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Article(id=1241321695504552892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728489600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883754850, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1743436800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883754850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883754850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883754850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321691524158287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883753901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884632018, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325374676726363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325374676726364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=5, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321695886234584, articleId=1241321695504552892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Design and Experiment of Slope Presplit Blasting Parameters Based on Borehole Wall Pressure, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the poor presplit blasting effect on the final slope of the Yulong Copper Mine in Xizang Autonomous Region, the engineering applicable ranges of parameters such as decoupling coefficient, borehole diameter, linear charge density and hole spacing were calculated in consideration of the combined effects of explosion-generated gases and air shock waves, and the presplit blasting parameters were also optimized by performing orthogonal experiment. The results indicate that with a borehole diameter of 120 mm, a linear charge density of 800-1 000 g/m and a hole spacing of 0.9 m, the half-borehole rate after blasting exceeds 95%, the unevenness between adjacent holes is much less than ±5 cm, and the slope gradient deviation is less than ±2°, forming a continuous and regular presplit surface. This confirms the engineering applicability of the theoretically calculated parameter ranges.

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针对西藏玉龙铜矿最终边坡预裂爆破效果不佳的问题，综合考虑爆生气体与空气冲击波的作用，计算出不耦合系数、炮孔直径、线装药密度及孔间距等参数的工程适用区间，并采用正交试验对预裂爆破参数进行优化。结果表明：孔径120 mm、线装药密度800～1 000 g/m、孔间距0.9 m时，爆破后炮孔半孔率超过95%，相邻孔间不平整度远小于±5 cm，边坡坡率偏差小于±2°，形成了连续规整的预裂面，证明了理论计算取值范围的工程适用性。

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赵文奎（1989—），男，青海共和人，高级工程师，主要从事矿山地质、测量、采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail：

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赵文奎（1989—），男，青海共和人，高级工程师，主要从事矿山地质、测量、采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail：

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赵文奎（1989—），男，青海共和人，高级工程师，主要从事矿山地质、测量、采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail：

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Physico-mechanical properties of limestone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均抗拉强度/MPa平均抗压强度/MPa平均弹性模量/GPa平均泊松比内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/（°）
8.51125.9283.320.22025.0261.81
), ArticleFig(id=1241327680134631575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

灰岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均抗拉强度/MPa平均抗压强度/MPa平均弹性模量/GPa平均泊松比内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/（°）
8.51125.9283.320.22025.0261.81
), ArticleFig(id=1241327680260460712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Key parameters of emulsion explosives for No.2 rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ0/（g·cm-3）D/（m·s-1）Pk/MPa猛度/mm殉爆距离/cmγK
1.133 200200≥12≥31.33
), ArticleFig(id=1241327680398872760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2号岩石乳化炸药关键性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ0/（g·cm-3）D/（m·s-1）Pk/MPa猛度/mm殉爆距离/cmγK
1.133 200200≥12≥31.33
), ArticleFig(id=1241327680545673412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physico-mechanical properties of rock masses on each platform

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验平台岩体类型平均密度/（g·cm-3）平均抗压强度/MPa
4950～4965平台青灰色角岩2.76534
4800～4815平台黄褐色～青灰色的灰岩2.68540
4875～4890平台黄褐色灰岩2.68540
), ArticleFig(id=1241327681996902609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各平台岩体物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验平台岩体类型平均密度/（g·cm-3）平均抗压强度/MPa
4950～4965平台青灰色角岩2.76534
4800～4815平台黄褐色～青灰色的灰岩2.68540
4875～4890平台黄褐色灰岩2.68540
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682147897574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Orthogonal experiment parameters for the first blast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号线装药密度/（g·m-1）孔间距/m装药量/kg
15000.98.25
26000.99.90
37000.911.55
48000.913.20
55001.08.25
66001.09.90
77001.011.55
88001.013.20
95001.18.25
106001.19.90
117001.111.55
128001.113.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682298892527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

