Article(id=1241321980603978578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698163200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883822823, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1711900800000, pubDateStr=2024-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883822823, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883822823, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883822823, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321979433767757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='191', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883822544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884556149, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325056454881882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321979433767757, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321980880802649, articleId=1241321980603978578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effects of Monomer Types on Additive Manufacturing of 5052 Aluminum Alloy with Light-Curing Strategy, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To solve the problem of unstable slurry, low density of sintered body, and high carbon residue, the effect of different resin monomer on additive manufacturing of 5052 aluminum alloy with light curing strategy was explored. It is found that different type of monomer can bring great impact to the process of additive manufacturing with light curing strategy and the properties of the following sintered product. When the aluminum slurry prepared with TMPTA or PEG400DA has viscosity higher than 30 Pa·s and settling time is more than 120 h, the formed aluminum alloy substrate has a complete structure with more pores on the surface. When the aluminum slurry prepared with PEG200DA or HDDA has viscosity less than 30 Pa·s and the settling time is less than 16 h, the formed aluminum alloy substrate has no pores on the surface, but is prone to have incomplete structure. When the aluminum slurry prepared with PS-PCL has viscosity less than 30 Pa·s, and is stable and not prone to settling, the formed substrate has a complete structure with no pores on the surface. When the aluminum slurry with solid content around 55% was prepared with PS-PCL, after additive manufacturing process and sintering, the obtained sintered product has the relative density higher than 95%, relativly lower carbon residue (0.259 17%) and relatively higher hardness (29.94HV), with obvious necking growth on the fracture.

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针对光固化增材制造5052铝合金时存在的浆料不稳定、烧结体密度偏低和碳残留量较高等问题,研究了树脂单体种类对铝合金光固化增材制造的影响。结果表明,单体种类对光固化增材制造5052铝合金的成型工艺和烧结体性能具有重要影响。采用单体TMPTA或PEG400DA的铝浆黏度大于30 Pa·s,沉降时间大于120 h,成型的铝合金坯体结构完整但表面孔洞较多;采用单体PEG200DA或HDDA的铝浆黏度低于30 Pa·s,但沉降时间小于16 h,成型的铝合金坯体表面无孔洞但结构易残缺;采用单体PS-PCL的铝浆黏度低于30 Pa·s且稳定不易沉降,坯体表面无孔洞且结构完整。采用优选单体PS-PCL制备固含量55%铝浆,打印成型并烧结后,其相对密度大于95%,碳残留量相对较低(0.259 17%),断口烧结颈明显,硬度相对较高(29.94HV)。

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王小锋(1980—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事增材制造和金属基复合材料等方面的研究。E-mail:
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刘明信(1999—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝合金增材制造。E-mail:

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刘明信(1999—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝合金增材制造。E-mail:

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刘明信(1999—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝合金增材制造。E-mail:

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Al-Cu-Mg-Si系铝合金的注射成形[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2019, 29(11): 2471-2480., articleTitle=Al-Cu-Mg-Si系铝合金的注射成形, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241327497124565976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, awardId=2023HZ021005, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省重大科技专项(2023HZ021005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241327488907923852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327488924701072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, companyId=1241327488907923852, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327488933089683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, companyId=1241327488907923852, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241327493618127598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fsjDV90NdrmdNPXLqjw0RA==, figureFileBig=4z0uCgK4tTyJ8ZMRhBAJGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327493756539647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=CN, label=图1, caption=铝浆的流变性能

(a)单体种类对固含量45%铝浆沉降速度的影响;(b)固含量55%铝浆黏度与剪切速率的关系;(c)PS-PCL铝浆黏度与固含量的关系;(d)剪切速率10 mm/s时PS-PCL铝浆黏度与固含量的关系

, figureFileSmall=fsjDV90NdrmdNPXLqjw0RA==, figureFileBig=4z0uCgK4tTyJ8ZMRhBAJGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327494121444127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=o3A2G/y4mOu+cH08LJH+/Q==, figureFileBig=YeDBpo/rM+zOTalmQCuJ/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327494230496044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=CN, label=图2, caption=铝浆的固化性能

