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Article(id=1241321982378176764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697817600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883823246, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1711900800000, pubDateStr=2024-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883823246, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883823246, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883823246, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321979433767757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883822544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884556149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321982684360957, articleId=1241321982378176764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus Doped Si@C Anode Material, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With micron silicon powder as matrix, phosphorus-doped silicon-carbon composite material (Si-P@C) was synthesized by solid-state thermal diffusion and high-temperature pyrolysis, and then used as anode material of lithium-ion batteries. The results show that Si-P@C anode material demonstrates an initial discharge specific capacity up to 2164 mAh/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g. Compared with pure silicon, Si-P@C anode material presents greatly improved cycling performance. After 50 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A/g, it demonstrates a high reversible specific capacity of 1 176 mAh/g, with the capacity retention ratio of 73.5%. It is concluded that phosphorus-doping and carbon coating can effectively improve the electron transfer ability and reaction kinetics of silicon anode.

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以微米硅粉为基体，通过固相热扩散法与高温热解法制备了磷掺杂的硅碳复合材料（Si-P@C），并用于锂离子电池负极材料。结果表明：Si-P@C负极材料在电流密度0.2 A/g下的首次放电比容量达2 164 mAh/g；与纯硅相比，循环性能得到较大改善，在电流密度0.5 A/g下循环50次后可逆比容量仍有1176 mAh/g，容量保持率73.5%。磷掺杂和碳包覆可有效地提高硅负极的电子转移能力和反应动力学。

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侯晓川（1971—），男，湖北孝感人，博士，教授级高工，主要研究方向为有色金属冶炼及增值冶金。E-mail：
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周玉（1991—），男，江苏徐州人，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

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周玉（1991—），男，江苏徐州人，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

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周玉（1991—），男，江苏徐州人，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

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Nano Energy, 2021, 80: 105506., articleTitle=Yolk-shell structured CuSi2P3@Graphene nanocomposite anode for long-life and high-rate lithium-ion batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327501184651456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321982378176764, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=159, pageEnd=163, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=王苏媚, 张福勤, 童汇, journalName=矿冶工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王苏媚, 张福勤, 童汇, 等. MOF衍生碳包覆硅纳米颗粒限制于石墨烯复合负极材料的制备及性能研究[J]. 矿冶工程, 2022, 42(4): 159-163., articleTitle=MOF衍生碳包覆硅纳米颗粒限制于石墨烯复合负极材料的制备及性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327501306286279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321982378176764, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=4, pageStart=1004, pageEnd=1011, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=CHEN M, ZHOU Q, ZAI J, journalName=Nano Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN M, ZHOU Q, ZAI J, et al. High power and stable P-doped yolk-shell structured Si@C anode simultaneously enhancing conductivity and Li+ diffusion kinetics[J]. 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（a）Si样品SEM图；（b）Si-P样品SEM图；（c）Si-P@C样品SEM图；（d）Si-P@C样品成分谱图；（e）Si-P@C样品EDS图谱

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（a）全谱图；（b）Si2p谱；（c）P2p谱；（d）C1s谱

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（a）首次充放电曲线；（b）0.2 A/g活化2圈后0.5 A/g下的循环性能；（c）倍率性能；（d）循环伏安曲线

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样品名称Re/ΩRct/ΩRsf/Ω
Si5.18563.63055.720
Si-P2.02039.57024.040
Si-P@C1.7509.5072.226
), ArticleFig(id=1241327497753710609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321982378176764, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

循环后样品的阻抗值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称Re/ΩRct/ΩRsf/Ω
Si5.18563.63055.720
Si-P2.02039.57024.040
Si-P@C1.7509.5072.226
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磷掺杂硅碳负极材料的制备及性能研究
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周玉 1, 2 , 侯晓川 1 , 王志杰 2 , 刘云建 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(2): 131-134
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(2): 131-134
磷掺杂硅碳负极材料的制备及性能研究
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周玉1, 2 , 侯晓川1 , 王志杰2, 刘云建2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江新时代中能科技股份有限公司，浙江　绍兴　312369
  • 2.江苏大学　材料科学与工程学院，江苏　镇江　212013

    • 周玉（1991—），男，江苏徐州人，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为新能源材料。E-mail：

通讯作者:

