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The comprehensive recycling ways for tailings after vanadium extraction, including recovery of valuable components, synthesis of new functional materials and preparation of multi-purpose building materials, were explained, which can provide a reference for application of technologies in comprehensive recycling of tailings after vanadium extraction.

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从有价组分回收、新型功能材料合成和多用途建筑材料制备三个方面阐述了目前提钒尾矿资源的综合回收利用途径,可为提钒尾矿综合回收技术应用提供参考。

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鲍彦如(1999—),女,陕西西安人,硕士研究生,主要从事冶金资源回收利用研究。E-mail:
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杜金晶(1983—),女,湖北南漳人,博士,副教授,主要从事冶金资源回收利用研究。E-mail:

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(a)相溶解;(b)V的吸附与结合;(c)吸附-脱附平衡

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(a)试样1~5的拉曼光谱;(b)试样1拟合曲线;(c)试样3拟合曲线;(d)试样5拟合曲线

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(a)钒尾矿;(b)600 ℃地聚物;(c)700 ℃地聚物;(d)800 ℃地聚物

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(a)7%;(b)8%;(c)9%

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提钒尾矿综合回收利用研究现状
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杜金晶 1 , 鲍彦如 1 , 王雪 1 , 朱军 1 , 左恒 2 , 刘景田 1 , 张轩 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(2): 153-159
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(2): 153-159
提钒尾矿综合回收利用研究现状
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杜金晶1 , 鲍彦如1 , 王雪1, 朱军1, 左恒2, 刘景田1, 张轩1
作者信息
  • 1.西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2.陕西五洲矿业股份有限公司,陕西 商洛 726403
  • 杜金晶(1983—),女,湖北南漳人,博士,副教授,主要从事冶金资源回收利用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

鲍彦如(1999—),女,陕西西安人,硕士研究生,主要从事冶金资源回收利用研究。E-mail:
Research Status of Comprehensive Recycling of Vanadium Tailings
Jinjing DU1 , Yanru BAO1 , Xue WANG1, Jun ZHU1, Heng ZUO2, Jingtian LIU1, Xuan ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Metallurgical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Shaanxi Wuzhou Mining Industry Co Ltd, Shangluo 726403, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2024-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.034
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从有价组分回收、新型功能材料合成和多用途建筑材料制备三个方面阐述了目前提钒尾矿资源的综合回收利用途径,可为提钒尾矿综合回收技术应用提供参考。

提钒尾矿  /  综合利用  /  有价组分回收  /  功能材料  /  建筑材料  /  技术应用

The comprehensive recycling ways for tailings after vanadium extraction, including recovery of valuable components, synthesis of new functional materials and preparation of multi-purpose building materials, were explained, which can provide a reference for application of technologies in comprehensive recycling of tailings after vanadium extraction.