(a)单体种类对固含量55%铝浆单层固化厚度的影响;(b)固含量对PS-PCL铝浆单层固化厚度的影响

, figureFileSmall=o3A2G/y4mOu+cH08LJH+/Q==, figureFileBig=YeDBpo/rM+zOTalmQCuJ/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327494343742267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KxpBYVAsTbDIKx2OiafLrQ==, figureFileBig=SOTo2cZ3ChIZB6VsuVnp6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327494423434057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=CN, label=图3, caption=坯体的表面形貌和宏观形貌

(a)PS-PCL坯体表面形貌;(b)PEG200DA坯体表面形貌;(c)PEG400DA坯体表面形貌;(d)HDDA坯体表面形貌;(e)TMPTA坯体表面形貌;(f)各坯体宏观形貌

, figureFileSmall=KxpBYVAsTbDIKx2OiafLrQ==, figureFileBig=SOTo2cZ3ChIZB6VsuVnp6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327494557651798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8HJTDmlYO186TSCcOKH6XA==, figureFileBig=BbDRv0jyNgWw72Ya/iIXdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327494649926499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=CN, label=图4, caption=单体的TG-DSC曲线及坯体烧结碳残留情况

(a)HDDA DSC-TG曲线;(b)TMPTA DSC-TG曲线;(c)PEG200DA DSC-TG曲线;(d)PEG400DA DSC-TG曲线;(e)PS-PCL DSC-TG曲线;(f)单体TG曲线;(g)单体种类对固含量55%坯体烧结后碳残留的影响;(h)固含量对PS-PCL坯体烧结后碳残留的影响

, figureFileSmall=8HJTDmlYO186TSCcOKH6XA==, figureFileBig=BbDRv0jyNgWw72Ya/iIXdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327496231179125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=727ZAi4yqRuLLuncuUgVJg==, figureFileBig=+62xS+s8iI9gjXCMZbFt1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327496394756993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=CN, label=图5, caption=铝合金坯体烧结后的密度、相对密度和硬度

(a)单体种类对固含量55%铝坯体烧结密度和相对密度的影响;(b)固含量对PS-PCL铝坯体烧结密度和相对密度的影响;(c)单体种类对固含量55%铝坯体烧结后硬度的影响;(d)固含量对PS-PCL铝坯体烧结硬度的影响

, figureFileSmall=727ZAi4yqRuLLuncuUgVJg==, figureFileBig=+62xS+s8iI9gjXCMZbFt1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327496524780432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jA8H8uw9XMeQiCgaPIPcGQ==, figureFileBig=14gty/cJWFMGsMAIEspPuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327496650609569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=CN, label=图6, caption=部分烧结样品表面形貌、断口形貌及金相组织

(a)PS-PCL,表面形貌;(b)PS-PCL,断口形貌;(c)PS-PCL,金相组织;(d)PEG400DA,表面形貌;(e)PEG400DA,断口形貌;(f)PEG400DA,金相组织

, figureFileSmall=jA8H8uw9XMeQiCgaPIPcGQ==, figureFileBig=14gty/cJWFMGsMAIEspPuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327496789021622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0xIUuhny3YHPWC/yD/d5VQ==, figureFileBig=3ZFgOq8mC8R4lwzagnUFQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327496893879227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321980603978578, language=CN, label=图7, caption=固含量55%的PS-PCL烧结样品实物