侯晓川（1971—），男，湖北孝感人，博士，教授级高工，主要研究方向为有色金属冶炼及增值冶金。E-mail：
Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus Doped Si@C Anode Material
Yu ZHOU1, 2 , Xiaochuan HOU1 , Zhijie WANG2, Yunjian LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhejiang New Era Zhongneng Technology Co Ltd, Shaoxing 312369, Zhejiang, China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2024-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.030
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摘要
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以微米硅粉为基体，通过固相热扩散法与高温热解法制备了磷掺杂的硅碳复合材料（Si-P@C），并用于锂离子电池负极材料。结果表明：Si-P@C负极材料在电流密度0.2 A/g下的首次放电比容量达2 164 mAh/g；与纯硅相比，循环性能得到较大改善，在电流密度0.5 A/g下循环50次后可逆比容量仍有1176 mAh/g，容量保持率73.5%。磷掺杂和碳包覆可有效地提高硅负极的电子转移能力和反应动力学。

锂离子电池  /  负极材料  /  硅碳负极  /  磷掺杂  /  碳包覆

With micron silicon powder as matrix, phosphorus-doped silicon-carbon composite material (Si-P@C) was synthesized by solid-state thermal diffusion and high-temperature pyrolysis, and then used as anode material of lithium-ion batteries. The results show that Si-P@C anode material demonstrates an initial discharge specific capacity up to 2164 mAh/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g. Compared with pure silicon, Si-P@C anode material presents greatly improved cycling performance. After 50 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A/g, it demonstrates a high reversible specific capacity of 1 176 mAh/g, with the capacity retention ratio of 73.5%. It is concluded that phosphorus-doping and carbon coating can effectively improve the electron transfer ability and reaction kinetics of silicon anode.

