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A thermodynamic analysis based on HSC Chemistry software reveals the phase evolution of main metals in the production of nickel matte by sulfidation smelting of copper-nickel electroplating sludge, and the optimal process conditions for obtaining medium-grade nickel matte by sulfidation smelting were also analyzed. Theoretical calculation shows that the electroplating sludge with grades of Cu and Ni at 3.0% and 3.5% respectively is smelted at a temperature of 1 300 ℃, with calcium sulfate as a sulfurizing reagent under a smelting atmosphere with in a volume ratio of 60%-75%, and the actual usage of sulfur 1.6-2.0 times the theoretical value. It is expected that medium-grade nickel matte with Fe content less than 20% can be obtained, and the contents of Cu and Ni in the slag with S ratio in the preferred range can be less than 0.20% and 0.43% respectively. It is shown that recovery rates of Cu and Ni exceed 95% and 90% respectively, and the fixation rate of Cr in the slag is over 99.9%. According to the statistical results of production samples, the distribution behavior of Cu, Ni and Cr is basically consistent with the thermodynamic analysis results. This proves that the established mathematical model has good reliability and is of certain guiding significance for production.

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通过HSC Chemistry热力学分析方法揭示了铜镍电镀污泥还原硫化熔炼冰镍过程主要金属的物相变化规律,分析了还原硫化熔炼中冰镍的可选优化工艺条件。热力学理论计算结果表明:电镀污泥中铜、镍品位分别为3.0%、3.5%时,采用硫酸钙作为硫化剂,熔炼气氛体积分数比为60%~75%,实际硫用量与理论用量比为1.6~2.0,在1 300 ℃下进行还原熔炼,有望获得铁含量(质量分数)小于20%的中冰镍,预期区域内渣中铜、镍含量(质量分数)分别低于0.20%、0.43%,铜和镍回收率分别可达95%和90%以上,铬在渣中的固定率超过99.9%。生产样本统计结果显示,铜镍铬的分布行为与热力学分析结果基本一致,证明基于热力学分析建立的数学模型具有良好的可靠性,对生产具有一定指导意义。

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周兆安(1987—),男,浙江平阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事有色金属二次资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2019, 29(10): 2202-2212., articleTitle=Extraction of valuable metals from low nickel matte bycalcified roasting-acid leaching process, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327693325725841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=48, issue=6, pageStart=30, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=司俊起, 赵云, 王传强, journalName=中国有色冶金, refType=null, unstructuredReference=司俊起, 赵云, 王传强. 吉恩镍业转炉吹炼生产高冰镍生产实践[J]. 中国有色冶金, 2019, 48(6): 30-33., articleTitle=吉恩镍业转炉吹炼生产高冰镍生产实践, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327693405417619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=48, issue=6, pageStart=30, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=22, authorNames=SI Junqi, ZHAO Yun, WANG Chuanqiang, journalName=China Nonferrous Metallurgy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SI Junqi, ZHAO Yun, WANG Chuanqiang. Production practice of high nickel matte produced by converter in Ji'en Nickel Smelter[J]. China Nonferrous Metallurgy, 2019, 48(6): 30-33., articleTitle=Production practice of high nickel matte produced by converter in Ji'en Nickel Smelter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327693480915094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=57, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=吴海祥, 吴维新, 岳涛, journalName=矿冶工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴海祥, 吴维新, 岳涛, 等. 某铜冶炼渣浮选回收铜工艺试验研究[J]. 矿冶工程, 2024, 44(1): 57-59., articleTitle=某铜冶炼渣浮选回收铜工艺试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327693560606874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=57, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=24, authorNames=WU Haixiang, WU Weixin, YUE Tao, journalName=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Haixiang, WU Weixin, YUE Tao, et al. 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Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024, 44(1): 57-59., articleTitle=Reclaiming copper resource from copper smelting slag by flotation approach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327693636104352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=70, pageEnd=73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=刘超, 陈志强, 胡红喜, journalName=矿冶工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘超, 陈志强, 胡红喜, 等. 国外某低品位难选硫化铜镍矿选矿工艺研究[J]. 矿冶工程, 2023, 43(6): 70-73., articleTitle=国外某低品位难选硫化铜镍矿选矿工艺研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241327693782904997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=70, pageEnd=73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=26, authorNames=LIU Chao, CHEN Zhiqiang, HU Hongxi, journalName=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Chao, CHEN Zhiqiang, HU Hongxi, et al. Beneficiation experiment on low-grade refractory copper-nickel sulfide ore from abroad[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2023, 43(6): 70-73., articleTitle=Beneficiation experiment on low-grade refractory copper-nickel sulfide ore from abroad, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241327679518077403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327679530660320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, companyId=1241327679518077403, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Guangdong Feinan Resources Recycling Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526233, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327679539048926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, companyId=1241327679518077403, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广东飞南资源利用股份有限公司,广东 肇庆 526233)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241327679631323619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327679652295144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, companyId=1241327679631323619, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Copper-Bearing Industrial Solid Waste Sludge in Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing 526233, Guangdong, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327679660683754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, companyId=1241327679631323619, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广东省工业固废含铜污泥资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,广东 肇庆 526233)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241327686577091389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Phase distribution of coper at reaction equilibrium with different sulfurization agent dosage under different smelting atmospheres, figureFileSmall=lKNc7WoXMGe+i9LR8vd4Dg==, figureFileBig=WTFPD5GXR9JklIPoUR19nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327686723892040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同硫化剂用量和熔炼气氛F值下反应平衡时铜物相分布情况