(a)中南大学校徽坯体;(b)涡轮坯体;(c)涡轮烧结样品

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单体种类对光固化增材制造5052铝合金的影响
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刘明信 , 乔聪卓 , 彭超群 , 王日初 , 柏松 , 王小锋
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(2): 145-152
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(2): 145-152
单体种类对光固化增材制造5052铝合金的影响
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刘明信 , 乔聪卓, 彭超群, 王日初, 柏松, 王小锋
作者信息
  • 中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 刘明信(1999—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝合金增材制造。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王小锋(1980—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事增材制造和金属基复合材料等方面的研究。E-mail:
Effects of Monomer Types on Additive Manufacturing of 5052 Aluminum Alloy with Light-Curing Strategy
Mingxin LIU , Congzhuo QIAO, Chaoqun PENG, Richu WANG, Song BAI, Xiaofeng WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.033
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针对光固化增材制造5052铝合金时存在的浆料不稳定、烧结体密度偏低和碳残留量较高等问题,研究了树脂单体种类对铝合金光固化增材制造的影响。结果表明,单体种类对光固化增材制造5052铝合金的成型工艺和烧结体性能具有重要影响。采用单体TMPTA或PEG400DA的铝浆黏度大于30 Pa·s,沉降时间大于120 h,成型的铝合金坯体结构完整但表面孔洞较多;采用单体PEG200DA或HDDA的铝浆黏度低于30 Pa·s,但沉降时间小于16 h,成型的铝合金坯体表面无孔洞但结构易残缺;采用单体PS-PCL的铝浆黏度低于30 Pa·s且稳定不易沉降,坯体表面无孔洞且结构完整。采用优选单体PS-PCL制备固含量55%铝浆,打印成型并烧结后,其相对密度大于95%,碳残留量相对较低(0.259 17%),断口烧结颈明显,硬度相对较高(29.94HV)。

5052铝合金  /  增材制造  /  光固化  /  3D打印  /  单体  /  铝浆黏度  /  相对密度

To solve the problem of unstable slurry, low density of sintered body, and high carbon residue, the effect of different resin monomer on additive manufacturing of 5052 aluminum alloy with light curing strategy was explored. It is found that different type of monomer can bring great impact to the process of additive manufacturing with light curing strategy and the properties of the following sintered product. When the aluminum slurry prepared with TMPTA or PEG400DA has viscosity higher than 30 Pa·s and settling time is more than 120 h, the formed aluminum alloy substrate has a complete structure with more pores on the surface. When the aluminum slurry prepared with PEG200DA or HDDA has viscosity less than 30 Pa·s and the settling time is less than 16 h, the formed aluminum alloy substrate has no pores on the surface, but is prone to have incomplete structure. When the aluminum slurry prepared with PS-PCL has viscosity less than 30 Pa·s, and is stable and not prone to settling, the formed substrate has a complete structure with no pores on the surface. When the aluminum slurry with solid content around 55% was prepared with PS-PCL, after additive manufacturing process and sintering, the obtained sintered product has the relative density higher than 95%, relativly lower carbon residue (0.259 17%) and relatively higher hardness (29.94HV), with obvious necking growth on the fracture.

