Article(id=1241321697232605237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729094400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883755262, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1743436800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883755262, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883755262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883755262, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321691524158287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883753901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884632018, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325374676726363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325374676726364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321697618481241, articleId=1241321697232605237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Preparation of Diesel Microemulsion and Its Mechanism in Graphite Flotation, columnId=1236276106932842717, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINERAL PROCESSING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Surfactants of Span80 and Tween80 were adopted to emulsify diesel in an experiment. Based on the studies on effects of diesel microemulsion on the concentrate recovery rate by graphite flotation and fuel-saving efficiency, the optimal conditions for preparing diesel microemulsion were determined as follows: emulsifier's hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 9, n-butyl alcohol as a co-emulsifier, and emulsifier and co-emulsifier in a mass ratio of 2∶1. Under these conditions, the diesel microemulsion can be prepared with an average particle size of 78.82 nm and uniformly dispersed, presenting excellent stability. Flotation experiments showed that the usage of diesel microemulsion could save 28.66% of oil. And the mechanism of interaction between diesel microemulsion and graphite reveals that diesel microemulsion can significantly reduce the surface tension of the pulp, thus increasing the contact angle of graphite, leading to a higher flotation recovery rate compared to the adoption of conventional diesel.

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采用表面活性剂Span80和Tween80对柴油进行乳化,研究柴油微乳液对石墨浮选精矿回收率和节油率的影响,确定柴油微乳液制备的适宜条件为:乳化剂亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)9,以正丁醇为助乳化剂、乳化剂与助乳化剂质量比2∶1,该条件下所得柴油微乳液平均粒径78.82 nm,且分散均匀,稳定性好;浮选试验结果表明,柴油微乳液节油率可达28.66%。柴油微乳液与石墨作用机理研究结果表明,柴油微乳液可以显著降低矿浆的表面张力,增大石墨的接触角,浮选回收率较柴油更高。

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邱杨率(1987—),男,湖北汉川人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为非金属矿选矿、非金属矿深加工与矿物材料、天然石墨功能材料。E-mail:
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闫俊慧(1999—),女,山西临汾人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为非金属矿选矿提纯及深加工。E-mail:

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闫俊慧(1999—),女,山西临汾人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为非金属矿选矿提纯及深加工。E-mail:

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(a)异丙醇;(b)正丁醇;(c)仲辛醇;(d)正戊醇

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(a)Km=0.5;(b)Km=1.0;(c)Km=1.5;(d)Km=2.0

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(a)石墨原矿;(b)柴油处理后石墨;(c)柴油微乳液处理后石墨

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Analysis results of chemical composition of pure graphite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2Al2O3MgOCaOFe2O3SO3ClC
0.230.180.150.040.030.010.0199.35
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石墨纯矿物化学组成分析结果(质量分数)

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SiO2Al2O3MgOCaOFe2O3SO3ClC
0.230.180.150.040.030.010.0199.35
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Added water capacity in diesel microemulsion with different HLB values

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HLB值柴油微乳液各组分质量/g
Span80Tween80正丁醇柴油
71.310.69110.96
81.120.88111.10
90.931.07111.16
100.751.25111.24
110.561.44111.38
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不同HLB值柴油微乳液的增容水量

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HLB值柴油微乳液各组分质量/g
Span80Tween80正丁醇柴油
71.310.69110.96
81.120.88111.10
90.931.07111.16
100.751.25111.24
110.561.44111.38
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柴油微乳液制备及其在石墨浮选中作用机理的研究
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闫俊慧 1 , 邱杨率 1, 2, 3 , 张凌燕 1, 2, 3 , 安雅欣 1 , 任子杰 1, 2, 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2025,45(2): 90-96
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矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2025, 45(2): 90-96
柴油微乳液制备及其在石墨浮选中作用机理的研究
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闫俊慧1 , 邱杨率1, 2, 3 , 张凌燕1, 2, 3, 安雅欣1, 任子杰1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3.矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 闫俊慧(1999—),女,山西临汾人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为非金属矿选矿提纯及深加工。E-mail:

