Article(id=1241321692383990609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1730563200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773883754106, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1743436800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773883754106, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773883754106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773883754106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241321691524158287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='204', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773883753901, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773884632018, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241325374676726363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241325374676726364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241321691524158287, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241321692639843157, articleId=1241321692383990609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation for Stability of Complex Mined-out Areas in Multi-level Mining, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to assess stability of the current multi-level mined-out areas in Qijiaojing iron mine in Subei County Bolun Mining Development Co., Ltd.of Western Mining Limited Company, the mine excavation process was simulated with FLAC3D software to mainly analyze the stress and displacement changes in the mined-out areas after multi-level excavation. The results indicate that the stress in the mined-out areas is predominantly compressive stress, which is primarily concentrated in the roof and pillars of the stope. The maximum compressive stress, approximately 20 MPa, is observed in the pillars of the mined-out area at the 2 150 m level. It is found that the mind-out area has the maximum settlement of 20.30 mm and the maximum horizontal displacement of 7.22 mm, being satisfactorily stable. However, long-term exposure of large-scale mined-out areas may lead to deformation and collapse of pillars. Therefore, regular inspections and reinforcement measures should be taken for the pillars during subsequent production processes.

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为评估西部矿业肃北博伦七角井铁矿当前多中段开采采空区稳定性,采用FLAC3D软件模拟矿山开挖过程,重点分析多中段开挖后采空区应力、位移变化情况。结果表明:采空区应力以压应力为主,主要集中于采场顶板、间柱区域,最大压应力约为20 MPa,分布在2 150 m中段采空区间柱区域;采空区最大沉降位移为20.30 mm,最大水平位移为7.22 mm,采空区整体稳定性良好,但较大规模采空区长期暴露使得矿柱易发生变形、垮落,后续生产过程中应定期排查矿柱变形情况并采取措施加固矿柱。

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张雄天(1987—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计工作。E-mail:

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张雄天(1987—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计工作。E-mail:

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张雄天(1987—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计工作。E-mail:

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)最大主应力;(b)最小主应力

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(a)竖向位移;(b)水平位移

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(a)竖向位移;(b)水平位移

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(a)竖向位移;(b)水平位移

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(a)竖向位移;(b)水平位移

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(a)竖向位移;(b)水平位移

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(a)竖向位移;(b)水平位移

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Physico-mechanical properties of rock mass

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岩体名称密度/(g·cm-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
透辉阳起岩2.91427.7870.24440.211.945.3843.63
磁铁矿体3.47533.9190.21291.702.787.7644.38
透闪阳起岩2.81520.7910.25849.171.815.2145.17
充填体2.1002.0000.2604.900.400.527.53
), ArticleFig(id=1241327689336943604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692383990609, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩体物理力学参数

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岩体名称密度/(g·cm-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
透辉阳起岩2.91427.7870.24440.211.945.3843.63
磁铁矿体3.47533.9190.21291.702.787.7644.38
透闪阳起岩2.81520.7910.25849.171.815.2145.17
充填体2.1002.0000.2604.900.400.527.53
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Statistics of stress and displacement in each profile

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剖面编号最大压应力/MPa最大沉降位移/mm
110.019.50
212.516.90
317.09.10
414.015.33
516.016.27
615.012.89
717.515.35
820.020.30
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各剖面应力与位移统计

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剖面编号最大压应力/MPa最大沉降位移/mm
110.019.50
212.516.90
317.09.10
414.015.33
516.016.27
615.012.89
717.515.35
820.020.30
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多中段开采复杂采空区群稳定性数值模拟研究
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张雄天 1 , 马炳德 1 , 张春阳 2, 3, 4 , 胡凯兵 2 , 田小龙 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(2): 26-33
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(2): 26-33
多中段开采复杂采空区群稳定性数值模拟研究
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张雄天1 , 马炳德1, 张春阳2, 3, 4, 胡凯兵2, 田小龙2
作者信息
  • 1.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 3.金属矿山安全与健康国家重点实验室,安徽 马鞍山 243000
  • 4.中钢集团马鞍山矿山研究总院股份有限公司,安徽 马鞍山 243000
  • 张雄天(1987—),男,甘肃白银人,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计工作。E-mail:

Numerical Simulation for Stability of Complex Mined-out Areas in Multi-level Mining
Xiongtian ZHANG1 , Bingde MA1, Chunyang ZHANG2, 3, 4, Kaibing HU2, Xiaolong TIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Lanzhou Engineering & Research Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, Ma'anshan 243000, Anhui, China
  • 4.Sinosteel Ma'anshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Ma'anshan 243000, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.005
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为评估西部矿业肃北博伦七角井铁矿当前多中段开采采空区稳定性,采用FLAC3D软件模拟矿山开挖过程,重点分析多中段开挖后采空区应力、位移变化情况。结果表明:采空区应力以压应力为主,主要集中于采场顶板、间柱区域,最大压应力约为20 MPa,分布在2 150 m中段采空区间柱区域;采空区最大沉降位移为20.30 mm,最大水平位移为7.22 mm,采空区整体稳定性良好,但较大规模采空区长期暴露使得矿柱易发生变形、垮落,后续生产过程中应定期排查矿柱变形情况并采取措施加固矿柱。