tailings after vanadium extraction  /  comprehensive utilization  /  recovery of valuable components  /  functional materials  /  building materials  /  technical application
杜金晶, 鲍彦如, 王雪, 朱军, 左恒, 刘景田, 张轩. 提钒尾矿综合回收利用研究现状. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (2) : 153 -159 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.034
Jinjing DU, Yanru BAO, Xue WANG, Jun ZHU, Heng ZUO, Jingtian LIU, Xuan ZHANG. Research Status of Comprehensive Recycling of Vanadium Tailings[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (2) : 153 -159 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.034
尾矿是选矿作业产生的有用组分含量较低、目前暂时无法直接用于工业生产的组分,也是工业固体废弃物的主要组成部分[1]。据统计,我国目前尾矿的平均利用率低于10%[2],大多数尾矿的处理方式为堆存或填埋,不仅占用大量土地、增加企业管理成本,也会造成环境问题和安全问题。近年来,我国越来越重视尾矿资源再利用,加大了对尾矿资源开发利用的力度,降低尾矿可能对环境造成的污染,提高尾矿资源利用率,实现经济可持续性绿色发展。
在我国,钒资源主要分布在石煤和钒铁矿石中,V2O5总储量约1.35亿吨[3]。石煤是除钒钛磁铁矿外的另一种重要含钒资源,其含钒量按V2O5计约占国内总钒量的87%[4](其余分布在钒钛磁铁矿中[5]),因此,石煤是我国钒矿资源的主要来源。石煤提钒尾矿是石煤经浸出、萃取、沉钒等工艺过程,将金属钒提取出来后残余的废渣。由于石煤中钒品位较低(大部分小于0.9%),每生产1 t V2O5平均约产生150 t尾矿[6],不仅占用大量土地,而且会污染环境。全国积存的提钒尾矿量高达数十亿吨,而全国尾矿平均利用率仅8.2%[7]。因此,我国提钒尾矿的特点是排放量较大而综合利用率低。
提钒尾矿中含有一定量硅酸盐类、重金属、放射性金属等物质,在自然风化作用下,尾矿中的有害物质会流失到土壤中,破坏当地生态环境,甚至会影响人身安全,严重制约提钒工业的发展[8]。同时,随着尾矿堆存数量不断增加,尾矿库坝体高度随之增加,存在严重的安全隐患,威胁着矿山安全生产[9]。目前,我国的冶金矿山占地面积达6.5×104 km2,其中尾矿库、排土场、采场占54%[10]。国内外许多采选公司的设计、建设和生产经验表明,建设尾矿处理设施投资巨大,占整个采选企业费用的5%~40%[11]。冶金矿山尾矿库基建投资1~3元/t尾矿、经营管理费用3~5元/t尾矿[12]。大量提钒尾矿的堆存不仅对生态环境造成污染且具有一定的安全性问题,还会给企业发展带来沉重负担。由此可知,提钒尾矿的处理影响提钒工业的发展,如何对其进行有效利用从而解决尾矿带来的污染是现在必须思考的问题。
同时,随着资源日益枯竭,人们的环保意识渐趋成熟,因此,实现对提钒尾矿的合理处置有着深远的现实影响。保持生态平衡、实现可持续发展已成为当今世界的一大主题。从发展的角度看,提钒尾矿是“放错了位置的财富”,如果能依靠先进的工艺技术,在固化的同时将其转化为具有一定附加值的产品,不仅可以实现固体废物资源化和减量化,还可以带来巨大的经济效益和社会效益[13]。本文从有价组分回收、功能材料合成和多用途建筑材料制备三方面阐述了提钒尾矿综合回收利用的研究现状,可为提钒尾矿综合回收技术开发与应用提供依据。
以某典型石煤提钒尾矿为例,通过其物化特性分析结果(如表1所示)可知,提钒尾矿中含有Fe、Al、V、Ca等金属。因此,回收其中的有价组分是实现提钒尾矿资源化综合利用的主要方向之一。目前,针对提钒尾渣中的Fe、V等元素的回收利用有较为详细的研究[14]