通讯作者:

邱杨率(1987—),男,湖北汉川人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为非金属矿选矿、非金属矿深加工与矿物材料、天然石墨功能材料。E-mail:
Preparation of Diesel Microemulsion and Its Mechanism in Graphite Flotation
Junhui YAN1 , Yangshuai QIU1, 2, 3 , Lingyan ZHANG1, 2, 3, Yaxin AN1, Zijie REN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • 3.Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.016
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采用表面活性剂Span80和Tween80对柴油进行乳化,研究柴油微乳液对石墨浮选精矿回收率和节油率的影响,确定柴油微乳液制备的适宜条件为:乳化剂亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)9,以正丁醇为助乳化剂、乳化剂与助乳化剂质量比2∶1,该条件下所得柴油微乳液平均粒径78.82 nm,且分散均匀,稳定性好;浮选试验结果表明,柴油微乳液节油率可达28.66%。柴油微乳液与石墨作用机理研究结果表明,柴油微乳液可以显著降低矿浆的表面张力,增大石墨的接触角,浮选回收率较柴油更高。

石墨  /  柴油  /  微乳液  /  乳化剂  /  捕收剂  /  鳞片石墨  /  拟三元相图  /  浮选

Surfactants of Span80 and Tween80 were adopted to emulsify diesel in an experiment. Based on the studies on effects of diesel microemulsion on the concentrate recovery rate by graphite flotation and fuel-saving efficiency, the optimal conditions for preparing diesel microemulsion were determined as follows: emulsifier's hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of 9, n-butyl alcohol as a co-emulsifier, and emulsifier and co-emulsifier in a mass ratio of 2∶1. Under these conditions, the diesel microemulsion can be prepared with an average particle size of 78.82 nm and uniformly dispersed, presenting excellent stability. Flotation experiments showed that the usage of diesel microemulsion could save 28.66% of oil. And the mechanism of interaction between diesel microemulsion and graphite reveals that diesel microemulsion can significantly reduce the surface tension of the pulp, thus increasing the contact angle of graphite, leading to a higher flotation recovery rate compared to the adoption of conventional diesel.

