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The relevant literature on laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloy from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) core journal database and Google Scholar database in 2000-2023 was systematically analyzed by using VOSviewer. Three primary research focuses were identified by analyzing citation frequencies of key literature and the evolution of research hotspots: ① the interaction between laser and MIG heat sources, particularly the effects of laser-arc distance and heat source leading modes on plasma behavior and molten pool stability; ② hybrid welded joints, revealing the formation mechanisms and optimization strategies for defects such as porosity and cracks by investigation into morphological characteristics; ③ mechanical properties of welded joints, focusing on microhardness distribution and softening mechanisms in the heat-affected zone. Results indicate that the transition of Mg and other alloying elements can be effectively achieved by adopting welding wire alloying, and after heat treatment of those heat-treatable aluminum alloys, the welded metal exhibit remarkably enhanced strength and hardness through aging. The subsequent researches can employ multi-scale numerical simulations to explore the dynamic coupling mechanisms between laser and arc, and the interaction between droplet transfer and keyhole stability, as well as to optimize process parameters to suppress porosity and overcome the technical bottleneck in simultaneously improving welding speed and quality. This review can provide insights for enhancing the performance of laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloy.

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利用VOSviewer可视化工具,系统梳理了中国知网(CNKI)核心期刊数据库及谷歌学术数据库中2000—2023年铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接领域的相关文献,综合考虑关键文献的被引频次及研究热点演变趋势,得出该领域研究重点为:①激光与MIG热源的相互作用,重点探讨光丝间距、热源引导模式对等离子体行为及熔池稳定性的影响;②复合焊接接头,通过研究其形貌特征揭示气孔、裂纹等缺陷的成因及优化策略;③焊接接头的力学性能,主要分析显微硬度分布规律及热影响区软化机制。结果表明,采用焊丝合金化方法可成功实现Mg等合金元素的过渡,可热处理的铝合金通过热处理实现时效强化,能显著提升焊缝金属的强度和硬度。后续研究可通过多尺度数值模拟,解析激光-电弧动态耦合机制、熔滴过渡与匙孔稳定性的交互作用,优化工艺参数以抑制焊接气孔缺陷,突破速度-质量协同提升的技术瓶颈。本文可为铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的性能提升提供参考。

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刘长军(1971—),男,辽宁辽阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为激光焊接、高强铝合金焊接及表面强化。E-mail:

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刘长军(1971—),男,辽宁辽阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为激光焊接、高强铝合金焊接及表面强化。E-mail:

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刘长军(1971—),男,辽宁辽阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为激光焊接、高强铝合金焊接及表面强化。E-mail:

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Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2024, 45(11): 55-60., articleTitle=Digital twin technology of welding robot for on-site maintenance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241327683964039922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, awardId=LZGD2021037, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省高等学校基本科研重点项目(LZGD2021037), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241327670974280643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327670995252165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, companyId=1241327670974280643, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Chemical Equipment, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241327671020417992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, companyId=1241327670974280643, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=沈阳工业大学 化工装备学院,辽宁 辽阳 111003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241327678767296897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Temporal evolution of research hotspots in laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloy from 2000 to 2023, figureFileSmall=nVle8dAXuCRYNCNcVXTFlA==, figureFileBig=JuyDZ2hSq3LvV8riPbMVpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327678880543121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2000—2023年铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接领域研究热点的时序演变, figureFileSmall=nVle8dAXuCRYNCNcVXTFlA==, figureFileBig=JuyDZ2hSq3LvV8riPbMVpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327678997983644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Research hotspots in laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloys, figureFileSmall=lz5un4X49uyATggzh09FTA==, figureFileBig=fl+7Eeqq0DzGZGmT9xhvgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327679178338735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=图2, caption=铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的研究热点, figureFileSmall=lz5un4X49uyATggzh09FTA==, figureFileBig=fl+7Eeqq0DzGZGmT9xhvgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327679279002048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic drawings of relative positions of laser and MIG arc heat sources, figureFileSmall=G8VXuyT6d952aO73RCKUmg==, figureFileBig=ymLSWcaVXBLk+IfHSxl5QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241327679421608398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=图3, caption=激光与MIG电弧热源相对位置示意图