5052 aluminum alloy  /  additive manufacturing  /  light curing  /  3D printing  /  monomer  /  viscosity of aluminum slurry  /  relative density
刘明信, 乔聪卓, 彭超群, 王日初, 柏松, 王小锋. 单体种类对光固化增材制造5052铝合金的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (2) : 145 -152 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.033
Mingxin LIU, Congzhuo QIAO, Chaoqun PENG, Richu WANG, Song BAI, Xiaofeng WANG. Effects of Monomer Types on Additive Manufacturing of 5052 Aluminum Alloy with Light-Curing Strategy[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (2) : 145 -152 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.033
铝合金增材制造具有低能耗、低材料损耗和一体化成型等优势[1-4],目前主要采用粉末床熔融(PBF)[5]和直接能量沉积(DED)[6]两种制造方式。然而,现有增材制造技术在产品微观组织、表面质量和铝合金种类适应性等方面仍存在不足[7-9],制备的产品易出现温度梯度过大、组织不均匀[10]、气孔[11]、残余应力[12]和凝固裂纹[13]等缺陷。
除了直接增材制造技术,间接增材制造技术也备受关注,其中光固化增材制造(VPP)[14]利用紫外光固化铝浆逐层制备坯体,具有打印精度高[15]、制备过程能耗低等优点,但存在铝粉难以分散和浆料不稳定[16]等问题。为解决这些问题,文献[17]采用悬浮聚合法改善铝浆的稳定性与分散性。在前期工作中,本课题组通过在制备铝浆过程中添加阻聚剂解决了铝浆分散与失效问题[18]。但是,采用VPP制备铝合金仍然存在浆料不稳定、烧结体密度偏低和碳残留量较高等问题。为解决上述问题,本文从光敏树脂的角度出发,研究单体与铝合金光固化增材制造的关系。首先通过沉降实验、流变实验研究单体种类对5052铝合金浆料稳定性、黏度的影响;再采用光学显微镜和千分卡尺对光固化增材制造制备坯体进行测试和表征,探究单体种类对铝浆固化厚度和坯体表面质量的影响;最后通过差热分析(DSC)设计坯体的排胶和烧结工艺,研究了单体种类对样品烧结性能的影响,获得最优选单体,制备了复杂结构的铝合金零部件。
实验所用原料为5052铝合金粉末(纯度99.9%,D50=14.5 μm)。实验所用化学试剂包括单体HDDA(1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯)、TMPTA(三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯)、PEG200DA(聚乙二醇200二丙烯酸酯)、PEG400DA(聚乙二醇400二丙烯酸酯)、PS-PCL(课题组自制),光引发剂TPO(2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基二苯基氧化膦)、分散剂SP-710(嵌段共聚物)、阻聚剂TBHQ(叔丁基对苯二酚),均为分析纯。
首先将5种单体(由于PS-PCL常温为固态,需额外加热至40 ℃熔化)与阻聚剂TBHQ(占浆料的4%,质量分数,下同)和光引发剂TPO(占浆料的0.5%)加入球磨机中,在真空条件下800 r/min搅拌8 h得到均匀稳定的混合树脂。再按照固相体积分数55%将5052铝合金粉末和分散剂SP-710(占铝合金粉末的5%)加入混合树脂中,在球磨机中真空条件下800 r/min搅拌4 h,制得分散均匀的铝浆。