graphite  /  diesel  /  microemulsion  /  emulsifier  /  collector  /  flake graphite  /  quasi-ternary phase diagram  /  flotation
闫俊慧, 邱杨率, 张凌燕, 安雅欣, 任子杰. 柴油微乳液制备及其在石墨浮选中作用机理的研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 90 -96 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.016
Junhui YAN, Yangshuai QIU, Lingyan ZHANG, Yaxin AN, Zijie REN. Preparation of Diesel Microemulsion and Its Mechanism in Graphite Flotation[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (2) : 90 -96 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.016
石墨是一种碳质非金属矿物,具有耐腐蚀、润滑性、导热及导电性能好等特性,被广泛应用于机械、电子、化工、航天航空等领域[1-3]。根据矿石中石墨的结晶形态,石墨可分为致密块状石墨、土状石墨以及鳞片石墨三类[4]。石墨表面具有天然疏水性[5],可以在不添加任何药剂的情况下进行浮选,但浮选指标并不理想。石墨浮选过程中添加捕收剂,捕收剂可在石墨表面形成疏水性油膜[6-7],提高石墨可浮性。石墨浮选常用的捕收剂为煤油、柴油等非极性烃类油[8],这类非极性烃类油亲水性较差,油滴在矿浆中难以分散成均匀的小颗粒,导致捕收剂用量增加、浮选成本较高。
在捕收剂中添加适量表面活性剂可以提高浮选效果[9-10]。微乳液是一种稳定的油和水的分散体系[11],通过添加特定的乳化剂与助乳化剂,将非极性烃类油分散成更小、更均匀的油滴,可以达到提高浮选指标和节省捕收剂用量的效果[12-13]。本文进行了柴油微乳液制备工艺及其与石墨的作用机理研究,可为新型低碳石墨捕收剂的开发提供依据。
试验所用石墨纯矿物来自非洲某矿山。采用X射线荧光分析仪对原矿进行了化学组成分析,结果见表1。结果表明,样品纯度较高,原矿中主要杂质元素为Al、Si、Mg等。
试验试剂包括捕收剂柴油、起泡剂2#油(均为工业级药剂),乳化剂Span80、Tween80,助乳化剂正丁醇、异丙醇、正戊醇、仲辛醇(均为分析纯),抑制剂水玻璃。
试验设备包括单槽浮选机、真空过滤机、电热鼓风干燥箱、接触角测量仪、表面张力仪、磁力搅拌器等。
采用Shah滴定法制备柴油微乳液:将柴油、乳化剂与助乳化剂按比例混合均匀后向其中滴加去离子水,含水量达到一定值时,溶液瞬间从浑浊的乳白色变透明,此时得到微乳液。
采用Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90型纳米粒度仪,使用动态光散射法测量微乳液平均粒径和粒径分布。采用FEI Tecnai F20型透射电子显微镜观察柴油微乳液液滴形状以及分散情况。采用Brookfield DV-2 pro型旋转黏度计测量柴油微乳液黏度。
采用柴油或柴油微乳液为捕收剂进行浮选试验。以浮选精矿回收率、节油率判定微乳液浮选性能,其中节油率α计算公式为:
式中:M为浮选过程中柴油微乳液用量,g;M0为浮选过程中柴油用量,g。
浮选试验流程见图1
乳化剂又称表面活性剂[14],乳化剂中亲水基亲水性与亲油基亲油性的比值称为亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)。以柴油为油相、去离子水为水相,乳化剂为Span80和Tween80按比例复配,助乳化剂为正丁醇,按照(Span80+Tween80)∶正丁醇∶柴油质量比2∶1∶1配制HLB值7~11的柴油微乳液,分别测量其增容水量(消耗的去离子水总量),结果如表2所示。
表2可知:柴油微乳液组分中乳化剂、助乳化剂和柴油质量固定时,增容水量随着乳化剂HLB值增大而增大;HLB值为11时增容水量最大,说明此时乳化剂的乳化能力最强。
单一的增容水量无法完全确定最优的HLB值。这里通过浮选试验进一步筛选更适合石墨浮选的柴油微乳液乳化剂HLB值。