(a)小光丝间距激光-MIG复合焊接;(b)大光丝间距激光-MIG复合焊接;(c)激光-MIG同侧复合焊接;(d)激光-MIG异侧复合焊接

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(a)激光前置复合焊接匙孔特征;(b)MIG前置复合焊接匙孔特征;(c)激光前置焊接缝横截面宏观特征;(d)MIG前置焊接缝横截面宏观特征;(e)MIG前置复合焊接熔池流动;(f)激光前置复合焊接熔池流动

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Comparison of laser leading and MIG leading in hybrid welding of 6N01 aluminum alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项目激光前置方式MIG前置方式
焊缝表面覆盖物焊缝表面较光洁焊缝表面附着一层黑色粉末
铝和镁蒸气运动方向非后方后方
焊缝的横截面形貌液体金属运吹向余高小,熔宽大待焊部位余高较大,熔宽较小向后堆积
熔透性背部充分成形液态金属没有充分填充到垫板凹槽中
坡口底部直接被作用的物质激光非激光
熔池宽度
熔池深度
气孔数量
匙孔塌陷后气泡能否逸出激光作用熔池前方,气泡有时间逸出不易逸出
焊缝熔合边界晶粒沿母材晶粒取向的外延生长沿母材晶粒取向的外延生长
焊接接头硬度较高较低
拉伸强度和屈服强度较高较高
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682676388506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

激光前置与MIG前置方式下6N01铝合金复合焊接效果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
比较项目激光前置方式MIG前置方式
焊缝表面覆盖物焊缝表面较光洁焊缝表面附着一层黑色粉末
铝和镁蒸气运动方向非后方后方
焊缝的横截面形貌液体金属运吹向余高小,熔宽大待焊部位余高较大,熔宽较小向后堆积
熔透性背部充分成形液态金属没有充分填充到垫板凹槽中
坡口底部直接被作用的物质激光非激光
熔池宽度
熔池深度
气孔数量
匙孔塌陷后气泡能否逸出激光作用熔池前方,气泡有时间逸出不易逸出
焊缝熔合边界晶粒沿母材晶粒取向的外延生长沿母材晶粒取向的外延生长
焊接接头硬度较高较低
拉伸强度和屈服强度较高较高
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682810606246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Common problems and solutions for laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊接缺陷起因危害解决措施参考文献
气孔H2来不及析出;熔池波动,小孔稳定性差、坍塌降低有效承载面积;应力集中;削弱接头强度添加活性剂;优化工艺参数;增大坡口角度[1719]
飞溅熔滴过渡过程振荡;激光匙孔焊缝表面塌陷、咬边加入与焊接方向平行且振幅小的超声振动;增大焊接速度[1422]
耐蚀性较差焊缝区和母材之间存在电化学腐蚀;沉淀相增加晶粒内部溶解、脱落,晶间结合力下降制备石墨烯/微弧氧化复合膜层[15]
裂纹应力集中;焊缝内部气孔孔径较大疲劳寿命降低;接头抗拉强度降低补焊修复;细化晶粒[1]
软化铸态树枝晶;树枝晶间析出第二相;偏析;热循环强度系数大大降低,接头强度低于母材;接头性能降低增大送丝速度;减小焊缝区域热输入;减少传递到焊缝区的能量[24-25]
塌陷严重激光功率增大;熔池金属液体过多;匙孔受力平衡遭到破坏焊缝开裂增大送丝速度;提高匙孔深度稳定性;减小坡口角度[141925]
咬边、未焊透熔池过分振荡;送丝速度过大降低抗疲劳性;焊缝开裂减小送丝速度;增大激光功率[1425]
), ArticleFig(id=1241327682923852462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接常见问题及解决措施