采用上述工序配制的5种单体的铝浆分别进行光固化3D打印制备铝坯体。其中,铝浆固相体积分数(简称固含量)分别为50%、52.5%、55%、57.5%和60%。所用光固化3D打印机为波长405 nm的Pico 2 DLP(澳大利亚Asiga公司),打印层厚设置为40 μm。
脱脂过程升温速率为1 ℃/min,分别在200 ℃和400 ℃保温2 h进行脱脂。脱脂后以10 ℃/min的升温速率从400 ℃升至620 ℃,保温2 h进行烧结。烧结完成后以5 ℃/min的速率冷却至室温。该过程在KJ-T1600-L6010LB1高温气氛管式炉(郑州科佳电炉有限公司)中进行,整个过程以500 mL/min的流速通入高纯氮气。
采用沉降实验探究单体种类对铝浆稳定性的影响。在量筒中装入新配制好的铝浆,体积为100 mL。沉降一定时间后,测定沉降高度与原始高度的比值,以评判铝浆的稳定性[19]。采用AR2000EX流变仪测试铝浆在0.1~100 s-1的黏度。采用ZY-HDMI200M光学显微镜观察生坯的微观形貌。采用千分卡尺测量铝浆料固化厚度、生坯和烧结试样的尺寸。根据阿基米德原理测量5052铝合金烧结试样的密度。采用HV-10Z维氏硬度计(上海精密仪器有限公司)进行硬度测量。采用DM4M金相显微镜(德国LEICA公司)观察烧结样品金相。采用Sirion-200场发射扫描电子显微镜(美国FEI公司)观察烧结试样的组织形貌。采用CS106碳硫分析仪(上海宝英光电科技有限公司)测定烧结试样的碳残留量。
铝浆沉降高度与浆料的稳定性有关,单体与铝粉颗粒之间的黏着力影响铝浆沉降[20-21]。黏着力过低,会导致铝浆沉降较快,打印易出现过曝等现象,影响打印精度。液态单体黏度与铝浆沉降速率的关系可以用Stokes公式[22]来描述:
式中vs为铝浆沉降速率,cm/s;ρp为铝粉分散在铝浆中的密度,g/cm3ρf为树脂单体分散在铝浆中的密度,g/cm3;g为重力加速度,取g=980 cm/s2d为铝粉的中值粒径D50[23]d=14.5×10-4 cm;[η]为单体树脂的黏度,Pa·s。在各组铝浆中,ρpρfd相同,单体密度ρf≈1 g/cm3。因此沉降速率vs主要受单体黏度[η][24]影响,两者成反比关系。
图1(a)为单体种类对固含量45%铝浆沉降速度的影响。由图1(a)可知,5种单体浆料中PS-PCL铝浆沉降最慢,上清液体积小于5%。这是由于PS-PCL的熔点20~30 ℃,熔点以下呈半固态,由其配制的铝浆常温下呈低黏度膏料状,铝浆内PS-PCL分子间受范德华力作用,相互间形成弱连接维持稳定,分子间连接形成的网络承托起铝粉颗粒,减缓了铝粉颗粒沉降速率[20]。其他单体常温下为液态,分子间范德华力较弱,静置时间越长,铝浆分层越明显。其中,HDDA铝浆沉降速率最快,16 h沉降的液相体积为30%;PEG200DA铝浆40 h沉降20%;PEG400DA和TMPTA铝浆沉降较慢,16 h沉降液相体积小于5%。
根据公式(1),沉降速率主要受单体黏度影响,5种单体的黏度分别为:HDDA,5~10 mPa·s;TMPTA,80~140 mPa·s;PEG200DA,15 mPa·s;PEG400DA,65 mPa·s[25];PS-PCL,5~15 mPa·s。PEG200DA与HDDA黏度低,单体与铝粉颗粒间的作用力弱,对应的铝浆沉降速率快。PEG400DA与TMPTA黏度高,对应的铝浆沉降速率较慢。PS-PCL在常温下呈半固态,不符合Stokes公式固液相混合条件,因此PS-PCL铝浆沉降速率无法用Stokes公式解释。PS-PCL铝浆沉降速率最慢,表现最稳定。
图1(b)为固含量55%铝浆黏度随剪切速率变化情况。PEG400DA铝浆的黏度最高,其次是TMPTA铝浆,PEG200DA、HDDA、PS-PCL铝浆的黏度均较低。铝浆黏度可以用Krieger-Dougherty(K-D)公式[26]来描述:
式中ηr为铝浆黏度,Pa·s;ϕm为铝浆理论最大固相体积分数,%;ϕ为铝浆固相体积分数,%。在铝浆沉降速率相同的情况下,在打印高精度坯体方面,低黏度铝浆比高黏度铝浆更具优势。PS-PCL铝浆与HDDA铝浆黏度均较低,但PS-PCL铝浆沉降较慢,不会对打印过程产生不利影响,因此PS-PCL铝浆能较好地满足打印的要求。
