，讲师，主要从事计算力学与结构工程、岩土力学与工程方面研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

高重阳（1990—），女，河北唐山人，博士，讲师，主要从事岩土力学与工程方面研究。E-mail：
Ground Surface Displacement and Its Influence on Environment During Open-Pit Mining in Hainan Iron Mine
Dongliang QI1, 2 , Chongyang GAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Civil Engineering, Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei; China
  • 2.Hebei Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Engineering Safety and Deformation Control, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, Jilin, China
出版时间: 2024-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.007
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摘要
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采用模糊测度理论对海南某大型露天铁矿开采引起的周围地表变形进行预测分析，并与随机介质理论计算结果进行对比，验证了模糊测度理论在分析露天开采对周围环境影响方面的优越性和实用性。

露天开采  /  模糊测度理论  /  随机介质理论  /  地表移动  /  铁矿山  /  开挖深度

The ground surface displacement caused by open-pit mining of a large iron mine in Hainan was analyzed by using fuzzy measurement theory. Base on the comparison with the calculated results by using the theory of random media, it has verified that the fuzzy measurement theory is superior and practicable in the analysis of influence of open-pit mining on the surrounding environment.

open-pit mining  /  fuzzy measurement theory  /  theory of random media  /  surface displacement  /  iron mine  /  excavation depth
齐栋梁, 高重阳. 海南露天铁矿开采地表移动及其对环境的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (2) : 27 -30 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.007
Dongliang QI, Chongyang GAO. Ground Surface Displacement and Its Influence on Environment During Open-Pit Mining in Hainan Iron Mine[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (2) : 27 -30 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.007
正文
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随着矿山露天开采的深凹化，开挖引起的周围地表移动变形越来越明显。开挖深度较大导致的地表错动影响范围可达1 km，甚至更远，由此产生的环境问题，如水土流失、良田毁坏、诱发地质灾害等，不容忽视；采场周围土地塌陷、张裂也会对周围建筑基础产生破坏，甚至对周围地下水水流场产生一定影响。因此，对露天开采引起的周围地表变形情况进行预测分析具有重要意义[1-5]。
近年来，学者们对矿山露天开采所引起的地表变形问题进行了大量研究，并取得了系列研究成果[6-14]。本文采用模糊测度理论对海南某铁矿露天开挖地表移动问题进行预测，并结合随机介质理论计算结果进行对比分析，探讨了模糊测度理论在处理此类工程问题的优越性及实用性。
1　露天开采地表移动分析理论模型
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实际采矿工程中，铁矿露天开采引起地表变形往往受开采工艺、工程地质条件、岩石物理力学性质、开采深度、地下水等诸多客观因素影响，这些影响因素难以被定量且精确地确定，具有一定随机性和模糊性。
模糊数学法可综合诸多不确定因素建立适用于分析岩体移动变形的理论模型。为便于建立理论模型，进行如下定义：假设模糊事件A为研究空间Ω中某些样本所构成的一个模糊子集合，则模糊事件A的概率测度简称为“模糊测度”，并可表述为[1]：
式中隶属函数μA（x）：Ω→[0，1]为Borel可测；dp（x）为分布密度函数。
本文将模糊测度理论应用于预测露天开挖引起的地表变形，不仅可以获得最大下沉值，还可以预测影响范围内不同地表点的下沉量，进而为分析露天开挖对周围环境的影响程度提供理论指导。为了便于建立模糊测度理论模型，本文所采用的直角坐标系统如图1所示。
考虑到地下水对边坡岩体移动变形影响较大，基于以上定义，对文献[15]中反映岩体移动变形与地下水相关程度的隶属函数μA（z，w）进行了修正，具体表达式为：
式中w为地下水影响系数，取值范围[0，1]；H为露天矿开挖的最大深度；z为开挖深度。
为了验证所提隶属函数的适用性，假定地下水影响系数w=0.5，最大开挖深度H=20 m。图2给出了修正后隶属函数μA（z，w）随开挖深度的变化趋势。从图2可以看出，修正后的隶属函数值随开挖深度增加而增大。与文献[15]中的隶属函数形式相比，修正后的隶属函数更符合工程实际，即露天开挖深度对地表变形影响程度与隶属函数值正相关。