(a)氧化态铜;(b)硫化态铜;(c)金属和合金态铜

, figureFileSmall=lKNc7WoXMGe+i9LR8vd4Dg==, figureFileBig=WTFPD5GXR9JklIPoUR19nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327686883275607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Phase distribution of nickel at reaction equilibrium with different sulfurization agent dosage under different smelting atmospheres, figureFileSmall=SN+C0vENk2OvRxybQcZftQ==, figureFileBig=VXH2uLBeiFjCPznE2alF9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327687038464865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同硫化剂用量和熔炼气氛F值下反应平衡时镍物相分布情况

(a)氧化态镍;(b)硫化态镍;(c)金属和合金态镍

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(a)硫化态铬;(b)金属和合金态铬;(c)高价态铬氧化物;(d)低价态铬氧化物

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(a)硫与锍相质量比;(b)铜与锍相质量比;(c)镍与锍相质量比;(d)铁与锍相质量比

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(a)渣铜品位;(b)铜回收率;(c)渣镍品位;(d)镍回收率

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(a)冰镍;(b)炉渣

, figureFileSmall=WCi1Cw5EWtH0Cs/GlucycQ==, figureFileBig=lMhGI3KCZSn6YRGCxcU6jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327688544220113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Set parameter values in simulated calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CuONiOFe2O3SiO2∑CaOAl2O3Cr2O3CaSO4S理论
1.0001.2637.22810.09310.0931.2460.1600.402~2.6841.342
), ArticleFig(id=1241327688661660632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟计算参数设定值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CuONiOFe2O3SiO2∑CaOAl2O3Cr2O3CaSO4S理论
1.0001.2637.22810.09310.0931.2460.1600.402~2.6841.342
), ArticleFig(id=1241327688787489757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical results of main chemical composition of nickel matte

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CuNiFeS
统计结果23.62~29.4124.81~33.5915.76~22.1616.08~22.15
均值26.7628.5120.1518.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241327688904930274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冰镍主要化学组成统计结果(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CuNiFeS
统计结果23.62~29.4124.81~33.5915.76~22.1616.08~22.15
均值26.7628.5120.1518.28
), ArticleFig(id=1241327689051730918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical results of copper and nickel contents in slag

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CuNi
统计结果0.11~0.420.09~0.49
均值0.240.32
), ArticleFig(id=1241327689223697392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321697039667243, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

炉渣的铜镍品位统计结果(质量分数)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目CuNi
统计结果0.11~0.420.09~0.49
均值0.240.32
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铜镍电镀污泥硫化熔炼中冰镍的热力学及工艺研究
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周兆安 1, 2 , 刘小文 1, 2 , 李俊 1, 2 , 毛谙章 1, 2 , 李加兴 1, 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(2): 141-146
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(2): 141-146
铜镍电镀污泥硫化熔炼中冰镍的热力学及工艺研究
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周兆安1, 2 , 刘小文1, 2, 李俊1, 2, 毛谙章1, 2, 李加兴1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.广东飞南资源利用股份有限公司,广东 肇庆 526233
  • 2.广东省工业固废含铜污泥资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,广东 肇庆 526233
  • 周兆安(1987—),男,浙江平阳人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事有色金属二次资源综合利用研究工作。E-mail:

