Article(id=1241321983284146437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698249600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883823461, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1711900800000, pubDateStr=2024-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883823461, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883823461, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883823461, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321979433767757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883822544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884556149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=178, endPage=182, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321983573553417, articleId=1241321983284146437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Exploration into Synthesis of Tetragonal Phase BaTiO3 Based on Isopropanol Solvothermal Process and Its Mechanism, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With Ba (OH)2·8H2O and Ti (OC4H9)4 as raw materials, and isopropanol (IPA) as solvent, tetragonal-rich BaTiO3(BTO) nanopowder was synthesized by adopting solvothermal process. Effects of Ba/Ti ratio, pH value, solvothermal temperature and time on synthesis of tetragonal-rich BTO powders were investigated, and the mechanism of IPA in the solvothermal process for synthesis of BTO powders was also characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It is found that in the solvothermal process, IPA will preferentially provide certain—OH to promote the hydrolysis of Ti (OC4H9)4, generating TiO6 octahedra to interconnect with Ba2+, which is gradually transformed into the tetragonal phase BaTiO3 with regular morphology after phase transition, dissolution of small particles, and recrystallization in a low alkalinity environment. Experimental results show that under the following conditions including Ba/Ti ratio of 1.6, pH of 10 for the system, a solvothermal process at 220 ℃ for 24 h, calcination at 950 ℃ for 2 h, the synthesized tetragonal-rich BTO nanopowder is well dispersed with regular morphology, square or nearly square shape, with c/a value of 1.009 4 and particle size of 124 nm on average.

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以Ba(OH)2·8H2O和Ti(OC4H94为原料、异丙醇(IPA)为溶剂,通过溶剂热法合成富四方相纳米钛酸钡(BTO)粉体,研究了钡钛比、体系pH值、溶剂热温度及时间等因素对制备高四方性纳米BTO粉体的影响,利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜等表征方法研究了IPA在溶剂热制备BTO过程中的作用机理。结果表明,溶剂热工艺合成过程中,IPA会优先提供一定的—OH以促进Ti(OC4H94的水解,生成TiO6八面体并与Ba2+连接。在低碱度环境中,经相转变、小颗粒溶解与重结晶等过程逐步转变为形貌规整的四方相BTO。钡钛比1.6、体系pH值10、溶剂热温度220 ℃、时间24 h、煅烧温度950 ℃、煅烧时间2 h时制备的富四方相纳米BTO粉体分散均匀、形貌规整,呈四方形或近四方形,c/a值达1.009 4,平均粒径为124 nm。

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盖卉妍(1997—),女,山东烟台人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:

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盖卉妍(1997—),女,山东烟台人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:

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Chemistry of Materials, 1993, 5(1): 61-70., articleTitle=Thermodynamic modeling of hydrothermal synthesis of ceramic powders, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327514300248866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321983284146437, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=19, issue=4, pageStart=469, pageEnd=470, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=翟学良, 李纪标, 杨永社, journalName=电子显微学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=翟学良, 李纪标, 杨永社. 电镜在BaTiO3晶相转化机理研究中的应用[J]. 电子显微学报, 2000, 19(4): 469-470., articleTitle=电镜在BaTiO3晶相转化机理研究中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327514409300773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321983284146437, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=12, issue=43, pageStart=27809, pageEnd=27819, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=ZHANG M, Falvey J, Hector A L, journalName=RSC Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG M, Falvey J, Hector A L, et al. Effects of the reaction temperature and Ba/Ti precursor ratio on the crystallite size of BaTiO3 in hydrothermal synthesis[J]. 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(a)钡钛比1.0;(b)钡钛比1.2;(c)钡钛比1.4;(d)钡钛比1.6;(e)钡钛比1.8;(f)钡钛比2.0

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(a)pH=10;(b)pH=11;(c)pH=12;(d)pH=13;(e)pH=14

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(a)120 ℃;(b)140 ℃;(c)160 ℃;(d)180 ℃;(e)200 ℃;(f)220 ℃

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(a)1 h;(b)2 h;(c)4 h;(d)8 h;(e)12 h;(f)24 h;(g)48 h