另一方面，统计和分析大量实测数据可知，开采到一定深度后，边坡垂直变形服从以下分布密度函数：
式中α为边坡角；λ为与地下水有关的岩体移动系数；rz=z/tanβw，为开挖深度z处的主要影响半径，它随着开挖深度变化而变化；βw为主要影响范围角；ξ为图1中地下水位下降曲线上点的横坐标。
最后，将式（2）和式（3）代入式（1），得到预测露天矿开挖地表下沉量的模糊测度理论公式为：
当开挖深度达到H时，地表下沉量为：
式中kw为待定下沉系数。
根据随机介质理论[16]，地表下沉量计算公式为：
利用上述理论模型，即可对露天矿开采引起的边坡岩体移动变形进行具体计算分析。
考虑到露天矿边坡移动变形数据较少，以文献[15]某软岩地层露天矿为例，该矿所处地层为泥质粉砂岩，厚度达到230 m，属于软岩地层。该露天矿的边坡角为40°。采用模糊测度理论和随机介质理论模型分别探讨了开采深度113 m时的模拟结果。理论计算所采用的相关工程参数如表1所示。
基于Matlab平台编制了相应模糊测度理论和随机介质理论模型计算程序，图3给出了采用两种计算方法与实测数据对比结果。从图3可以看出，随着水平影响范围增加，采用模糊测度理论计算的结果收敛较缓慢，且与工程实测数据吻合度较高；随机介质理论并没有考虑地下水的影响，其计算结果收敛较为迅速，水平影响距离100 m时地表下沉量趋于0，与工程实测数据相差较大。开挖深度113 m时，采用模糊测度理论计算的最大下沉值为1 671.3 mm，采用随机介质理论计算的最大下沉值为1 517.0 mm。上述数值模拟计算结果表明，与随机介质理论相比，采用模糊测度理论预测露天矿开挖引起的地表下沉问题更符合工程实际。
2　工程实例计算分析
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2.1　工程概况
海南石碌铁矿为一大型露天铁矿，位于海南省昌江县石碌镇。矿区出露地层主要为寒武系-奥陶系石碌群。石碌群由海相沉积的泥岩、粉砂岩、碳酸盐岩和铁、铜、钴矿层组成，经区域变质和接触变质作用，岩石为板岩-千枚岩、粉砂岩-石英岩、大理岩-白云岩和透辉透闪石岩等。共划分为7个分层，第6分层为主要含矿层，有3个较大的主采场：北一采场、枫树下采场和南六采场，其中规模最大的北一主采场于1957年7月1日恢复生产，2017年8月资源已基本开挖完，闭坑后形成了长约1 100 m、宽约750 m、边坡角29°～49°、深约300 m的近椭圆形大型露天采坑，是海南第一大采坑，也是亚洲第一大富铁矿采坑。如此大规模采矿工程导致的地表移动变形势必对周边环境产生严重影响，目前对该类问题的研究主要依赖实时实地监测，而对未来变化趋势的研究较少。
2.2　边坡开挖岩体移动分析
以海南石碌铁矿北一主采场已形成的高陡露天矿边坡为例，利用模糊测度理论和随机介质理论分别模拟了该矿山开挖至200 m和300 m时地表移动的变形情况。理论计算所用相关工程参数见表2。
为了进一步验证模糊测度理论的优越性，开挖深度200 m和300 m时采用两种理论预测的地表下沉量见表3。结果表明，随着水平影响范围增加，采用模糊测度理论计算的结果收敛较缓慢，影响范围超过2 km；忽略地下水影响的随机介质理论计算结果收敛迅速，地表下沉预测影响范围在300 m左右。采用模糊测度理论预测时，开挖深度200 m时的最大下沉预测值为1 892.2 mm，开挖深度300 m时的最大下沉预测值为4 602.9 mm；采用随机介质理论的预测结果远高于模糊测度理论的预测结果。
两种方法计算结果也间接揭示出，地表下沉量随着开挖深度增加而增大，地表变形过大也可能导致矿山边坡发生滑坡或崩塌等灾害。现场实测资料指出[17]，北一采场强风化岩深度达数十米，且呈碎屑状；随着露天开挖深度增加，矿山边坡多处发生滑坡或崩塌，与理论预测结果相吻合。
2.3　露天开挖对周围环境的影响分析
露天矿山开采不仅改变了原来的自然生态环境，而且还会影响周围建筑物的基础设施及交通设施，同时也会对矿区周围居民生活环境造成影响。此外，矿山开采所剥离的弃土、废石侵占了大面积土地，破坏了良田。采取相应的治理措施，如回填采坑、造地复垦、修复良田及基础设施等，会消耗大量人力和财力。预测露天开采对环境的影响范围及程度至关重要，这样不仅可以为施工提供技术指导，还能节约后期修复成本。
随着矿山开采深度增加，地表移动的影响范围增大。采用模糊测度理论不仅可以计算地表移动的影响范围，还能计算影响范围内各地表点的下沉值。在矿山开采过程中，可以依据相应地表点下沉预测值对矿区环境治理方案及施工方案及时作出调整，将保护矿区生态环境和安全生产有效地融为一体。
3　结论
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1）采用模糊测度理论对露天开采引起的地表移动进行预测，计算结果与实测数据相吻合，它比随机介质理论更符合工程实际。
2）露天矿山开采对周围地表的影响范围很大，模糊测度理论不仅可以预测地表下沉值，还可以预测影响范围内不同地表点的下沉值，以此来评估露天开挖对周围环境的影响，可为分析开挖所引起的周围地表错动（如周围土地局部塌陷、张裂及对建筑物基础产生的破坏等）提供技术指导。
基金
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  • 河北省自然科学基金(A2022412001)
  • 河北水利电力学院基本科研业务费研究项目(SYKY2201)
文献
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.007
  • 接收时间：2023-10-13
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-04-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-10-13
基金
河北省自然科学基金(A2022412001)
河北水利电力学院基本科研业务费研究项目(SYKY2201)
作者信息
    1.河北水利电力学院　土木工程系，河北　沧州　061001
    2.河北省岩土工程安全与变形控制重点实验室，河北　沧州　061001
    3.东北电力大学　建筑工程学院，吉林　吉林　132012

通讯作者:

高重阳（1990—），女，河北唐山人，博士，讲师，主要从事岩土力学与工程方面研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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