Thermodynamic Analysis and Processing Technology for Producing Medium-Grade Nickel Matte by Sulfidation Smelting of Copper-Nickel Electroplating Sludge
Zhaoan ZHOU1, 2 , Xiaowen LIU1, 2, Jun LI1, 2, Anzhang MAO1, 2, Jiaxing LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Feinan Resources Recycling Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526233, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Engineering Technology Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization of Copper-Bearing Industrial Solid Waste Sludge in Guangdong Province, Zhaoqing 526233, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.025
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通过HSC Chemistry热力学分析方法揭示了铜镍电镀污泥还原硫化熔炼冰镍过程主要金属的物相变化规律,分析了还原硫化熔炼中冰镍的可选优化工艺条件。热力学理论计算结果表明:电镀污泥中铜、镍品位分别为3.0%、3.5%时,采用硫酸钙作为硫化剂,熔炼气氛体积分数比为60%~75%,实际硫用量与理论用量比为1.6~2.0,在1 300 ℃下进行还原熔炼,有望获得铁含量(质量分数)小于20%的中冰镍,预期区域内渣中铜、镍含量(质量分数)分别低于0.20%、0.43%,铜和镍回收率分别可达95%和90%以上,铬在渣中的固定率超过99.9%。生产样本统计结果显示,铜镍铬的分布行为与热力学分析结果基本一致,证明基于热力学分析建立的数学模型具有良好的可靠性,对生产具有一定指导意义。

铜镍  /  电镀污泥  /  硫化熔炼  /  中冰镍  /  热力学分析  /  危险废弃物利用

A thermodynamic analysis based on HSC Chemistry software reveals the phase evolution of main metals in the production of nickel matte by sulfidation smelting of copper-nickel electroplating sludge, and the optimal process conditions for obtaining medium-grade nickel matte by sulfidation smelting were also analyzed. Theoretical calculation shows that the electroplating sludge with grades of Cu and Ni at 3.0% and 3.5% respectively is smelted at a temperature of 1 300 ℃, with calcium sulfate as a sulfurizing reagent under a smelting atmosphere with in a volume ratio of 60%-75%, and the actual usage of sulfur 1.6-2.0 times the theoretical value. It is expected that medium-grade nickel matte with Fe content less than 20% can be obtained, and the contents of Cu and Ni in the slag with S ratio in the preferred range can be less than 0.20% and 0.43% respectively. It is shown that recovery rates of Cu and Ni exceed 95% and 90% respectively, and the fixation rate of Cr in the slag is over 99.9%. According to the statistical results of production samples, the distribution behavior of Cu, Ni and Cr is basically consistent with the thermodynamic analysis results. This proves that the established mathematical model has good reliability and is of certain guiding significance for production.