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钡钛比a/nmc/nmc/a
1.00.399 6190.402 6621.007 6
1.20.399 5840.402 6291.007 6
1.40.399 5810.402 6531.007 7
1.60.399 6630.402 9811.008 3
1.80.399 6490.403 0061.008 4
2.00.399 6210.402 9961.008 5
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不同钡钛比下BTO粉体晶胞参数及c/a

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钡钛比a/nmc/nmc/a
1.00.399 6190.402 6621.007 6
1.20.399 5840.402 6291.007 6
1.40.399 5810.402 6531.007 7
1.60.399 6630.402 9811.008 3
1.80.399 6490.403 0061.008 4
2.00.399 6210.402 9961.008 5
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pH值a/nmc/nmc/a
100.399 5510.402 7991.008 1
110.399 6260.402 6211.007 5
120.399 650.402 6531.007 5
130.399 6340.402 5391.007 3
140.399 6510.402 5041.007 1
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不同pH值下BTO粉体晶胞参数及c/a

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pH值a/nmc/nmc/a
100.399 5510.402 7991.008 1
110.399 6260.402 6211.007 5
120.399 650.402 6531.007 5
130.399 6340.402 5391.007 3
140.399 6510.402 5041.007 1
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溶剂热温度/℃a/nmc/nmc/a
1200.399 8700.402 0181.005 3
1400.399 8610.401 9901.005 3
1600.399 7220.402 3471.006 6
1800.399 6570.402 4291.006 9
2000.399 5510.402 7991.008 1
2200.399 6000.403 3501.009 4
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不同溶剂热温度下BTO粉体晶胞参数及c/a

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溶剂热温度/℃a/nmc/nmc/a
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1400.399 8610.401 9901.005 3
1600.399 7220.402 3471.006 6
1800.399 6570.402 4291.006 9
2000.399 5510.402 7991.008 1
2200.399 6000.403 3501.009 4
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溶剂热时间/ha/nmc/nmc/a
10.403 3570.403 3571.000 0
20.403 0120.403 0121.000 0
40.401 0440.402 5751.003 8
80.400 3220.402 3431.005 0
120.400 3720.402 4941.005 3
240.399 9320.402 4881.006 4
480.399 7440.402 5641.007 1
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不同溶剂热时间下BTO粉体(未煅烧)晶胞参数与c/a

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溶剂热时间/ha/nmc/nmc/a
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20.403 0120.403 0121.000 0
40.401 0440.402 5751.003 8
80.400 3220.402 3431.005 0
120.400 3720.402 4941.005 3
240.399 9320.402 4881.006 4
480.399 7440.402 5641.007 1
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基于异丙醇溶剂热合成四方相BaTiO3工艺探索及机理研究
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盖卉妍 1, 2 , 戴超华 2 , 杨林 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(2): 178-182
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(2): 178-182
基于异丙醇溶剂热合成四方相BaTiO3工艺探索及机理研究
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盖卉妍1, 2 , 戴超华2, 杨林2
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 2.长沙矿冶院检测技术有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 盖卉妍(1997—),女,山东烟台人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为有色金属冶金。E-mail:

Exploration into Synthesis of Tetragonal Phase BaTiO3 Based on Isopropanol Solvothermal Process and Its Mechanism
Huiyan GAI1, 2 , Chaohua DAI2, Lin YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
  • 2.Testing Technology Company of Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.038
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以Ba(OH)2·8H2O和Ti(OC4H94为原料、异丙醇(IPA)为溶剂,通过溶剂热法合成富四方相纳米钛酸钡(BTO)粉体,研究了钡钛比、体系pH值、溶剂热温度及时间等因素对制备高四方性纳米BTO粉体的影响,利用X射线衍射和扫描电镜等表征方法研究了IPA在溶剂热制备BTO过程中的作用机理。结果表明,溶剂热工艺合成过程中,IPA会优先提供一定的—OH以促进Ti(OC4H94的水解,生成TiO6八面体并与Ba2+连接。在低碱度环境中,经相转变、小颗粒溶解与重结晶等过程逐步转变为形貌规整的四方相BTO。钡钛比1.6、体系pH值10、溶剂热温度220 ℃、时间24 h、煅烧温度950 ℃、煅烧时间2 h时制备的富四方相纳米BTO粉体分散均匀、形貌规整,呈四方形或近四方形,c/a值达1.009 4,平均粒径为124 nm。