表1可知,尾矿中V2O5含量1.48%,远高于一般的钒钛磁铁矿中V2O5的品位(0.52%左右)。提钒尾矿中钒主要以+3价、与低价酸碱不溶的形式存在于钒铁尖晶石中。目前已有学者针对除钒尾渣提钒展开研究[15],需要尽可能多地将+3价钒氧化为具有水溶性或酸溶性的+5价钒[16],以此提高钒浸出率和回收率。
文献[17]采用间歇性浸出实验回收钒,工艺流程如图1所示。浸出过程中采用pH=7.00的超纯水作为中性浸出剂,在25 ℃、液固比为10的环境下采用气浴恒温振动器进行振荡浸出。短浸出期后得到的渗滤液pH值为0.58~10.00、EV值为-43~+67 mV、钒浓度高于27 mg/L、溶解氧值低于5.0 mg/L。提钒尾矿中钒以HVO42-形式浸出,浸出过程中小部分钒会被FeOOH吸附并微溶到CaCO3[18],导致钒浸出量降低。
文献[19]采用微生物浸出技术回收石煤提钒尾渣中的钒金属,结果表明,初始pH=2、摇床转速170 r/min、黄铁矿添加量15 g/L时,采用T f菌浸出尾渣10 d后,钒浸出率达83.4%,相比单独酸浸体系,钒浸出率提高了32.6%。
提钒尾矿中铁大多以赤铁矿(Fe2O3)形式存在,是一种具有利用价值的二次铁矿资源。利用焙烧-磁选方法可以获得铁品位大于90%、TiO2含量低于0.2%的铁精矿。该方法的铁回收率较高,达80%以上[20]
文献[21]采用直接配碳焙烧-磁选还原回收提钒尾矿中的铁,还原过程中铁氧化物的变化过程为Fe2O3→Fe3O4→FeO→Fe。通过试验确定在配碳比2.5、焙烧温度1 200 ℃、焙烧时间30 min的工艺参数下,铁金属化率达85%。
文献[22]采用煤基直接还原-磁选技术,以石灰为添加剂、褐煤为还原剂,将含铁矿物还原为金属铁,反应机理可用反应式(1)~(7)表示[23-24]。还原过程中钒尾矿、石灰、褐煤质量比100∶30∶10,在1 200 ℃下还原焙烧60 min,对焙烧产品进行磁选,得到铁含量90.31%、金属化铁含量89.76%的铁精矿,铁回收率达83.88%。
文献[25]研究了钒渣体系焙烧熔体结构,从微观结构角度揭示了熔体中结构单元对宏观黏度的作用机理。不同还原进程渣系黏度变化主要由熔体结构改变引起,渣中FeO可促进复杂硅酸盐阴离子团的解聚。1 823 K下急冷试样Raman光谱拟合曲线见图2[25]。由图2可知,随着还原反应进行,渣系FeO/SiO2质量比降低,Q0、Q1等简单硅酸盐结构单元减少,Q2、Q3等复杂硅酸盐结构单元增加,熔体聚合度增强,渣系黏度增加。
提钒尾矿中含有多种有价元素,除了可以针对单一元素或几种元素分步回收外,经过特殊工艺处理后可以合成具有特殊功能的材料,如硅酸盐陶粒、远红外辐射涂料、高温显热蓄热材料等。
硅酸盐陶粒因其体积密度小、耐压强度高、性能稳定等特点,成为一种目前在建筑复合胶凝材料中普遍应用的轻骨料,越来越受到社会关注[26]。利用石煤提钒尾矿制备陶粒不仅可以实现废物利用,而且石煤中含碳,可以减少烧制陶粒过程中的能耗。
文献[27]以石煤提钒尾矿为主要的硅铝原料,添加黏土、粉煤灰,按照石煤提钒尾矿、黏土、粉煤灰质量比6∶3∶1进行制粒,制粒水分8%、时间20 min。常温下陈化1 h后开始焙烧,焙烧预热温度和时间分别为350 ℃和30 min,焙烧温度和时间分别为1 180 ℃和12 min,最终制得堆积密度691 kg/m3、吸水率1.4%、筒压强度10.7 MPa的高性能陶粒,其微观形貌如图3所示,可以看出,陶粒内部主要为硅酸盐和铝硅酸盐形成的凝胶相,构成疏松多孔的结构网,包含大量气孔和空洞,这些气孔分布均匀、少连通,因而陶粒具有较小的体积密度、较高的颗粒强度和较好的隔热性能。
1800年,Herschel在研究太阳光不同色彩部分的热效应时偶然发现了辐射热效应强的红外线[28]。红外辐射涂料由辐射粉体基料与载体黏结剂组成,辐射粉体基料的作用是提供高辐射性能,载体黏结剂则使涂料牢固地黏结在基体表面。提钒尾矿中存在的大量黑色金属氧化物具有良好的红外发射率和吸收性能,适用于中温远红外辐射粉体基料[29]
文献[30]将钒钛磁铁矿提钒尾矿在1 200 ℃下焙烧3 h进行热处理和改性后作为远红外辐射粉体基料,与黏结剂、烧结剂、消泡剂和分散剂搅拌混合均匀,即可得到远红外辐射涂料,产品红外法向全发射率达0.84,耐火温度达1 280~1 310 ℃。