七角井铁矿  /  深部开采  /  多中段  /  采空区  /  稳定性  /  应力  /  位移  /  采空区处理

In order to assess stability of the current multi-level mined-out areas in Qijiaojing iron mine in Subei County Bolun Mining Development Co., Ltd.of Western Mining Limited Company, the mine excavation process was simulated with FLAC3D software to mainly analyze the stress and displacement changes in the mined-out areas after multi-level excavation. The results indicate that the stress in the mined-out areas is predominantly compressive stress, which is primarily concentrated in the roof and pillars of the stope. The maximum compressive stress, approximately 20 MPa, is observed in the pillars of the mined-out area at the 2 150 m level. It is found that the mind-out area has the maximum settlement of 20.30 mm and the maximum horizontal displacement of 7.22 mm, being satisfactorily stable. However, long-term exposure of large-scale mined-out areas may lead to deformation and collapse of pillars. Therefore, regular inspections and reinforcement measures should be taken for the pillars during subsequent production processes.

Qijiaojing Iron Mine  /  deep mining  /  multi-level  /  mined-out area  /  stability  /  stress  /  displacement  /  treatment of mined-out area
张雄天, 马炳德, 张春阳, 胡凯兵, 田小龙. 多中段开采复杂采空区群稳定性数值模拟研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.005
Xiongtian ZHANG, Bingde MA, Chunyang ZHANG, Kaibing HU, Xiaolong TIAN. Numerical Simulation for Stability of Complex Mined-out Areas in Multi-level Mining[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (2) : 26 -33 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.005
地下矿山经多年开采会形成规模较大的采空区群,若不及时处理会引发冒顶、地表变形、地表沉降、地表坍塌等危害,严重影响矿山生产安全[1-3]
近年来,众多学者针对地下矿山采空区稳定性进行了广泛研究。传统研究方法多采用物理模型试验、理论计算或工程类比法,然而,面对复杂的地质条件和多因素开采扰动,传统研究方法存在一定局限性[4]。随着计算机技术的快速发展,数值模拟方法在矿山安全生产领域得到广泛应用,逐渐成为采空区稳定性研究的重要手段,典型方法包括有限元法、有限差分法和离散元法等[5-6],文献[7-9]借助FLAC3D、3Dmine-Midas/GTS等数值模拟方法对采空区稳定性开展了综合评价,取得了较好的成果。本文以西部矿业肃北博伦七角井铁矿为例,结合矿山实际生产和采空区分布现状,构建了采空区三维数值模型,并采用FLAC3D软件进行模拟计算,重点分析当前回采中段围岩、顶板、间柱区域的应力与位移分布情况,综合评价采空区稳定性。
西部矿业肃北博伦七角井铁矿于2003年开始开采,早期采用露天开采,后期转为地下开采,采用分段空场法开采。矿区分三期建设[10],2 280 m水平以上为浅部开采,属于一期建设工程,已闭坑;2 280 m水平以下为深部开采,其中,2 020~2 280 m属于二期工程,已完成大部分开采,2 020 m以下属于三期工程,已布置部分开拓工程,采场顶柱厚约10 m,不留底柱,采场间留有间柱。根据矿体埋深、产状及规模,将七角井铁矿分为北矿、南矿两部分。