lithium-ion battery  /  anode material  /  Si@C anode  /  phosphorus doping  /  carbon coating
周玉, 侯晓川, 王志杰, 刘云建. 磷掺杂硅碳负极材料的制备及性能研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (2) : 131 -134 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.030
Yu ZHOU, Xiaochuan HOU, Zhijie WANG, Yunjian LIU. Preparation and Properties of Phosphorus Doped Si@C Anode Material[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (2) : 131 -134 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.030
正文
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新能源的广泛应用加快了锂离子电池的发展[1-3]。硅基负极材料具有理论比容量高、电压平台低和资源丰富等优点，是新一代商业化锂离子电池负极材料的首选[4-6]，其中具有低成本和高振实密度的微米硅负极更适合实际电池应用。然而，该材料在锂合金化过程中存在体积效应大、表面稳定性差和电子电导率低等问题[7]。元素掺杂已被广泛用于晶体硅中，但目前在硅负极材料方面的应用研究不多[8]。磷或硼原子掺杂硅可以形成自由电子或电子空穴，从而提高硅的电子电导率[9-11]。硅颗粒内部均匀分散的磷位点可有效提高硅负极的电子转移和反应动力学[12]。此外，碳材料具有优异的稳定性，可有效缓解硅的体积膨胀。因此，碳包覆已被广泛用于改性硅负极材料[12]。本文以微米硅材料为基体，通过固相热扩散法合成了磷掺杂和碳包覆的硅基复合材料，并研究了硅基复合材料用于锂离子电池负极材料时的电化学性能。
1　实验部分
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1.1　实验方法
实验主要设备包括：MSK-8FM-3型高能球磨机、OTF-1200X-S型微型开启式管式炉、DF-101S型集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器、KZ-50L超纯水机。
将0.1 g五氧化二磷（纯度98%）和1.2 g微米硅（Si，粒度1～3 μm，纯度99.9%）球磨混料1 h后，压实并装入密闭金属容器，随后转移至通有氩气的管式炉中于650 ℃保温10 h，球磨后得到目标产物Si-P。将柠檬酸和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30（PVP）作为碳源，将0.2 g柠檬酸和0.1 g PVP溶于200 mL去离子水中，再将所制备的1 g Si-P分散于其中；随后将混合液转移到90 ℃恒温加热磁力搅拌器中进行搅拌；溶剂蒸干后将混合物在氩气管式炉中于850 ℃加热2 h，球磨后得到最终改性硅基复合材料（Si-P@C）。
1.2　材料表征
采用X射线衍射仪（XRD，Miniflex600）进行晶体结构分析；采用配有X射线能谱仪（EDS）的扫描电子显微镜（SEM，ZEISS Gemini300）分析材料形貌和元素分布；采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS，Thermo Scientific K-Alpha）分析材料元素化学状态。
1.3　电化学性能测试
按质量比7∶2∶1称取硅基材料、乙炔黑、海藻酸钠，加入去离子水调节成均匀浆料后涂覆在铜箔上；然后，将其放入真空箱于65 ℃干燥24 h，然后将其裁剪成直径10 mm的极片。以金属锂为对电极，采用Celgard 2400型微孔聚丙烯膜作为隔膜，将1 mol/L LiPF6与碳酸乙烯酯（EC）、碳酸二乙酯（DEC）、碳酸甲乙酯（EMC）（三者体积比1∶1∶1）和2%（体积分数）氟代碳酸乙烯酯（FEC）混合制备电解液，在氩气手套箱中组装CR2025型扣式半电池。恒电流充放电采用新威测试柜（BTS-5V/1mA），温度25 ℃、电压0.01～2 V。交流阻抗和循环伏安测试在电化学工作站（CHI660A）完成，循环伏安扫描速率0.01 mV/s、交流阻抗振幅电压5 mV、频率10-2～105 Hz。
2　实验结果与讨论
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2.1　晶体结构
图1为Si、Si-P、Si-P@C样品XRD图谱。从图1可以看出，所有样品在28.3°、47.2°、58.9°、68.9°和76.3°处均有特征峰，对应晶体硅的（111）、（220）、（311）、（400）、（331）晶面（JCPDS№27-1402）。与纯硅相比，样品Si-P和Si-P@C的所有特征峰均没有明显偏移，说明磷掺杂和碳包覆过程对材料中硅的晶体结构影响较小。磷与硅原子半径差值不大，磷原子扩散时会占据硅的晶格位点且不改变其晶体结构。值得注意的是，Si-P样品在25.3°处出现一个弱衍射峰，是五氧化二磷与硅反应生成了二氧化硅相。Si-P@C样品在23.8°附近出现较宽的衍射峰，对应材料热解生成的无定形碳。经磷掺杂与碳包覆的样品特征峰峰强逐渐降低，这是因为复合材料中晶体硅占比降低。在所有样品中并未发现其他衍射峰，表明改性处理过程并未生成杂质相。
2.2　微观形貌及元素分布
不同样品SEM图、Si-P@C样品成分谱图及EDS图谱见图2。原始微米硅为粒径0.5～1 μm、棱角分明的不规则立方体颗粒。Si-P颗粒尺寸为0.2～1 μm，粒径分布变宽，颗粒出现一定团聚。这是由于磷掺杂改变了颗粒表面的组分，经球磨后颗粒发生不同程度的破碎。经碳包覆后材料颗粒细化、粒径均匀、表面更光滑，表明硅颗粒被柠檬酸与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮热解碳均匀包覆。为进一步证明磷掺杂和碳包覆，对Si-P@C进行成分EDS表征，结果表明Si-P@C中Si、C、P的质量比为69.28∶28.74∶1.98。由Si、C、P元素的Mapping能谱可知，各元素均匀分布在材料中，表明P和C元素都均匀掺杂和包覆在硅颗粒表面。