copper and nickel  /  electroplating sludge  /  sulfidation smelting  /  medium-grade nickel matte  /  thermodynamic analysis  /  hazardous waste utilization
周兆安, 刘小文, 李俊, 毛谙章, 李加兴. 铜镍电镀污泥硫化熔炼中冰镍的热力学及工艺研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 141 -146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.025
Zhaoan ZHOU, Xiaowen LIU, Jun LI, Anzhang MAO, Jiaxing LI. Thermodynamic Analysis and Processing Technology for Producing Medium-Grade Nickel Matte by Sulfidation Smelting of Copper-Nickel Electroplating Sludge[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (2) : 141 -146 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.025
铜镍电镀污泥中含有大量重金属(Ni、Cu、Cr、Fe、Zn、Pb、Cd等),且重金属化学性质不稳定,容易造成二次污染,属于危险废弃物(HW17)[1-2],但其也极具回收价值。目前,铜镍电镀污泥资源化处理工艺主要包括火法工艺和湿法工艺。火法工艺主要包括铜镍污泥熔炼法[3-4]、矿化-选矿法[5-6]、焙烧-浸出法[2,7]等;湿法工艺主要包括酸浸法[8-10]和氨浸法[11]。铜镍电镀污泥还原硫化熔炼低冰镍是一种新工艺[3],该工艺借鉴铜镍氧化矿冶炼技术和设备,其产品与冰镍冶炼行业产品具有共同特点,即产出的铜镍品位一般较低(铜镍品位合计35%~40%),含铁较高(35%~40%[12-13]),产品在后续吹炼过程中需要脱除大量的铁,不仅造成作业强度高、造渣量大,而且吹炼渣带走的铜镍量较多,影响吹炼过程铜镍直收率;吹炼渣需要返回还原熔炼系统回收铜镍,进一步增加了综合回收成本。针对这些问题,本文开发了一种兼顾铜镍回收率和冰镍品位的中冰镍熔炼工艺。
实验用铜镍电镀污泥来自珠三角地区电镀行业处理含铜、镍等重金属电镀废水过程中产生的固体废弃物,主要成分是铜和镍的氢氧化物、氧化物及少量的碳酸盐等,还含有铬、锌、铅等其他重金属杂质,其中铜、镍品位2%~5%,铬品位1%~2%。
铜镍污泥还原硫化熔炼冰镍过程一般采用炭基还原剂,以硫酸钙或硫铁矿为硫化剂,选用CaO-FeOx-Al2O3-SiO2渣系在1 250~1 350 ℃下进行高温还原熔炼,熔炼产物主要为炉渣、低冰镍和烟尘灰。整个还原硫化过程和产物情况主要由熔炼温度、熔炼气氛F值(,体积分数比)和硫化剂用量决定[3]。基于铜镍电镀污泥熔炼配料组成,设定热力学计算的熔炼原料组成及预配渣型,采用HSC Chemistry软件的Equilibrium Compositions模块数据库模拟计算铜镍污泥还原熔炼过程[3]。利用HSC Chemistry 9设置2个变量,计算在一定温度下随着硫化剂用量和熔炼气氛变化的多相反应平衡时物质的组成及分布情况。再结合铜镍污泥还原熔炼生产试验数据,验证热力学计算筛选的反应条件,以检验热力学计算结果的准确性。
根据生产配料,铜和镍入炉质量分数分别为3.0%和3.5%;以石膏为硫化剂,预配渣型组成(质量比)为:Fe∶SiO2∶CaO∶Al2O3=(12~20)∶30∶28∶(5~10),维持总钙量不变,硫化剂硫酸钙为变量;以1.000 kmol Cu为基准设定热力学计算模拟参数,详见表1
基于表1数据,硫化剂用量(S实际/S理论,指硫实际用量与理论用量的物质的量比)通过改变CaSO4和CaO的量来实现;熔炼气氛F值通过改变CO和CO2的比例来实现。最终利用软件计算得到反应平衡时产物的组成,再进行数据处理,并绘制相关指标的等高线图。为了方便计算分析,除特殊说明外作如下假设[3]:①在计算产物组成时假设合金相、锍相和渣相之间互不相溶;②忽略铜镍在烟尘中的损失;③预估渣铜、渣镍品位和铜镍金属回收率时仅将其所有的氧化物形态算入渣中,忽略其他损失。
基于表1参数,设定温度为1 300 ℃,通过改变参数进行多相反应平衡模拟计算,得出不同硫化剂用量(S实际/S理论)和熔炼气氛F值下反应平衡时铜物相分布情况,结果如图1所示。
图1可以看出,氧化态铜含量(质量分数,下同)主要受F值的影响,随着F值增大,还原性气氛增强,氧化态铜比例逐渐降低;硫化态铜、金属和合金态铜则主要受硫化剂用量和F值的协同调控,尤其是当还原性气氛足够时(F≥30%),随着S实际/S理论增大,硫化态铜含量逐渐增多,而金属和合金态铜含量逐渐降低,表现为还原硫化反应强于还原反应;而当S实际/S理论较大时,随着F值提高,硫化态铜、金属和合金态铜也会呈现波动变化。
在实际还原硫化生产过程中,尤其是鼓风炉还原熔炼时,当焦比和鼓风强度一定时,增加高价硫酸盐类硫化剂用量,会降低体系的还原性气氛,从而影响金属在产品中的分配。
基于表1参数,设定温度1 300 ℃,通过改变参数进行多相反应平衡模拟计算,得出不同硫化剂用量和熔炼气氛F值下反应平衡时镍物相分布情况,结果如图2所示。