钛酸钡  /  四方相  /  异丙醇(IPA)  /  溶剂热法  /  陶瓷电容器  /  钙钛矿材料  /  合成制备

With Ba (OH)2·8H2O and Ti (OC4H9)4 as raw materials, and isopropanol (IPA) as solvent, tetragonal-rich BaTiO3(BTO) nanopowder was synthesized by adopting solvothermal process. Effects of Ba/Ti ratio, pH value, solvothermal temperature and time on synthesis of tetragonal-rich BTO powders were investigated, and the mechanism of IPA in the solvothermal process for synthesis of BTO powders was also characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. It is found that in the solvothermal process, IPA will preferentially provide certain—OH to promote the hydrolysis of Ti (OC4H9)4, generating TiO6 octahedra to interconnect with Ba2+, which is gradually transformed into the tetragonal phase BaTiO3 with regular morphology after phase transition, dissolution of small particles, and recrystallization in a low alkalinity environment. Experimental results show that under the following conditions including Ba/Ti ratio of 1.6, pH of 10 for the system, a solvothermal process at 220 ℃ for 24 h, calcination at 950 ℃ for 2 h, the synthesized tetragonal-rich BTO nanopowder is well dispersed with regular morphology, square or nearly square shape, with c/a value of 1.009 4 and particle size of 124 nm on average.