Si-P@C复合材料的XPS图谱见图3。Si、C、P和O元素均出现明显特征峰，这进一步证明C和P元素均成功掺入硅颗粒。由Si2p的高分辨能谱图可知，结合能98.7 eV和103.6 eV处的特征峰分别对应Si和Si4+。Si4+的出现表明存在二氧化硅，这是由于五氧化二磷与硅热扩散反应会生成二氧化硅和单质磷，硅在空气中也会形成氧化层。P2p结合能谱中134.4 eV和135.2 eV处拟合出Si—P和P—P峰，分别对应扩散在硅结构中的磷硅化物和单质磷元素[13]。C1s结合能谱中288.5、285.8和284.8 eV处的特征峰与、C—O和C—C键匹配，证明材料中存在较多碳包覆层。
2.3　电化学性能
不同样品作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能见图4。首次放电时所有材料在0.7 V左右开始出现电压斜坡，对应电极表面首次嵌锂形成固体电解质界面膜（SEI）的过程；在0.1 V左右出现较长的电压平台对应锂与硅反应生成锂硅合金（LixSi）的过程；充电时0.4 V左右的充电电压平台对应LixSi合金的脱锂过程[14]。值得注意的是，Si-P@C在0.7～0.1 V的放电比容量较大，这是由于碳包覆层增加了首次界面副反应。Si、Si-P和Si-P@C的首次充电比容量分别为3 466、3 102和2 831 mA/g，首次放电比容量分别为2 884、2 346和2 164 mAh/g，对应首次库伦效率分别为83.2%、75.6%和76.4%。由此可知，磷掺杂和碳包覆均会降低充放电比容量和首次库伦效率。
由各样品的循环性能曲线可知，微米硅循环20周时可逆比容量仅548 mAh/g，这是由于硅与锂合金化反应过程中发生了严重的体积膨胀，电极材料粉化，活性物质脱落。经磷掺杂和碳包覆后所得材料的循环性能得到了不同程度地提升，其中Si-P和Si-P@C样品经过50次循环后，可逆比容量分别保持在826和1 176 mAh/g，对应的容量保持率为47.0%和73.5%。循环性能的改善得益于Si-P和Si-P@C的特殊表面结构：磷掺杂后硅颗粒表面由磷、硅和二氧化硅组成，磷和二氧化硅会降低材料表面体积膨胀；碳包覆层可以促进稳定SEI膜的形成，同时缓冲硅的体积变化。
由倍率性能图可知，Si-P在电流密度5 A/g下的可逆比容量仍达755 mAh/g，表明磷掺杂可以显著提高材料的电子电导率。Si-P@C在电流密度0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0 A/g下的可逆比容量分别为1 603、1 267、1 106和950 mAh/g。电流密度降回0.2 A/g时，可逆比容量依然高达1 464 mAh/g。Si-P和Si-P@C样品均表现出优异的倍率性能和较好的可逆性。首次循环曲线中，0.70 V和1.20 V处出现的还原峰对应电解液分解与SEI膜形成。0.21 V处的还原峰对应晶体硅转化为非晶态LixSi的反应，随后的循环中该峰高度逐渐降低，表明晶体硅完全转化为非晶硅。0.33 V和0.49 V处的氧化峰对应LixSi转化为非晶态Si的相变反应。
样品Si、Si-P和Si-P@C循环后的阻抗值见图5，其中嵌入图为拟合的等效电路图。所有样品的阻抗曲线均由一个半圆和一条斜线组成。其中Re为欧姆阻抗，Rsf和Rct分别为半圆曲线中的表面膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗；斜线为锂离子在活性材料颗粒内部的固体扩散阻抗（Wo）[15]。拟合计算所得的具体阻抗值见表1。Si-P的Rsf和Rct分别为24.040 Ω和39.570 Ω，远小于硅循环后的阻抗值，表明磷掺杂生成的N型硅具有更快的离子传输速率。Si-P@C的Rsf和Rct分别为2.226 Ω和9.507 Ω，各阻抗值均显著降低，表明碳包覆层提升电极材料导电性的同时也能促进稳定SEI膜的形成。碳包覆层良好的延展性有效缓冲了硅的体积膨胀，并阻碍了电解液侵蚀。
3　结论
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1）以微米硅为基体，通过固相热扩散法与高温热解法合成了磷掺杂与碳包覆的Si-P@C复合材料。磷掺杂改变了硅颗粒表面组成，提高了硅的电子电导率；碳包覆层促进了稳定SEI膜形成，同时缓冲了硅的体积膨胀。
2）与纯硅相比，磷掺杂与碳包覆均不同程度地提高了硅的电化学性能。Si-P@C负极材料在电流密度0.5 A/g下循环50次后可逆比容量仍有1 176 mAh/g，容量保持率为73.5%；其在电流密度5.0 A/g下的可逆比容量为950 mAh/g，表现出优异的循环和倍率性能。
基金
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  • 浙江省重点研发计划(2022C03061)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52004103)
文献
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.030
  • 接收时间：2023-10-21
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2024-04-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-10-21
基金
浙江省重点研发计划(2022C03061)
国家自然科学基金(52004103)
作者信息
    1.浙江新时代中能科技股份有限公司，浙江　绍兴　312369
    2.江苏大学　材料科学与工程学院，江苏　镇江　212013

通讯作者:

侯晓川（1971—），男，湖北孝感人，博士，教授级高工，主要研究方向为有色金属冶炼及增值冶金。E-mail：
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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