按照图1所示流程,起泡剂2#油用量150 g/t,以柴油及不同HLB值柴油微乳液为捕收剂进行浮选试验,HLB值对精矿回收率的影响如图2所示。由图2可知,随着捕收剂用量增加,浮选精矿回收率先增加后趋于平稳,柴油微乳液的最大回收率均高于柴油,捕收剂用量增至164 g/t时,回收率达到最大值95.64%。此回收率下,HLB值为9时捕收剂用量最少,节油率26.22%,结合增容水量测试结果综合考虑,确定适宜的乳化条件为HLB值为9。
以柴油为油相、去离子水为水相,Span80和Tween80复配的乳化剂HLB值为9,助乳化剂分别为异丙醇、正丁醇、仲辛醇和正戊醇。将乳化剂与助乳化剂混合后与柴油按不同质量比制备成微乳液,不同助乳化剂的微乳液拟三元相图如图3所示(图中M所在区域为微乳区域)。由图3可知,微乳区域面积从大到小依次为正丁醇、仲辛醇、正戊醇、异丙醇。仲辛醇(C7)和正戊醇(C5)具有更长的碳链,其乳化能力低于正丁醇,这是因为随着醇类分子碳链长度增加,体积变大,嵌入水油界面时阻力增加,阻碍了微乳液形成。与长碳链的醇类化合物相比,正丁醇(C4)拥有适中的碳链长度,更容易嵌入水-油界面,因此具有更好的乳化效果。异丙醇(C3)的疏水碳链较短,降低表面张力的能力弱。适宜的助乳化剂为正丁醇。
按照图1所示流程进行浮选试验,其中柴油微乳液按乳化剂∶助乳化剂∶柴油质量比2∶1∶1配比,乳化剂HLB值9,起泡剂2#油用量150 g/t,助乳化剂种类对精矿回收率的影响如图4所示。由图4可知,4种柴油微乳液的浮选回收率均比柴油的浮选回收率增加约2百分点。浮选回收率达到95.64%时,捕收剂正丁醇、仲辛醇、正戊醇的节油率都在20%以上,正戊醇节油率最大,但乳化能力远小于正丁醇。综合考虑,确定适宜的助乳化剂为正丁醇,其节油率为24.39%。
Km值指乳化剂与助乳化剂的质量比。选择Km值分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0的微乳液进行乳化能力测试和浮选试验。Span80和Tween80复配的乳化剂HLB值为9,助乳化剂为正丁醇,将乳化剂与助乳化剂混合后与柴油按不同质量比制备成微乳液,不同Km值微乳液拟三元相图如图5所示。由图5可知,Km=2.0时,形成的微乳区面积最大。乳化剂与助乳化剂的质量比为1∶2(Km=0.5)时,乳化剂含量较少,降低表面张力的程度不够,水-油界面不易发生弯曲。Km=2.0时,助乳化剂在乳化剂表面的作用效果达到最大值,此时微乳液体系中增容水量最大,初步确定乳化剂与助乳化剂的质量比为2∶1,即Km=2.0。
按照图1所示流程进行浮选试验,其中柴油微乳液按(乳化剂+助乳化剂)∶柴油质量比3∶1配比,乳化剂HLB值11,起泡剂2#油用量150 g/t,柴油微乳液Km值对精矿回收率的影响如图6所示。由图6可知,柴油浮选回收率达到最大值时,4种微乳液的浮选精矿回收率可达到97%左右,节油率均能达到20%以上,其中Km=2.0的节油率最大,为28.66%。结合拟三元相图乳化面积,确定适宜的乳化剂与助乳化剂质量比为2∶1即,Km=2.0。
微乳液平均粒径是判断其是否合格的重要指标之一。确定柴油微乳液制备的适宜条件为:(Span80+Tween80)含量(质量分数,下同)38.76%,正丁醇含量19.38%,柴油含量19.38%,水含量22.48%。对此条件下制备的柴油微乳液进行粒度测试,结果见图7。由图7可知,柴油微乳液平均粒径为78.82 nm,符合微乳液的粒径标准(10~100 nm),且粒径分布较窄,分布较为集中,说明液滴分散程度均匀。与柴油相比,柴油微乳液比表面积更大,可以在矿浆中充分分散,更有利于捕收剂与细鳞片石墨颗粒表面的碰撞和接触。
为了进一步观察柴油微乳液液滴形态及分散程度,采用透射电子显微镜观察其整体和内部形貌,结果如图8所示。由图8可知,液滴形状近似呈球形,形成一层界限模糊的过渡层,内相溶液即深色部分为水,外层薄膜为油层,水相被包裹在油中,形成W/O型微乳液。从图8可以看出,柴油被微乳化后的分散状态均匀、大小均一,说明可以在矿浆中更高效地吸附于石墨表面。
柴油微乳液黏度测试结果见图9。由图9可知:剪切应力随剪切速率增加呈线性增大,两者成正比;然而随着剪切速率变化,柴油微乳液黏度保持在14.29 mPa·s左右,符合牛顿流体特征,说明该柴油微乳液是相对稳定的牛顿流体。微乳液液滴尺寸影响微乳液的黏度,液滴尺寸分布越均匀,微乳液黏度越小,微乳液越稳定。因此可以判定微乳液具备稳定的热力学性质,更有利于药剂储存。
采用表面张力测试、接触角测试和红外光谱分析研究Span80+Tween80含量38.76%、正丁醇含量19.38%、柴油含量19.38%、水含量22.48%条件下制备的柴油微乳液在细鳞片石墨表面的吸附行为。