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
焊接缺陷起因危害解决措施参考文献
气孔H2来不及析出;熔池波动,小孔稳定性差、坍塌降低有效承载面积;应力集中;削弱接头强度添加活性剂;优化工艺参数;增大坡口角度[1719]
飞溅熔滴过渡过程振荡;激光匙孔焊缝表面塌陷、咬边加入与焊接方向平行且振幅小的超声振动;增大焊接速度[1422]
耐蚀性较差焊缝区和母材之间存在电化学腐蚀;沉淀相增加晶粒内部溶解、脱落,晶间结合力下降制备石墨烯/微弧氧化复合膜层[15]
裂纹应力集中;焊缝内部气孔孔径较大疲劳寿命降低;接头抗拉强度降低补焊修复;细化晶粒[1]
软化铸态树枝晶;树枝晶间析出第二相;偏析;热循环强度系数大大降低,接头强度低于母材;接头性能降低增大送丝速度;减小焊缝区域热输入;减少传递到焊缝区的能量[24-25]
塌陷严重激光功率增大;熔池金属液体过多;匙孔受力平衡遭到破坏焊缝开裂增大送丝速度;提高匙孔深度稳定性;减小坡口角度[141925]
咬边、未焊透熔池过分振荡;送丝速度过大降低抗疲劳性;焊缝开裂减小送丝速度;增大激光功率[1425]
), ArticleFig(id=1241327683041292984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Common process parameters for laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
母材板厚/mm激光器激光功率/kW送丝速度/(m·min-1DLA/mm电流/A焊枪角度/(°)焊丝保护气/%气流量/(L·min-1离焦量/mm参考文献
156116.06.86.00250OK18.22Ar202[20]
20233.0光纤2.81.442120404399.99Ar253[10]
5A066.93.510.00316855ER535699.99Ar15[9]
6061-T64.02.815.002120ER606199.99Ar25-1[23]
6082-T66.07.310.00320060ER5356Ar452[29]
6082-T610.0光纤4.08.00178ER508799.999Ar20-2[1]
7A528.0光纤6.02180A5356-WY99.99Ar25-2[22]
7B05-T512.0光纤4.012.00319168ER535699.999Ar300[9]
), ArticleFig(id=1241327683179705026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接常用工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
母材板厚/mm激光器激光功率/kW送丝速度/(m·min-1DLA/mm电流/A焊枪角度/(°)焊丝保护气/%气流量/(L·min-1离焦量/mm参考文献
156116.06.86.00250OK18.22Ar202[20]
20233.0光纤2.81.442120404399.99Ar253[10]
5A066.93.510.00316855ER535699.99Ar15[9]
6061-T64.02.815.002120ER606199.99Ar25-1[23]
6082-T66.07.310.00320060ER5356Ar452[29]
6082-T610.0光纤4.08.00178ER508799.999Ar20-2[1]
7A528.0光纤6.02180A5356-WY99.99Ar25-2[22]
7B05-T512.0光纤4.012.00319168ER535699.999Ar300[9]
), ArticleFig(id=1241327683255202506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Tensile properties of welded joints of 5A06 aluminum alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激光-MIG复合焊接能量配比系数抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%
0.492302.2614.816
0.522253.909.734
0.692256.969.918
0.743276.3611.932
0.788283.9012.644
0.856260.6210.008
0.983265.749.132
1.031276.0811.558
1.032229.577.652
1.496264.8210.234
), ArticleFig(id=1241327683376837330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

5A06铝合金焊接接头拉伸性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
激光-MIG复合焊接能量配比系数抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%
0.492302.2614.816
0.522253.909.734
0.692256.969.918
0.743276.3611.932
0.788283.9012.644
0.856260.6210.008
0.983265.749.132
1.031276.0811.558
1.032229.577.652
1.496264.8210.234
), ArticleFig(id=1241327683490083546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Precipitation phases and welding issues in laser-MIG hybrid welding of different kinds of aluminum alloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合金析出相问题参考文献
1XXXα-Al,Fe(MnAl)6力学性能降低[20]
2XXXS(Al2CuMg)+θ,α+θ(CuAl2),α(Al)+Al2Cu+Mg2Si耐腐蚀性能差,接头软化,抗拉强度低,容易开裂[10]
5XXXα(Al)+β+Mg2Si,β,Mg2Al3焊缝硬度降低与明显脆性[3]
6XXXα′→GP→β"→β′→β,α(Al)+AlFeSi,Mg2Si接头软化、焊缝区疲劳断裂、拉伸断裂与疲劳裂纹[152429]
7XXXMgZn2,Mg3Zn3Al2,α-Al焊缝区软化与断裂韧性差[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1241327683624301281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241321692182664015, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同种类铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接析出相及焊接问题