图2可知,S实际/S理论F值对镍物相组成的调控作用与铜的类似,但相比于铜,镍的氧化物态存在区域更大,因为镍需要更高的F值以使其还原或还原硫化;在该铜镍共存体系中,镍硫化所需的硫化剂用量和F值高于铜,且体系中铜的硫化比例高于镍,这主要是因为铜的亲硫性远大于镍。
基于表1参数,设定温度1 300 ℃,通过改变参数进行多相反应平衡模拟计算,得出不同硫化剂用量和熔炼气氛F值下反应平衡时铬物相分布情况,结果如图3所示。
图3(a)和(b)可以看出,铬相对稳定,仅在极强的还原性气氛下才会发生硫化和还原,这在铜镍还原熔炼过程中几乎可以忽略不计,铬主要以氧化物态存在。
图3(c)和(d)可知,还原性气氛极弱时(或偏中性及弱氧化性气氛时),高温下极少量铬会被氧化,并以高价态铬氧化物存在。但在还原熔炼气氛下,超过99.9%的铬氧化物以低价态氧化物存在,其物相主要为CaO·Cr2O3、FeCr2O4和Cr2O3,以FeCr2O4为主。
不同硫化剂用量和熔炼气氛F值下还原硫化产物的组成情况见图4,不同硫化剂用量和熔炼气氛F值下冰镍熔炼技术指标见图5
依据生产经验,冰镍中硫的质量分数一般不低于20%,故本文将计算的硫化物中硫的质量与“锍相”质量(硫化物质量和金属合金相质量之和)之比等于20%记为“S=20%”,在图中以黑色虚线表示,并在各指标的等高线图中标出,虚线上部包围区为“S≥20%”,即冰镍熔炼控制区域。进而对熔炼过程主要产物组成及技术指标进行分析。
图4(a)可以看出,图中S≥20%区域为冰镍熔炼的硫化剂量和还原性气氛控制的优选区域。由图4图5可以得出,在该优选区域内冰镍中铜的预期含量(质量分数,下同)为25%~54%,镍的预期含量为23%~35%,铁的预期含量为不高于36%,渣铜品位低于0.78%,渣镍品位低于2.3%。另由图4和5可知,在优选区域内,当还原性气氛F值相同时,以F=50%为例,通过改变S实际/S理论,渣铜渣镍品位变化不大。但S实际/S理论相同时,通过提高F值,即增强还原性气氛,可以显著降低渣铜渣镍品位,提高铜镍直收率,但同时也会降低冰镍中铜镍含量而升高冰镍中铁含量。
综上所述,铜镍还原硫化冰镍过程中需要协调控制熔炼气氛和硫化剂用量,以获得更好的产品方案和铜镍资源的直收率。
将冰镍中铁含量5%~25%的冰镍称为中冰镍,熔炼中冰镍的主要目的是在兼顾金属回收率的前提下,减轻冰镍吹炼除铁压力,减少吹炼渣量,从而降低铜镍资源回收的综合成本。结合熔炼技术要求,由图4图5的优选区域,确定在F=60%~75%、S实际/S理论=1.6~2.0的区域内进行还原熔炼,有望获得铁含量小于20%的中冰镍,预期区域内的优选渣铜、渣镍品位分别可低于0.20%、0.43%,铜和镍回收率分别可达95%和90%以上,同时铬在渣中的固定率可超过99.9%。
利用热力学分析结果,在生产配料过程中控制合适的硫化剂用量,并通过调节鼓风量和焦炭量来控制还原性气氛,开展了中冰镍还原熔炼试验,统计结果如表2表3图6所示。结果显示,中冰镍产品中铜、镍、铁、硫平均品位分别为26.76%、28.51%、20.15%、18.28%,渣铜和渣镍平均品位分别为0.24%和0.32%,该渣或可进一步深度资源化[14-15]。此外,由图6可知,铜和镍主要分布在冰镍中,平均分布比例分别为92.12%和91.79%,在渣中的平均损失率分别为5.35%和6.67%,铜镍总回收率符合理论预期。铁主要分布在渣和冰镍中,铁的分布不仅影响冰镍的产品质量,也关系到熔炼渣型,生产中需要根据渣型进行配伍调控。约99.87%的铬分布在渣中,其在冰镍和烟尘中的分布微乎其微。
对生产过程中某一批次典型产物中冰镍和炉渣(水淬渣样)进行XRD表征,结果如图7所示。由图7可知:冰镍中主要存在Cu1.96S、CuFeS2、Cu5FeS4、Cu1.81S、CuNi、Ni3S2和Ni9S8等物相,炉渣中明显存在FeCr2O4尖晶石相,符合铬的主要存在物相特征。
综上分析,基于HSC Chemistry建立的铜镍污泥还原熔炼中冰镍工艺数学模型具有良好的可靠性,对生产具有一定指导意义。
1)热力学分析结果显示:在高温还原硫化过程中,铜镍赋存状态主要受硫化剂用量比及熔炼气氛的耦合作用影响,而铬主要呈低价氧化物态存在,并以FeCr2O4尖晶石为主。
2)经理论计算,铜镍污泥还原硫化熔炼中冰镍理论上可行,其可选的优化工艺条件:F=60%~75%,S实际/S理论=1.6~2.0,在该区域范围内进行还原熔炼,有望获得铁含量小于20%的中冰镍,预期区域内的优选渣铜和渣镍品位可分别低于0.20%和低于0.43%,铜和镍回收率分别可达95%和90%以上。
3)生产样本统计结果显示,铜、镍、铬的分布行为与热力学分析结果基本一致,说明基于热力学建立的铜镍污泥还原熔炼中冰镍工艺数学模型具有良好的可靠性,对生产具有一定的指导意义。
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.025
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
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    1.广东飞南资源利用股份有限公司,广东 肇庆 526233
    2.广东省工业固废含铜污泥资源综合利用工程技术研究中心,广东 肇庆 526233
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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