文献[31]以碳热还原后的石煤提钒尾矿为主要基体、石墨为导热改性剂、黏土为辅助材料,采用烧结法制备了高温(>500 ℃)显热蓄热材料(SHS)。热分析结果表明,石墨含量3%~5%,SHS材料在温度500 ℃以上时具有中等的比热容和高热容量(>1.2 MJ/(m3·K)),在500~750 ℃范围内具有高储热密度(>200 kJ/kg),表明所制备的SHS材料可应用于高温存储系统。
Davidovits于1979年首次引入“地质聚合物”一词来指定一类新的三维铝硅酸盐材料[32]。地质聚合物简称地聚物,是一种新型碱活化胶凝性功能材料,主要由AlO4和SiO4组成的四面体三维结构,这种结构使其表现出高强度、快速固化、耐高温、隔热、耐酸抗侵蚀、可吸附有害毒物的特性[33-35]
文献[36]以钒尾矿为主要硅铝原料与激发剂在低温下作用制备地聚物,其中使用氢氧化钾与活性硅胶粉复合作为碱激发剂进行活化,在净浆搅拌机中搅拌5 min,最后将混合物在压力20 MPa下压制成30 mm×30 mm×120 mm的样品并在室温下养护3 d,得到抗压强度36.2 MPa的地聚物。
文献[37]用氢氧化钠煅烧钒尾矿(VT),并用偏高岭土改性形成地聚物前驱体,前驱体与水反应形成具有可接受抗压强度的硬化地聚物产品,如图4所示。焙烧温度提高到700 ℃时,VT熔化并烧结;温度继续升高到800 ℃,VT熔化,形成致密的玻璃相。适当的焙烧温度可以很好地活化VT,有利于获得抗压强度较高的地聚物。然而,焙烧温度过高会导致VT熔化和烧结,这对地聚物抗压性能不利。这项技术为固体废物的利用提供了一种用户友好的方法。
根据《通用硅酸盐水泥》(GB 175—2007)[38],以硅酸盐水泥熟料、适量石膏以及0~5%粒化高炉矿渣或石灰石磨细制成的水硬性胶凝材料搅拌混合,可制备硅酸盐水泥,其中硅酸盐水泥熟料是将含CaO、SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3的原料按比例磨碎烧至部分熔融状态所得的以硅酸钙为主要成分的物质[39]。因此,可以使用提钒尾矿烧制硅酸盐水泥熟料,从而制备硅酸盐水泥。
文献[40]将石煤提钒尾矿、石灰石、黏土、铁红按比例掺杂并粉磨成细粉末,至全部通过0.08 mm筛制备水泥生料,称取一定量生料在1 450 ℃下烧制成熟料。文献[39]向水泥熟料中加入20%矿渣、3%尾矿颗粒、7%黏土,在轻型球磨机中混料2 h制备得到抗压强度满足32.5级的硅酸盐水泥。不同黏土含量下1 400 ℃烧制的熟料形貌如图5所示。由图5可见,随着黏土掺入量增加,C3S晶体密度略微下降,C2S、C4AF和C3A晶体密度呈增大趋势。文献[41]以石煤提钒尾矿细粉、碳酸钙、黏土和铁粉为原料,在不同煅烧条件下制备了不同配比的产物,并研究其性能,结果表明,产物的主要成分为硅酸三钙、硅酸二钙、铁铝酸四钙和铝酸三钙,符合水泥熟料的化学组成;熟料煅烧温度1 400 ℃、黏土含量8%时产物性能较好。
制备建筑材料是综合利用固体废物资源的方式之一[42-45],与传统建筑材料相比,泡沫陶瓷是一种具有低堆积密度、高化学稳定性、高孔隙率和高比面积等独特性能的多孔材料[46]
文献[47]将钒尾矿(VTMT)在高温条件下烧结,制备轻质泡沫陶瓷,流程如图6所示。将VTMT、石英、长石和高岭土按质量比55∶20∶20∶5混合,添加与混合料质量比1∶0.6的水球磨2 h后,在真空干燥箱中105 ℃干燥2 h;然后将干燥的陶瓷浆料研磨通过180目(0.09 mm)筛,干压制成坯体;最后,将坯体放入马弗炉中1 130 ℃下烧结1 h制备得到高性能泡沫陶瓷。制品截面SEM图如图7所示。
黏土是传统建筑用砖原材料,由于不断开发,资源开始枯竭,价格持续上涨,且黏土塑性指数高(15%~25%)[48],不是一种很好的制砖材料。因此,使用工业废弃物和副产品作为骨料的原材料,对开发新型建筑材料作为传统材料的代替,以更经济有效的方式为建筑行业提供或者补充材料,具有现实意义。
免烧砖即自然养护砖,不需要通过高温烧结原料,只需运用合理的配置模式和方法[49],按照成品要求和标准添加一定助凝剂,使其达到一定力学性能和抗压强度要求。养护期间运用强化工具进行一定的辅助作用,通过混合、强化、压制成型后进行氧化得到标准砖体,生产过程无需消耗过多的原料和能源,具有良好的建筑环保性能[50]