第1次爆破正交试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号线装药密度/（g·m-1）孔间距/m装药量/kg
15000.98.25
26000.99.90
37000.911.55
48000.913.20
55001.08.25
66001.09.90
77001.011.55
88001.013.20
95001.18.25
106001.19.90
117001.111.55
128001.113.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682424721658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Orthogonal experiment parameters for the second blast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号线装药密度/（g·m-1）孔间距/m装药量/kg
18000.913.2
21 0000.916.5
31 2000.919.8
41 4000.923.1
58001.013.2
61 0001.016.5
71 2001.019.8
81 4001.023.1
98001.113.2
101 0001.116.5
111 2001.119.8
121 4001.123.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682563133704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

第2次爆破正交试验参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号线装药密度/（g·m-1）孔间距/m装药量/kg
18000.913.2
21 0000.916.5
31 2000.919.8
41 4000.923.1
58001.013.2
61 0001.016.5
71 2001.019.8
81 4001.023.1
98001.113.2
101 0001.116.5
111 2001.119.8
121 4001.123.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682705740050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321695504552892, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Orthogonal experiment parameters for the third blast

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号线装药密度/（g·m-1）孔间距/m装药量/kg
18000.913.2
29000.915.0
31 0000.916.5
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第3次爆破试验参数

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试验编号线装药密度/（g·m-1）孔间距/m装药量/kg
18000.913.2
29000.915.0
31 0000.916.5
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基于孔壁压力的边坡预裂爆破参数设计与试验
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赵文奎 1 , 黄海仙 2 , 李启月 2 , 郭一鸣 2 , 张一航 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(2): 1-5
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(2): 1-5
基于孔壁压力的边坡预裂爆破参数设计与试验
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赵文奎1 , 黄海仙2, 李启月2, 郭一鸣2, 张一航2
作者信息
  • 1.西部矿业西藏玉龙铜业股份有限公司，西藏　昌都　854000
  • 2.中南大学　资源与安全工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083

    • 赵文奎（1989—），男，青海共和人，高级工程师，主要从事矿山地质、测量、采矿技术和管理工作。E-mail：

Design and Experiment of Slope Presplit Blasting Parameters Based on Borehole Wall Pressure
Wenkui ZHAO1 , Haixian HUANG2, Qiyue LI2, Yiming GUO2, Yihang ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xizang Yulong Copper Co., Ltd., Western Mining Co., Ltd., Qamdo 854000, Xizang, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.001
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摘要
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针对西藏玉龙铜矿最终边坡预裂爆破效果不佳的问题，综合考虑爆生气体与空气冲击波的作用，计算出不耦合系数、炮孔直径、线装药密度及孔间距等参数的工程适用区间，并采用正交试验对预裂爆破参数进行优化。结果表明：孔径120 mm、线装药密度800～1 000 g/m、孔间距0.9 m时，爆破后炮孔半孔率超过95%，相邻孔间不平整度远小于±5 cm，边坡坡率偏差小于±2°，形成了连续规整的预裂面，证明了理论计算取值范围的工程适用性。

露天矿  /  边坡  /  钻爆法  /  预裂爆破  /  爆生气体  /  孔壁压力  /  不耦合系数  /  爆破试验

In order to address the poor presplit blasting effect on the final slope of the Yulong Copper Mine in Xizang Autonomous Region, the engineering applicable ranges of parameters such as decoupling coefficient, borehole diameter, linear charge density and hole spacing were calculated in consideration of the combined effects of explosion-generated gases and air shock waves, and the presplit blasting parameters were also optimized by performing orthogonal experiment. The results indicate that with a borehole diameter of 120 mm, a linear charge density of 800-1 000 g/m and a hole spacing of 0.9 m, the half-borehole rate after blasting exceeds 95%, the unevenness between adjacent holes is much less than ±5 cm, and the slope gradient deviation is less than ±2°, forming a continuous and regular presplit surface. This confirms the engineering applicability of the theoretically calculated parameter ranges.