图1(c)为不同固含量PS-PCL铝浆黏度随剪切速率的变化情况。在剪切过程中,PS-PCL铝浆黏度均为先增稠后变稀。在剪切开始时,剪切增稠是由于随着剪切速率增加,铝浆内摩擦增大,黏度增加;剪切变稀是在高剪切速率下,内部存在撕裂现象[25],导致流体变稀。
选取图1(c)中剪切速率10 s-1时PS-PCL铝浆的黏度数据,得到PS-PCL铝浆黏度随固含量的变化如图1(d)所示。用于光固化的浆料在剪切速率10 s-1下黏度应不超过3 Pa·s[27-28],但实验中发现只要铝浆黏度不超过30 Pa·s,打印效果都比较理想。因此5组固含量的PS-PCL铝浆黏度均符合打印要求。
单层固化厚度Cd是光固化过程中的重要参数,Cd过低会导致光固化3D打印时层间难以紧密结合[25]。固含量55%,铝浆Cd与单体种类的关系如图2(a)所示。根据实验结果,除PEG400DA铝浆,其他单体铝浆的Cd都可以满足打印要求,所得坯体层间紧密结合。
图2(b)为PS-PCL铝浆Cd与固含量的关系。PS-PCL铝浆与固含量整体呈负相关[29],即Cd随着固含量增高而降低。
图3(a)~(e)为固含量55%时5种单体铝浆打印制备坯体的表面形貌,图3(f)为打印后坯体的宏观形貌。由图可见,PS-PCL坯体表面完整,PEG400DA、PEG200DA、TMPTA坯体表面存在孔洞缺陷。这是由于铝浆黏度过高,被刮刀涂覆时无法均匀铺平,导致每层都产生孔洞缺陷,最终孔洞缺陷留在坯体内部。但因为PEG200DA、PEG400DA和TMPTA铝浆黏度较高不易沉降,可确保每层顺利打印而不产生褶皱,因此其坯体宏观结构较完整。HDDA坯体表面无明显缺陷,但由于HDDA黏度低,铝浆沉降速率过快,因此坯体打印时,铝浆产生沉降分层,固化过曝发生卷曲褶皱[30],褶皱被刮刀撕扯产生残缺,导致坯体边缘结构不完整。
结合图13可知,铝浆黏度较高时,铝浆沉降速率较慢,稳定性较高,打印坯体宏观结构比较完整;但黏度过高会导致坯体表面产生孔洞缺陷。铝浆黏度较低时,坯体打印表面无孔洞;但铝浆沉降速率过快产生分层,会造成坯体褶皱、应力过大、粉末分布不均等结构缺陷,导致烧结后坯体鼓包开裂[24]。单体PS-PCL具有特殊的半固态性质,其铝浆稳定性好、沉降速率慢、黏度低,打印后,PS-PCL坯体结构完整、表面良好,是制备铝浆优选的单体。
图4(a)~(e)为5种单体在氮气气氛下的热分析(DSC-TG)曲线。由图4(a)可知,HDDA的热分析曲线存在2个弱吸热峰,说明HDDA在升温过程经历两步分解:第一步发生在室温至200 ℃,这归因于低分子量聚合物中氢元素和氧元素的蒸发;第二步从400 ℃到600 ℃,对应大分子碳链中碳元素的热解过程,该过程发生了大部分的分解反应,失重比例为80%~90%[31]。当升温至分解温度时,HDDA通过随机链端断裂机制发生分解并生成挥发性降解产物,最终产物中存在碳元素[23]。由图4(b)可知,TMPTA与HDDA分解过程类似,最大分解速率在470 ℃左右,对应交联的丙烯酸酯有机部分的分解[32]
图4(c)~(e)可看出,PEG200DA、PEG400DA的DSC曲线峰型相似,分解温度范围为360~500 ℃[33];由于PS-PCL的合成成分中有PEG200DA,PS-PCL的DSC曲线峰型位置和分解规律与PEG200DA接近。
图4(f)为各单体TG曲线。由图可知,PS-PCL、PEG200DA、PEG400DA、HDDA的TG曲线主要分解阶段基本重合,而TMPTA的TG曲线主要分解阶段温度高于其他单体。
排胶过后往往存在碳元素残留,碳残留过高会包裹铝粉颗粒,抑制铝粉间烧结颈的形成,阻碍样品烧结致密化。图4(g)为各组固含量55%的坯体烧结后的碳残留质量比。由图可知,PS-PCL与TMPTA样品的碳残留较低,为总质量的0.25%左右,接近PEG400DA样品的1/3、PEG200DA与HDDA样品的1/2。但TMPTA的分解阶段温度比PS-PCL高,分解温度过高可能会影响铝合金坯体的后续烧结。图4(h)为不同固含量的PS-PCL样品碳残留情况。单体固含量越大,意味着在同质量坯体内部单体质量占比越多,热分解残留的碳含量也相对越高。因此从碳残留和分解温度的角度,PS-PCL对铝合金粉体的烧结影响较小。