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
合金析出相问题参考文献
1XXXα-Al,Fe(MnAl)6力学性能降低[20]
2XXXS(Al2CuMg)+θ,α+θ(CuAl2),α(Al)+Al2Cu+Mg2Si耐腐蚀性能差,接头软化,抗拉强度低,容易开裂[10]
5XXXα(Al)+β+Mg2Si,β,Mg2Al3焊缝硬度降低与明显脆性[3]
6XXXα′→GP→β"→β′→β,α(Al)+AlFeSi,Mg2Si接头软化、焊缝区疲劳断裂、拉伸断裂与疲劳裂纹[152429]
7XXXMgZn2,Mg3Zn3Al2,α-Al焊缝区软化与断裂韧性差[22]
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铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的研究进展与展望
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刘长军 , 吴小翠 , 张昊 , 杜禧悦 , 邹婷
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(2): 183-192
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(2): 183-192
铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的研究进展与展望
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刘长军 , 吴小翠, 张昊, 杜禧悦, 邹婷
作者信息
  • 沈阳工业大学 化工装备学院,辽宁 辽阳 111003
  • 刘长军(1971—),男,辽宁辽阳人,博士,教授,主要研究方向为激光焊接、高强铝合金焊接及表面强化。E-mail:

Research Progress and Prospect of Laser-MIG Hybrid Welding of Aluminum Alloy
Changjun LIU , Xiaocui WU, Hao ZHANG, Xiyue DU, Ting ZOU
Affiliations
  • School of Chemical Equipment, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.033
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利用VOSviewer可视化工具,系统梳理了中国知网(CNKI)核心期刊数据库及谷歌学术数据库中2000—2023年铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接领域的相关文献,综合考虑关键文献的被引频次及研究热点演变趋势,得出该领域研究重点为:①激光与MIG热源的相互作用,重点探讨光丝间距、热源引导模式对等离子体行为及熔池稳定性的影响;②复合焊接接头,通过研究其形貌特征揭示气孔、裂纹等缺陷的成因及优化策略;③焊接接头的力学性能,主要分析显微硬度分布规律及热影响区软化机制。结果表明,采用焊丝合金化方法可成功实现Mg等合金元素的过渡,可热处理的铝合金通过热处理实现时效强化,能显著提升焊缝金属的强度和硬度。后续研究可通过多尺度数值模拟,解析激光-电弧动态耦合机制、熔滴过渡与匙孔稳定性的交互作用,优化工艺参数以抑制焊接气孔缺陷,突破速度-质量协同提升的技术瓶颈。本文可为铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的性能提升提供参考。

文献计量学  /  VOSviewer  /  中国知网数据库  /  铝合金  /  激光焊接  /  熔化极惰性气体保护焊  /  复合焊接  /  显微硬度  /  能量配比  /  焊接缺陷  /  文献分析

The relevant literature on laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloy from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) core journal database and Google Scholar database in 2000-2023 was systematically analyzed by using VOSviewer. Three primary research focuses were identified by analyzing citation frequencies of key literature and the evolution of research hotspots: ① the interaction between laser and MIG heat sources, particularly the effects of laser-arc distance and heat source leading modes on plasma behavior and molten pool stability; ② hybrid welded joints, revealing the formation mechanisms and optimization strategies for defects such as porosity and cracks by investigation into morphological characteristics; ③ mechanical properties of welded joints, focusing on microhardness distribution and softening mechanisms in the heat-affected zone. Results indicate that the transition of Mg and other alloying elements can be effectively achieved by adopting welding wire alloying, and after heat treatment of those heat-treatable aluminum alloys, the welded metal exhibit remarkably enhanced strength and hardness through aging. The subsequent researches can employ multi-scale numerical simulations to explore the dynamic coupling mechanisms between laser and arc, and the interaction between droplet transfer and keyhole stability, as well as to optimize process parameters to suppress porosity and overcome the technical bottleneck in simultaneously improving welding speed and quality. This review can provide insights for enhancing the performance of laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminum alloy.