open-pit mine  /  slope  /  drilling and blasting  /  presplit blasting  /  explosion-generated gases  /  borehole wall pressure  /  decoupling coefficient  /  blasting experiment
赵文奎, 黄海仙, 李启月, 郭一鸣, 张一航. 基于孔壁压力的边坡预裂爆破参数设计与试验. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1 -5 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.001
Wenkui ZHAO, Haixian HUANG, Qiyue LI, Yiming GUO, Yihang ZHANG. Design and Experiment of Slope Presplit Blasting Parameters Based on Borehole Wall Pressure[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (2) : 1 -5 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.001
正文
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钻爆法经济效益好、施工效率高、操作简单，是矿山、隧道、水电等工程中常用的施工方法[1-2]，但钻爆法爆破产生的能量不可避免地对工程设计轮廓以外的岩体造成损伤破坏；预裂爆破可以最大限度减少爆破对岩体的扰动，被广泛应用于爆破工程中[3-4]。预裂爆破效果与参数选择紧密相关，参数选取不当，不仅达不到保护预留边坡的目的，反而会增加对预留边坡的破坏作用[5-6]。因此确定合理的预裂爆破参数非常关键。
不少学者对预裂爆破参数的选择开展了深入研究[7-9]，主要采用经验公式、爆破试验及数值模拟等手段确定预裂爆破参数，但计算过程中很少考虑爆生气体的作用。本文针对预裂爆破参数优化问题展开系统性研究，以西藏玉龙铜矿最终边坡预裂爆破为工程背景，综合考虑爆生气体和空气冲击波作用的孔壁压力，推导出预裂爆破参数理论计算公式，计算玉龙铜矿预裂爆破参数的工程适用区间，并进行预裂爆破成缝正交试验，从而对预裂爆破参数进行优化。
1　工程背景
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西藏玉龙铜矿矿区地处青藏高原高山峡谷区，矿区围岩裂隙构造十分发育。受构造结构面的影响，岩体局部较破碎，并伴有泥化、软化、破碎带的形成，对边坡稳定性有较大影响。玉龙铜矿边坡坡顶最高标高5 100 m，沟底标高4 200 m，边坡最大高度900 m，最终边坡坡角50°～65°，设计爆破台阶高度15 m，台阶坡面角75°。边坡主要由灰岩组成，现场岩石力学实验获得的边坡爆破区域灰岩物理力学参数见表1。
玉龙铜矿最终边坡采用预裂爆破，原始参数为：孔间距1.5 m，孔深17 m，超深0.45 m，钻孔角度65°；不耦合装药，线装药密度0.67 kg/m；预裂孔沿最终边坡边界线布置，炮孔平行于最终边坡坡面。由矿山实际爆破效果可知，采用原始预裂爆破参数，爆破效果较差，最终边坡坡面半孔率低，坡面不平整度大，边坡坡率偏差大，坡面有明显可见的爆震裂缝，边坡岩体破坏严重。玉龙铜矿临近边坡区域上部岩石多为原始地貌，受冻融、风化影响，岩体节理裂隙情况较复杂，采用传统预裂爆破参数经验公式，主要依据空气冲击波波阵面压力理论进行推导，未充分考虑爆生气体膨胀压力及其持续作用效应，导致所确定的不耦合系数、炮孔直径、线装药密度及孔间距等关键参数在特殊地质构造条件下难以满足高精度预裂爆破的质量控制要求。针对该问题，本文从爆生气体膨胀压力出发，基于孔壁压力计算不耦合系数。
2　预裂爆破参数理论计算
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2.1　基于孔壁压力确定不耦合系数[10]
预裂孔爆破时，作用于炮孔壁的压力由爆生气体膨胀压力、空气冲击波波阵面压力、高速运动压缩空气和爆生气体质点冲击孔壁产生的增压组成。由预裂爆破成缝机理[11]可知，孔壁压力计算公式为：