用去离子水稀释柴油微乳液,采用吊环法测量不同质量浓度柴油微乳液对水的表面张力,结果如图10所示。由图10可知,柴油微乳液的加入使水的表面张力明显下降后趋于平稳。柴油微乳液质量浓度从0增加到40 mg/L时,水的表面张力从72.8 mN/m减小至34.47 mN/m,说明低浓度的柴油微乳液可以显著降低水的表面张力。继续增大柴油微乳液质量浓度,水的表面张力趋于平稳,保持在27.04 mN/m左右。
表面活性剂具有亲水的极性基团和亲油的碳氢链,呈现为亲水-亲油的两亲分子,表面活性剂溶于水时,亲油端因排斥水而富集于表面,亲水端位于水中,导致水表面被亲油基团紧密覆盖,呈现较低的表面张力。低表面张力可以强化柴油与石墨颗粒表面作用,改善气泡稳定性,在细鳞片石墨浮选中更易形成微泡,并更牢固地附着于石墨表面,提高细鳞片石墨的可浮性。
石墨原矿及经164 g/t柴油和柴油微乳液处理后的石墨接触角测试结果如图11所示。由图11可知,与石墨原矿相比,石墨经柴油处理后接触角增大了5.3°,经微乳液处理后接触角增大了12.4°。柴油是非极性烃类油,在浮选过程中,大部分石墨颗粒表面是非极性的,柴油在石墨表面展开,形成一层疏水的油膜,从而提高石墨表面的疏水性。柴油微乳液还可以增大石墨颗粒在气泡上的附着力,从而达到更好的浮选效果,这与前文浮选试验结果吻合。
石墨与捕收剂作用前后的红外光谱见图12。对比石墨原矿,经柴油处理后的石墨3 624.96 cm-1处H—键的伸缩振动峰及3 111.87 cm-1处的C—H键的伸缩振动峰强度均有增加,表明柴油加入引入了新的—CH3或—CH2,这些极性基团均具有较强的疏水性,会覆盖石墨表面疏水区域,提高其可浮性。794.50、692.05、529.43、466.84 cm-1处均为石墨的特征峰。柴油的加入没有带来新的特征峰,说明柴油在石墨表面的吸附为物理吸附。石墨经柴油微乳液处理后,H—和—OH键的伸缩造成的3 626.41 cm-1处的吸收峰比柴油更高,说明柴油微乳液覆盖疏水区域的能力高于柴油。柴油微乳液比柴油在1 746.71和1 644.98 cm-1处新增了2个吸收峰,因为微乳液的乳化剂中含有碳氧双键。柴油微乳液中含有—OH、等含量官能团,柴油微乳液可以与细鳞片石墨表面的亲水区域相结合,进一步提高石墨的可浮性。柴油微乳液在石墨表面的吸附方式也为物理吸附。
研究了表面活性剂Span80与Tween80复配对柴油的改性效果以及柴油微乳液作为捕收剂对细鳞片石墨浮选的改善效果,并采用测试分析手段验证了其作用机理。得到以下主要结论。
1)柴油微乳液适宜的制备条件为:乳化剂HLB值为9,助乳化剂为正丁醇,乳化剂与助乳化剂质量比2∶1。浮选试验结果表明,精矿回收率达到95%左右时,上述条件制得的微乳液节油率为28.66%。
2)柴油微乳液适宜的配比为:(Span80+Tween80)含量38.76%,正丁醇含量19.38%,柴油含量19.38%,水含量22.48%。此配方下,柴油微乳液平均粒径78.82 nm,液滴形状呈近似球形,分散性较好。该微乳液黏度为14.29 mPa·s,属于牛顿流体,具备稳定的热力学性质。
3)柴油及微乳液均能吸附在石墨表面,柴油微乳液可以显著降低矿浆的表面张力,增大石墨接触角。两种捕收剂的吸附类型均为物理吸附。柴油的作用机理为覆盖石墨表面疏水区域,而微乳液的作用机理主要是与亲水区域以及疏水区域产生结合以及疏水作用力,从而大幅度提高石墨表面疏水性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2902905)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.016
  • 接收时间:2024-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-17
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2902905)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070
    3.矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430070

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邱杨率(1987—),男,湖北汉川人,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为非金属矿选矿、非金属矿深加工与矿物材料、天然石墨功能材料。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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