barium titanate  /  tetragonal phase  /  isopropanol (IPA)  /  solvothermal process  /  ceramic capacitors  /  perovskite materials  /  synthesis
盖卉妍, 戴超华, 杨林. 基于异丙醇溶剂热合成四方相BaTiO3工艺探索及机理研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (2) : 178 -182 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.038
Huiyan GAI, Chaohua DAI, Lin YANG. Exploration into Synthesis of Tetragonal Phase BaTiO3 Based on Isopropanol Solvothermal Process and Its Mechanism[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (2) : 178 -182 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.038
随着科技的进步,作为储能元件的多层片式陶瓷电容器(MLCC)的发展趋向小型化甚至微型化。具有高介电常数[1]的钙钛矿材料四方相钛酸钡(BTO)是制备高容MLCC的重要原材料之一,目前国内外MLCC用钛酸钡要求其粒径和晶胞参数c/a值分别在0.05~0.50 μm和1.008~1.010范围内。固相法[2]、溶胶-凝胶法[3]、共沉淀法[4]及水热合成法[5]等是获得富四方相纳米BTO粉体的常见方法,其中水热法和固相法是工业中常用的两种工艺。然而,传统固相法合成的BTO粉体纯度低、形态可控性差、四方相含量低;水热法合成BTO粉体需要相对较高的温度和压力,步骤复杂,合成的粉末颗粒容易结块。
溶剂热法已被证实可有效提高BTO粉体的四方相含量[6]。有研究报道,有机溶剂异丙醇(IPA)能有效增加BTO粉体比表面积和降低颗粒尺寸[7]。本文以Ti(OC4H94为钛源、Ba(OH)2·8H2O为钡源、以IPA为溶剂,在溶剂热合成条件下通过改变原料钡钛比、体系pH值、溶剂热温度和时间等条件制备富四方相纳米BTO粉体,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究溶剂热反应过程中BTO粉体的形成机理,为高纯纳米富四方相BTO粉体的制备提供参考。
实验试剂包括八水合氢氧化钡(Ba(OH)2·8H2O,分析纯)、钛酸四丁酯(Ti(OC4H94,化学纯)、异丙醇(IPA,分析纯)、氢氧化钠(NaOH,分析纯)、无水乙醇(分析纯);实验用水为自制去离子水。
分别以钡钛比、pH值、溶剂热反应温度和溶剂热反应时间为变量设计实验,研究各变量对BTO粉体四方性的影响,具体实验步骤如下:①按照一定钡钛比称取Ba(OH)2·8H2O,加入盛有30 mL去离子水的烧杯中加热搅拌1 h使其溶解,得到氢氧化钡溶液;②采用移液枪量取3.403 mL Ti(OC4H94,加入盛有20 mL IPA溶剂的烧杯中水解10 min,然后与氢氧化钡溶液混合,并转移至100 mL聚四氟乙烯杯中,加入去离子水,控制水热釜填充度为60%;③向上述混合溶液中加入固体NaOH调节体系pH值,搅拌30 min;④将反应釜放入烘箱中进行溶剂热反应,待反应结束后,对反应产物进行洗涤干燥并研磨过筛得到BTO粉末;⑤将BTO粉末在950 ℃下煅烧2 h,得到富四方相纳米BTO粉体,并对其进行表征。
采用D8 ADVANCE X型射线衍射仪分析BTO粉体的晶体结构,根据XRD衍射数据通过Rietveld结构精修计算钛酸钡晶胞参数以获得c/a值,从而判断BTO粉体的四方性;采用SM-7900F型场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征BTO粉体的微观形貌。
pH值13、溶剂热反应温度200 ℃、溶剂热反应时间24 h,并对产物进行950 ℃煅烧2 h,不同钡钛比下BTO粉体的XRD图谱见图1。由图1可知,不同钡钛比下BTO粉体结晶度良好,无明显杂质相,且均在45°~46°范围内存在(200)和(002)衍射峰。BTO粉体的晶胞参数c值、a值及二者的比值见表1。随着钡钛比增加,BTO粉体的c/a值增大,水热反应生成的BTO中普遍存在O—H缺陷和钡离子空位缺陷,这两种缺陷会限制钡离子沿c轴位移[8],阻止其由立方相向四方相转变,提高Ba2+浓度,使其在反应介质中过量,可以有效抑制缺陷的产生[9],使生成的BTO晶体呈四方相结构。
图2为不同钡钛比下BTO粉体的SEM图。随着钡钛比增加,BTO粉体颗粒的分散性明显提高,团聚现象减少,颗粒形状更加规整。钡钛比1.6时,BTO粉末颗粒分散性较好,粒径分布均匀,没有出现明显团聚,粉体颗粒形状规则,表现为四方形或近四方形,平均粒径为116 nm;钡钛比继续增至2.0时,BTO粉体粒度增加,不规则度增大,个别晶粒出现异常长大,平均粒径为124 nm。以上结果说明,增大钡钛比有利于四方相BTO的生成与转变,其中钡钛比1.6时合成的BTO粉体四方性高且粒径小。综合考虑,后续实验中的钡钛比确定为1.6。
钡钛比1.6,其他条件不变,不同pH值下BTO粉体的XRD图谱见图3。随着pH值增加,衍射峰分离程度逐渐减小。计算所得BTO的晶胞参数见表2。结果表明,pH=10时c/a值较高,BTO粉体中四方相含量高。随着溶液pH值增加,四方相含量略有减少。