式中：P′为孔壁压力，MPa；P0为爆生气体初始平均压力，MPa，（其中D为炸药爆速，m/s；g为重力加速度，m/s2）；Pk为临界压力，取200 MPa；qv为炮孔内体积装药密度，g/cm3；ρ0为炸药密度，g/cm3；K为绝热等熵指数，取3；γ为空气绝热指数，取1.3。
预裂孔采用不耦合装药，根据不耦合系数定义可知：
式中：Kc为不耦合系数；Rc为炸药半径，mm；Rb为炮孔半径，mm；V1为炮孔体积，m3；V0为炸药体积，m3。
将式（2）代入式（1）可得：
预裂孔内炸药周围充满空气，考虑到冲击波从空气介质传播至岩石介质波阻抗变大，孔壁压力会增大，故取增大系数Kf=1.1～1.2[11]。作用于孔壁上的实际压力P和实际切向伴生拉应力P2分别为：
式中：P2′为切向伴生拉应力，MPa。
不耦合装药是利用炸药与炮孔之间存在的空气间隙，降低炸药爆炸瞬间所产生的强大冲击波对孔壁的初始压力，使爆炸能量能在空气间隔内得到缓冲，使得爆炸能量有一个再分配的机会，提高爆炸能量的利用率。
预裂爆破时要保证孔壁不出现压碎，且炮孔周围要形成一定数量的微小裂纹以形成预裂缝，孔壁压力应满足以下要求：
式中：σcd为岩石动抗压强度，MPa；σtd为岩石动抗拉强度，MPa。
由式（3）～（7）可得：
爆破作业使用的2号岩石乳化炸药关键性能参数如表2所示。
根据表1和表2，由式（8）和式（9）计算得到不耦合系数Kc的取值范围为：2.86≤Kc≤4.61。
2.2　炮孔直径
根据公式（2）计算得到预裂孔直径取值范围为：90 mm≤2Rb≤146 mm。
2.3　线装药密度
线装药密度q1计算公式为：
计算得到线装药密度为0.60～1.56 kg/m。
2.4　炮孔间距
岩石断裂初期，炮孔周围具有应力场，由弹性理论[12]可知：
式中：σr为径向应力，MPa；σθ为切向应力，MPa；r为点到炸药中心的距离，m。
σθ>σtd时，岩石出现破坏裂纹；σθ<σtd时，裂纹停止发展。炮孔初始裂纹半径r0为：
初始裂纹形成以后，在炮孔内静态压力P1作用下进一步扩展。裂纹贯穿形成裂缝的必要条件是：
即：
式中：S为炮孔间距，m；，Kf=1.2。将各参数代入式（14）可得：S=0.58～1.60 m。
3　预裂爆破成缝正交试验
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3.1　试验方案
根据理论计算的预裂爆破参数，进行现场爆破试验，以获取合理的预裂爆破参数。
在西藏玉龙铜矿一卓玛4950～4965平台、四卓玛4800～4815平台及二卓玛4875～4890平台分别进行3次爆破试验，各平台的岩体物理力学参数如表3所示。表3数据显示，3个试验场地的岩体物理力学参数虽存在一定差异，但整体差异性小。基于此，本研究采用控制变量法，将岩体物理力学参数视为系统常量（固定参数），重点考察预裂爆破参数（孔径、孔间距、线装药密度）作为自变量的影响规律。
预裂爆破成缝试验分3次进行。
第1次试验：线装药密度取500、600、700、800 g/m，炮孔直径为140 mm，孔间距取0.9、1.0、1.1 m，共计12组试验，5个炮孔为一组，累计60个炮孔。
第2次试验：基于第1次预裂成缝试验结果，对预裂孔线装药密度和孔径进行调整。线装药密度取800、1 000、1 200、1 400 g/m，炮孔直径为120 mm，孔间距取0.9、1.0、1.1 m，共计12组试验，5个炮孔为一组，累计60个炮孔。
第3次试验：基于第2次预裂成缝试验结果，对预裂孔线装药密度和孔径进行调整。第3次试验线装药密度取800、900、1 000 g/m，孔间距取0.9 m，共计3组试验，15个预裂孔为一组，累计45个炮孔。
3.2　试验步骤
1）布孔：根据孔径和孔间距进行现场布孔。
2）穿孔：现场布孔完成后，采用宣化泰业潜孔机械有限公司370潜孔钻机进行现场穿孔，不合格炮孔进行修正和二次穿孔。
3）验孔：保证孔深偏差±0.3 m以内，角度偏差±2°以内。
4）装药：采用不耦合装药，线装药密度分别为500、600、700、800、1 000、1 200及1 400 g/m。以线装药密度800 g/m为例，底部采用2根Φ60 mm乳化炸药起加强装药作用，然后向上每0.1 m装一根Φ32 mm乳化炸药，采用导爆索连接，如图1所示。
5）起爆：逐孔起爆，孔口连接数码电子雷管，主爆孔孔内管采用2根数码电子雷管。主爆孔孔间延时25 ms、缓冲孔孔间延时50 ms，预裂孔超前主爆孔150 ms。