一期工程结束后,北矿大部分采空区已采用膏体充填,而南矿2 280 m中段以上采空区分布杂乱,主要分布在3~23号勘探线之间,其中4~6、13~15、17~19号勘探线间采空区规模极大,主要集中在2 280~2 500 m中段,总体积超过50万m3,采空区暴露规模较大,但由于矿体较薄,埋深浅,覆岩重力小,采空区稳定性尚好。
二期工程中,2 215 m中段已开采完毕,并对其开挖形成的大部分采空区进行了充填,充填区域主要集中在13~19号勘探线之间;矿山开采铁矿的同时协同开采相邻钒矿,因此需保留回采钒矿的通道,使得铁矿井下生产区域不可避免地存在较大规模的采空区群,矿山目前主要生产区域为2 150 m中段、2 085 m中段和2 020 m中段。
根据七角井铁矿地质资料和工程概况,采用数值模拟方法分析矿山二期2 020、2 085、2 150 m中段开采后采空区的应力分布状态以及位移变化情况,综合分析目前生产区域采空区的稳定性。
矿区岩体主要由上盘透辉阳起岩、中间磁铁矿体和下盘透闪阳起岩构成。矿山采用浓度(质量分数)79%、尾抛比7∶3、灰砂比1∶15的膏体材料充填采空区。结合矿山勘察报告和岩体质量评价,对各类岩体的力学参数进行折减,得到最终的岩体物理力学参数,如表1所示。
矿区内断层和裂隙分布错综复杂,但围岩和矿体界限分明、岩性较简单、连续性好,因此将岩体组成简化为围岩、矿体、充填体三类。鉴于矿体埋深较浅,计算过程中不考虑构造地应力,默认由岩体自重生成初始应力场[11]。为方便计算,假定岩体和充填体均为各向同性连续介质,符合弹塑性材料的一般规律,数值计算采用莫尔-库仑(Mohr-Coulomb)屈服准则[12]。采用空单元材料模拟矿体开挖形成的采空区,充填时将空单元材料替换成其他材料模型[13]
选取1~29号勘探线剖面作为采空区建模基础,构建矿体和地面模型;依据矿山回采纵投影图和各中段水平地质平面图,构建开拓系统、划分矿房矿柱;对南北两矿主要采空区建立长3 732.9 m、宽2 238 m、高1 100 m的几何模型(见图1),并导入FLAC3D构建网格模型,共划分849 558个单元、511 475个节点。模型采用位移约束边界条件,侧面采用XY向水平位移约束,沿矿体走向为Y方向,垂直矿体走向为X方向,底面采用Z方向垂直位移约束,即铅垂线方向为Z方向,地表为自由面。采用弹性力学计算模型水平应力,垂直应力由矿岩自重产生[14]
矿山首采区段位于9~17号勘探线之间,开采顺序为下行式,阶段内矿块开采顺序为前进式,3个中段同时开采。由于矿房数量较多,本次数值模拟将各中段分3次开挖计算,直至矿山目前生产现状。最终划分为2 345~2 419 m、2 280~2 419 m、2 215~2 419 m、2 150~2 345 m、2 085~2 280 m、2 020~2 215 m共计6个开采步骤,如图2所示。
开采完成后,地表最大沉降位移云图如图3所示。开采至2 020 m时,由地下扰动造成的地表最大沉降位移约20 mm,说明地下开采对地表变形的影响较小。
结合矿山地质图件,地表沉降区域和主要勘探线对应情况如图4所示。由图4可知,地表最大沉降区域位于9~11号勘探线之间。为进一步研究地表最大沉降区域下方采空区的稳定性,在9~11号勘探线间截取剖面1和剖面2,分析该区域采空区的应力分布状态、位移变化情况。目前矿区主要有2 020、2 085、2 150 m三个中段回采,中段高65 m,顶柱厚10 m。在剖面1和剖面2中截取2 020、2 085、2 150 m三个中段的顶柱中间位置水平剖面,分别为剖面3、4、5;选取三个中段30 m高水平位置为采空区横剖面,分别为剖面6、7、8,采用FLAC3D软件分析第6步骤开挖后采空区顶柱、间柱、围岩的应力与位移分布状态。
图56为地表最大沉降区域剖面1、剖面2的采空区应力云图。剖面1采空区围岩应力为-1~-10 MPa,剖面2采空区围岩应力为-1~-12.5 MPa,均为压应力;最大主应力约为-2 MPa,主要集中在采空区与围岩相交区域以及充填区域,其中充填体与顶柱出现明显的应力降低区域;最小主应力约为-12.5 MPa,主要集中在各中段顶柱、间柱区域。依据矿山地质资料,铁矿石抗压强度为91.7 MPa,上盘围岩抗压强度为40.21 MPa,下盘围岩抗压强度为49.17 MPa。由以上分析可得,剖面1、剖面2的应力水平均在岩体承受范围内,采空区围岩整体处于稳定状态。
三个开采中段顶柱横剖面(剖面3~5)的应力云图如图79所示。剖面3、4、5应力分布状况总体相似,最大主应力主要集中在采场与顶柱连接区域,分别为-2、-2.5、-3 MPa;最小主应力主要集中在采场顶柱和间柱区域,分别为-17、-14、-16 MPa;可知各中段顶柱承受的最大应力均为压应力,且均在岩体承受范围内。因此,采空区上方顶柱稳定性较好。
三个开采中段采空区横剖面(剖面6~8)的应力云图如图1012所示。剖面6、7最大主应力主要集中在顶底板,分别为-1.5、-1.7 MPa;剖面8最大主应力主要集中在间柱区域,约为-3 MPa。剖面6、7、8的最小主应力分别为-15、-17.5、-20 MPa,均为压应力,主要分布在采空区间柱区域。采空区3个横剖面的最大压应力值均在围岩稳固范围内,采空区稳定性较好。