图5(a)为单体种类对样品排胶烧结后密度和相对密度的影响。可见,HDDA样品烧结密度较低,这是由于HDDA铝浆沉降过快,坯体内部粉末分布不均、内应力较大,排胶过程中坯体内部的有机物剧烈反应分解,导致内部应力集中释放,造成鼓包、裂纹、层间剥离等缺陷,最终导致烧结密度较低。TMPTA、PEG400DA铝浆黏度过高,打印过程产生孔洞,显微形貌下孔洞覆盖整个样品,阻碍样品烧结致密[34]。PEG200DA样品烧结相对密度92.28%,但由于其碳残留量较高阻碍了其密度进一步升高。PS-PCL样品烧结相对密度最高,为95.08%。
图5(b)为PS-PCL样品密度和相对密度与固含量之间的关系。PS-PCL样品密度、相对密度总体上随铝浆固含量增加先升高后降低。
图5(c)为固含量55%样品硬度与单体种类之间的关系。其中,PS-PCL样品硬度最高,为29.94HV,而TMPTA硬度最低,为17.18HV。
图5(d)为PS-PCL样品硬度与固含量之间的关系。样品硬度随固含量增大先升高后降低,在固含量55%时达到最大值29.94HV。
综上所述,固含量55%的PS-PCL样品密度、硬度相对较高,碳残留量相对较低,分别为2.548 1 g/cm3、29.94HV和0.259 17%。
固含量55%的PS-PCL和PEG400DA烧结样品显微组织、金相组织见图6。由图6可知,PS-PCL烧结样品微观形貌更致密,孔洞更少;PEG400DA烧结样品铝粉颗粒仍保持球形,无明显烧结颈,这可能是由于烧结后碳残留量过高,对烧结颈的形成起阻碍作用。由断口形貌可以看出,PS-PCL烧结样品铝粉颗粒之间形成了烧结颈,这是烧结致密的必要阶段[35],这是由于PS-PCL样品烧结后碳残留量相对较低,烧结样品的密度、显微硬度均高于其他样品。
综上所述,PS-PCL作为光敏单体在铝合金烧结方面具有显著优势。
固含量55%PS-PCL铝浆烧结样品实物见图7
1)HDDA和PEG200DA黏度低,其铝浆不稳定易沉降。PEG400DA和TMPTA黏度高,其铝浆较稳定不易沉降。PS-PCL黏度较低,其铝浆较稳定,存放120 h不产生明显沉降。铝浆稳定性影响打印结构完整性,PEG400DA、TMPTA和PS-PCL铝浆打印坯体结构都较完整。
2)PEG400DA与TMPTA铝浆黏度高,打印时易出现孔洞缺陷。HDDA、PEG200DA和PS-PCL铝浆黏度低,打印坯体表面质量好,无明显孔洞缺陷。
3)PEG400DA和TMPTA样品烧结相对密度小于90%。HDDA样品碳残留量高,烧结相对密度仅80.24%。PEG200DA样品烧结相对密度92.28%,但残碳量较高,影响烧结性能。PS-PCL样品烧结后相对密度95.08%、组织均匀、气孔较少、碳残留量相对较低(0.259 17%),断口铝粉颗粒间烧结颈明显、无开裂等现象,硬度相对较高(29.94HV)。PS-PCL可作为铝合金光固化增材制造优选单体。
  • 福建省重大科技专项(2023HZ021005)
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2024年第44卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.02.033
  • 接收时间:2023-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2024-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-25
基金
福建省重大科技专项(2023HZ021005)
作者信息
    中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

通讯作者:

王小锋(1980—),男,湖北天门人,博士,教授,主要从事增材制造和金属基复合材料等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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