4　爆破效果分析
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4.1　第1次爆破试验效果分析
第1次爆破正交试验参数如表4所示。实地勘察结果显示，除第2、10、11组预裂孔间形成连续贯通裂隙外，其余试验组预裂孔间均未产生明显岩体裂隙，孔口结构保持完整且未出现爆破漏斗现象。为进一步量化分析成形效果，采用三维激光扫描技术对预裂面进行数字化建模，如图2所示。对比实际爆破轮廓与设计坡面线发现，边坡存在局部超挖、欠挖现象，但对比原施工方案，轮廓面平整度提升约26%，半孔率提高至77%，表明优化钻孔参数和装药结构显著改善了岩体定向断裂控制效果。
由第1次爆破试验可知：
1）场地岩体破碎带发育显著，现有140 mm预裂孔孔径与岩体结构适配性不足，导致爆炸应力波在破碎岩体中的传播路径发生散射效应，显著削弱了预裂成缝效果。
2）12组对照试验中75%的试验组未形成有效贯通裂缝，说明当前线装药密度与孔间距参数显著不匹配。
3）实验组1、5、9的线装药密度为500 g/m，超出了理论计算范围，爆破效果差，验证了理论计算的合理性。
因此，第2次试验增加线装药密度，并采用120 mm孔径。
4.2　第2次爆破试验效果分析
第2次爆破正交试验参数如表5所示。第2次爆破效果分析表明，1、2组炮孔间形成了显著的贯通裂缝，孔口结构保持完整且未出现爆破漏斗。其余预裂孔间均可见宽度5～8 cm的贯通裂缝，孔口结构完整，但普遍形成明显的爆破漏斗。对比图3所示的三维激光扫描效果图与设计炮孔位置发现，预裂孔孔口部位存在显著超挖现象。经后续实地调查验证，该超挖是挖掘机清渣作业过程中机械操作不当所致，而非爆破参数设计或施工工艺问题。
由第2次爆破试验可知：试验孔间均形成贯穿裂缝，但线装药密度参数设定值偏高，导致爆破能量过度集中，在介质表面形成了显著的爆破漏斗效应，造成无效能量耗散。因此，第3次试验参考第1、2组的成功经验，将线装药密度控制在1 000 g/m3以内。
4.3　第3次爆破试验效果分析
第3次爆破试验参数如表6所示，爆破后预裂面整体效果如图4所示。第3次爆破试验结果表明，1、2、3组试验预裂面都有清晰的半壁孔，相邻孔间不平整度远小于±5 cm，边坡坡率偏差小于±2°，半孔率超过95%，整体效果良好，半孔明显，达到设计要求。预裂面底部有部分根底，主要是因为钻孔不到位或部分钻孔打偏。
第3次爆破试验结果显示，合理的预裂参数为：孔径120 mm，线装药密度800～1000 g/m，孔间距0.9 m。与原始爆破效果对比，此次爆破呈现出显著优势，半孔率大幅提高，爆破后的坡面平整度极佳。考虑了爆生气体与空气冲击波的综合作用，计算出不耦合系数取值、炮孔直径、线装药密度及孔间距等参数的工程适用区间，经实践验证具备高度的可靠性，能够为预裂爆破作业提供精准且有效的理论支撑。
5　结论
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1）基于预裂爆破成缝机理，综合考虑爆生气体和空气冲击波的作用，计算出不耦合系数、炮孔直径、线装药密度及孔间距等参数的工程适用区间，建立了适用于该矿区的预裂爆破参数理论计算体系。
2）最终试验数据表明，采用孔径120 mm、线装药密度800～1 000 g/m、孔间距0.9 m时，炮孔半孔率超过95%，相邻孔间不平整度远小于±5 cm，边坡坡率偏差小于±2°，证明了理论计算取值范围的工程适用性。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52474163)
文献
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.001
  • 接收时间：2024-10-10
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-10
基金
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    1.西部矿业西藏玉龙铜业股份有限公司，西藏　昌都　854000
    2.中南大学　资源与安全工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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