采空区顶板沉降位移在一定程度上能够反映采空区稳定性,同时围岩水平位移是确定采空区稳定性的重要因素,参考国内相似工况,当水平位移大于20 mm时围岩遭到破坏,即发生垮塌或滑落[15]
地表最大沉降区域纵剖面1、2采空区位移云图如图1314所示。剖面1、2采空区顶板的最大沉降位移值分别为19.5、16.9 mm。采空区总体位移分布情况相似,围岩区域有向采空区移动的趋势,表现为采空区上盘围岩向下沉降,下盘围岩向上抬升。这主要是因为自由面暴露使得岩体内应力得到释放,应力重新分布和平衡。
三个开采中段顶柱横剖面(剖面3~5)位移云图如图1517所示。由图1517可知,各剖面北侧顶柱区域竖向位移呈上升趋势,南侧顶柱区域竖向位移呈下降趋势,推测是矿体倾向北东,北高东低导致的。剖面3、4、5顶柱区域竖向位移最大沉降值分别为9.10、15.33、16.27 mm。剖面3、4、5顶柱区域在垂直矿体走向X方向上水平位移变化较小,最大位移值分别为2.15、3.35、3.42 mm,远小于20 mm,表明当前开采中段内大部分采空区顶柱区域稳定性良好。
三个开采中段采空区横剖面(剖面6~8)位移云图如图1820所示。剖面6、7、8的最大竖向位移主要分布在与采空区相邻的围岩区域,最大沉降值分别为12.89、15.35、20.30 mm。采空区充填区域的竖向位移沉降值变化较小,其中在剖面8采空区充填部分沉降值仅约为5.1 mm。三个中段采空区剖面6、7、8在X方向上的水平位移分布情况总体相似,最大位移值分别为5.24,6.56,7.22 mm,主要分布在与X方向夹角较大的采空区群围岩区域。充填区域矿柱水平位移无明显变化,说明充填有效限制了矿柱水平位移,控制了顶板下沉和采场底板上升,充填区域位移趋于稳定。
分析采空区应力、位移之间的关系可判断采空区稳定状况和发生破坏的机理,通过分析二者之间的变化规律可进一步研究采空区失稳存在的其他潜在影响[16]。开挖结束后各剖面采空区的最大压应力和最大沉降位移结果如表2所示。开挖模拟过程中,各剖面采空区顶板最大沉降位移随开挖步骤的变化趋势如图21所示。
表2图21可知,各剖面采空区由于开采扰动和覆岩重力等因素产生的累计位移和应力均随着开挖深度增加而整体增大。第6步骤开采完后,采空区最大沉降位移为20.30 mm,位于剖面8,即2150 m中段,主要是受2 085 m中段和2 020 m中段开挖影响,导致2 150 m中段产生的累计位移较大,但总体而言,采空区稳定性尚好。
由于围岩稳固,采空区受力水平较低,在弱扰动下不会发生破坏,但较大规模采空区内矿柱易发生垮落变形现象,对矿山安全生产和人员生命安全造成威胁。在实际生产过程中,应采取一些措施加强矿柱稳定性,例如调整爆破参数,以减小爆破振动的不利影响,或者在主要矿柱周围进行充填,限制矿柱移动和增加支撑作用;对于已经垮落或者变形较大的矿柱,可考虑砌混凝土墙或替换为人工间柱。此外,围岩和顶板强度还受工程扰动、地下水流和爆破振动等因素影响,有必要及时对采空区进行充填治理,预防后续工程扰动导致采空区贯通。数值模拟与工程实际难免存在一些差异,矿山需要在开采中对重点区域进行定期检查和安全监测,综合评定和确保采空区稳定。
1)地下开采产生的地表沉降范围较小,地表最大沉降位移约20 mm,主要分布在9~11号勘探线之间,地下开采对地表重要构筑物的影响较小。
2)采空区应力分布以压应力为主,主要集中在与采空区邻近的围岩、间柱和顶柱区域。2 150 m中段采空区剖面8间柱区域的压应力最大,为20 MPa,小于围岩和矿石的抗压强度,采空区稳定性良好。
3)各剖面采空区最大沉降位移值出现在剖面8的围岩区域,为20.30 mm。各采空区围岩水平变形较小,最大水平位移值为2.15~7.22 mm,主要集中分布在未充填采空区的围岩、间柱区域。目前采空区围岩稳定性良好,但较大规模采空区长期暴露使得矿柱易发生变形、垮落,建议矿山在实际生产过程中定期排查并采取一些措施加固矿柱。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174088)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-03
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国家自然科学基金(52174088)
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    1.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    3.金属矿山安全与健康国家重点实验室,安徽 马鞍山 243000
    4.中钢集团马鞍山矿山研究总院股份有限公司,安徽 马鞍山 243000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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