水热体系中,Ti(OH)62-在OH-作用下逐步失去H+生成TiO6八面体并在Ba2+参与下相互连接[10]。在溶剂热合成过程中,IPA中的—OH会优先参与Ti(OC4H94的水解生成TiO6八面体,并与Ba2+连接形成BaTiO3晶核:
体系OH-浓度过高时,生成过量TiO6八面体,吸附于BaTiO3晶核表面,使TiO6八面体配位不完全,基端残留的O—H缺陷堵塞了Ba2+的轴向孔道,抑制了Ba2+迁移,使得BTO粉体四方性下降。
不同pH值下BTO粉体的微观形貌如图4所示。pH=10时,BTO粉体呈近四方体状,平均粒度为101 nm。随着溶液pH值增大,BTO粉体粒度呈逐渐增大的趋势,颗粒不规整度增加且逐渐出现团聚现象。以上结果表明,溶液pH值升高不仅会降低BTO粉体四方性,还会增加粉体颗粒粒径。因此,后续实验体系pH值控制为10。
pH值10,其他条件不变,不同溶剂热温度下BTO粉体的XRD图谱见图5,BTO晶胞参数及c/a值见表3。随着溶剂热温度升高,BTO粉体c轴不断伸长,c/a值不断增大,(002)与(200)衍射峰在160 ℃时开始出现明显的分离,200 ℃时分离较为彻底,此时c/a值达1.008 1;继续升高温度至220 ℃,BTO粉体四方性更高,c/a值为1.009 4,更接近目标值(c/a=1.01)。
不同溶剂热温度下BTO粉体的微观形貌如图6所示。溶剂热反应温度较低(120、140 ℃)时,BTO粉体颗粒较大,团聚现象明显,颗粒间边界不清晰且形状不规则;160 ℃时,BTO粉体颗粒边界开始清晰,表现出特定形貌特征,但依然存在团聚现象;200 ℃时,BTO粉体晶粒边界明显,形状规整,呈近四方形,且分散均匀,无明显团聚现象,颗粒尺寸明显减小,平均粒径仅98 nm;220 ℃时,BTO粉体颗粒尺寸略有增加,平均粒径为124 nm。以上结果说明,提高溶剂热反应温度有利于BTO晶体的形成和四方相的转变,升高温度加剧了分子运动,有利于溶剂热过程中钡源与钛源的溶解、接触和反应,表面羟基缺陷减少[11],颗粒形状趋向规整,最终形成四方形颗粒。综上,溶剂热温度220 ℃为宜。
溶剂热温度200 ℃,其他条件不变,不同溶剂热时间下BTO粉体(未煅烧)的XRD图谱见图7,BTO的晶胞参数与c/a值见表4。溶剂热时间1 h、2 h时,BTO粉体为立方相结构(a=b=c)且接近纯立方相的晶轴长度(0.403 10 nm);4 h时,(002)衍射峰发生明显偏移,BTO开始出现四方畸变;随着时间增加,(002)晶面衍射峰逐渐宽化、分裂,a轴持续缩短,四方畸变加剧;24 h时,(002)晶面衍射峰出现明显分裂,X射线衍射图谱与四方相BaTiO3的PDF卡片完美对应,c/a值达1.006 4,晶粒发育完善;继续延长时间至48 h,产物结晶度进一步提高,a轴仍在缩短,c轴有所伸长,c/a值为1.007 1,较24 h时略有提高。
图8为不同溶剂热时间下BTO粉体的微观形貌。由图8可知,溶剂热时间对BTO粉体形貌及颗粒尺寸有明显影响。时间低于2 h时,颗粒边界模糊且形状不规则,存在明显团聚现象,颗粒尺寸较小但不均匀;4 h时,BTO粉体开始出现四方畸变,此时获得的BTO粉体颗粒形状较规整,颗粒边界开始明显,小颗粒长大并在大颗粒表面溶解重结晶,但颗粒尺寸不均匀,团聚现象依然明显;随着溶剂热时间延长,粉体中开始出现四方形颗粒,颗粒边界更加明显,形状逐渐规整,溶解重结晶现象逐渐消失,颗粒尺寸依然不均匀;24 h时,BTO粉体颗粒边界明晰,粒粒分明,表面光滑,呈四方形或近四方形,颗粒尺寸较均匀,平均粒径为102 nm;继续延长时间至48 h,BTO粉体颗粒为规则四方形结构,分散性良好,颗粒尺寸均匀,平均粒径为129 nm。以上结果表明,溶剂热反应过程中首先生成立方相BaTiO3,随着反应时间延长,立方相BaTiO3开始向四方相转变,伴随小颗粒的溶解重结晶,颗粒边界逐渐明显,颗粒尺寸逐渐均匀,最终形成形状规整的四方形或近四方形的四方相BTO粉体颗粒。
1)以Ba(OH)2·8H2O和Ti(OC4H94为原料、IPA为溶剂,通过溶剂热法成功制备富四方相纳米BTO粉体。
2)研究结果表明,提高原料钡钛比、降低体系pH值、增加溶剂热温度和时间均有利于提高BTO粉体的四方性。
3)钡钛比1.6、体系pH值10、溶剂热温度220 ℃、溶剂热时间24 h、煅烧温度950 ℃、煅烧时间2 h时,得到的富四方相纳米BTO粉体分散均匀、形状规整,呈四方形或近四方形,c/a值达1.009 4,平均粒径为124 nm。
4)在溶剂热过程中,IPA会优先提供一定的—OH以促进Ti(OC4H94的水解,生成的TiO6八面体与Ba2+连接,使其在较低的体系pH值下形成立方相BaTiO3,然后经相转变、小颗粒溶解与重结晶逐渐转变为具有形貌规整的四方相BTO粉体。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.038
  • 接收时间:2023-10-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-01
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    1.长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
    2.长沙矿冶院检测技术有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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