文献[51]以质量分数65%、27%、8%的原尾矿、尾矿细粉和水泥为固体干料,混合质量分数8%的水,在成型压力15 MPa条件下养护28 d,制备了抗压强度30.43 MPa、体积密度2.15 g/cm3、气孔率11%、吸水率5%的符合JC/T 422—2007《非烧结垃圾尾矿砖》[52]标准中MU25级标准免烧砖,制品表面SEM图如图8所示。文献[53]将粗、细尾矿以54∶16混合作为固体干料,钒尾矿、水泥在固体干料中的质量分数分别为80%、20%,水与固体干料的质量比为14%,PC减水剂掺入量为0.3%时,养护28 d可以制得抗折强度6.8 MPa、抗压强度20.3 MPa的钒尾矿免烧砖。
传统蒸压砖是以粉煤灰为原料,添加石灰、石膏及骨料,经坯料制备、压制成型、高效蒸气养护等工艺制成,具有良好的抗干缩和冻融性能。然而使用尾矿为原料制备蒸压砖,因硅含量低,很难通过传统工艺生产高强度砖[54]。文献[55]以60%石煤提钒尾矿、23%石灰与17%黄沙为原料,采用压制成型-蒸压养护法制备得到抗压强度30 MPa的蒸压砖,制品截面SEM图如图9所示,其中升降压速度为0.7 MPa/h、蒸气压力为2 MPa、养护时间7 h。
以黏土、页岩、煤矸石或粉煤灰为原料,经成型和高温焙烧制成的砖统称为烧结砖。制备烧结砖存在有效能源利用率低、生产过程成本高且会产生大量CO2气体污染环境等问题[56]。以回收利用尾矿为原料,极大缓解了黏土资源枯竭、土壤结构破坏和CO2排放量高等矛盾[57]
文献[58]采用半干成型法制备烧结砖,以广西白泥(20%左右)、硅铁灰(5%)、粉煤灰(不高于6%)、Al2O3粉(不高于8%)进行配料,优化烧制过程的指标,制得的提钒尾矿烧结砖常温抗压强度不低于28 MPa、吸水率不高于10%。
文献[59]以石煤提钒尾渣为原料制备了建筑用烧结砖,并研究了石煤提钒尾渣细度及添加量对制品抗压强度及吸水率的影响。以尾渣、黏土、粉煤灰质量比30∶30∶40为原料,经1 150 ℃烧制后,其抗压强度不低于35 MPa,吸水率不高于13%,综合性能满足《烧结普通砖》(GB/T 5101—2017)[60]中Mu30的要求,其表面SEM图如图10所示。SEM表征分析结果表明,尾矿的添加有利于生成液相,促进钙长石与钙黄长石的生成,晶粒与液相相互胶结,使制品具有较高的抗压强度和致密度以及较好的抗冻融性能。
1)近年来,我国钒液流储能行业快速发展,五氧化二钒需求不断增加,这将在一定程度上促进提钒产能的增加,同时也必将带来更多的提钒尾矿。快速、有效地消纳钒尾矿,已越来越紧迫。目前,回收有价元素、制备功能材料和建筑材料三种方式都无法做到大规模处置提钒尾矿。
2)有价元素回收技术主要受制于加工成本,这有赖于选矿技术的发展,尤其需要开发微细粒级提钒尾矿回收技术以及研制低成本、高处理量预富集设备。
3)利用提钒尾渣生产的功能材料和建筑材料,部分性能已达到相关行业标准,也有实际产业化的报道,但由于部分提钒尾渣中含有有毒和放射性元素,使其产品使用范围受限,需不断完善分级处理规范、标准和相关配套规范。
4)提钒过程产渣量巨大,因此不管采用哪种技术对其进行处理,产生的最终尾渣都要做成建材或用于铺路、矿山回填。应结合矿山实际情况,丰富尾矿综合利用途径。
5)政府应给予政策保障和税收优惠,促进科研成果向生产应用转化,推动和规范提钒尾矿综合利用产业链的良性发展。
  • 陕西省科技厅区域创新能力引导计划(2022QFY10-05)
  • 陕西省“两链融合”校企联合重点专项(2022LL)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.034
  • 接收时间:2023-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-27
基金
陕西省科技厅区域创新能力引导计划(2022QFY10-05)
陕西省“两链融合”校企联合重点专项(2022LL)
作者信息
    1.西安建筑科技大学 冶金工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2.陕西五洲矿业股份有限公司,陕西 商洛 726403

通讯作者:

鲍彦如(1999—),女,陕西西安人,硕士研究生,主要从事冶金资源回收利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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