bibliometrics  /  VOSviewer  /  CNKI database  /  aluminum alloy  /  laser welding  /  MIG welding  /  hybrid welding  /  microhardness  /  energy ratio  /  welding defect  /  literature analysis
刘长军, 吴小翠, 张昊, 杜禧悦, 邹婷. 铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的研究进展与展望. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (2) : 183 -192 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.033
Changjun LIU, Xiaocui WU, Hao ZHANG, Xiyue DU, Ting ZOU. Research Progress and Prospect of Laser-MIG Hybrid Welding of Aluminum Alloy[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (2) : 183 -192 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.033
《中国制造2025》通过“三步走”战略的第一步,推动中国制造业迈入世界强国之列[1]。铝合金因其可焊性好、质量轻、可回收性强和强度高等优点,广泛应用于汽车、船舶等行业[2]。传统熔化极惰性气体保护焊(MIG)在铝合金焊接中存在接头强度系数低、气孔率高、应力与变形大等问题,而激光-MIG复合焊接技术则具有效率高、间隙适应性强、应力变形小、智能化程度高等特点,已成为高速列车承载结构、建筑材料等领域的重要焊接方法[3]。该技术依赖激光热源,结合电弧辅助激光焊接技术,充分发挥两种热源的协同作用,实现高效、大熔深和高强度的焊接[4]
本文采用文献计量学方法,系统梳理了2000—2023年铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接领域的相关文献。利用VOSviewer可视化工具,对中国知网(CNKI)核心期刊数据库及谷歌学术数据库中的文献进行计量分析,综合考虑关键文献的被引频次及研究热点演变趋势,系统总结了该领域当前的三大研究重点:激光与MIG热源的相互作用、复合焊接接头以及焊接接头的力学性能,并对上述方向进行了深入探讨。本文还对铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的发展前景进行了展望,旨在为其应用与推广提供参考。
去除无用词和重复词后,对关键词进行定量分析。在CNKI核心期刊数据库和谷歌学术数据库检索关键词“铝合金”“激光-MIG”和“复合焊接”,利用VOSviewer可视化工具,进行计量学分析[5]
2000年之前,相关论文数量很少,这里主要统计分析2000—2023年论文。通过对CNKI核心期刊数据库和谷歌学术数据检索,发现除2020年和2022年论文数量稍微减少外,其他时间论文数量总体呈上升趋势;与此同时,论文被引用频次每年都在上升,表明这个领域逐渐成为全球研究焦点[5]
为更全面了解该领域的最新发展方向,本文从文献计量分析角度出发,揭示了铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接领域研究热点的时序演变,如图1所示。2014年研究聚焦于复合模式,2016年转向焊接工艺、焊缝成形及高强铝合金等方向,2019年后则以等离子特征、交变磁场与金属间化合物为研究核心。关键词的变迁反映了国内外研究由基础理论向工艺优化与创新技术纵深推进的发展脉络。
通过检索CNKI核心期刊数据库及谷歌学术数据库,得出该领域当前的研究热点为激光与MIG热源的相互作用[6]、复合焊接接头[7]及焊接接头力学性能[8],如图2所示。基于这些研究热点,本文展开了相应分析。
激光-MIG复合焊接过程中激光与电弧两种不同的热源耦合形成一个源,其协同效应会受到多个工艺参数的影响,如激光电弧引导模式、光丝间距、离焦量等空间位置参量,最终会影响复合焊接过程的稳定性及焊接质量[9]
在激光-MIG复合焊接中,电极与激光束的间距(DLA)是调控双热源协同作用的关键参数。激光与MIG电弧热源相对位置如图3所示。该间距直接影响电弧特性、熔滴过渡模式及焊缝成形质量,尤其通过改变等离子体行为决定热源耦合效率。研究结果表明,当电极与激光束间距控制在0~5 mm范围内时,双热源可形成统一熔池,等离子体与电弧的交互作用促进能量高效耦合[10];当间距增至7.5 mm,热源解耦导致熔池分离,破坏协同效应[11]。需注意的是,间距为0时,激光与焊丝的直接接触将引发等离子体屏蔽效应,反而降低耦合效率。因此,电极-激光间距的精确控制对维持稳定热源交互、抑制缺陷形成具有决定性意义。
激光-MIG复合焊接通过协同作用显著优化焊缝质量,有效抑制气孔、裂纹等缺陷,同时降低残余应力与结构变形,提升接头性能与焊接效率。当前研究多聚焦于双热源宏观交互的实验现象,而对等离子体与熔池的微观耦合机理、熔滴转移行为等关键问题尚缺乏系统认知。深入揭示等离子体能量传递路径、熔滴界面演变规律及熔池流动调控机制,将为工艺稳定性控制与缺陷抑制提供理论支撑,推动该技术向高精度、高可靠性方向发展。
图4展示了铝合金复合焊接激光前置与MIG前置对比[12]。激光前置时,熔滴动量引发匙孔振荡,增强了电弧的扩展及对熔池的冲击作用,形成深Y形焊缝;MIG前置条件下,匙孔保持稳定,熔体沿孔壁下流,形成浅Y形结构。可见,匙孔的动态稳定性在熔池能量分布与焊缝形貌调控中起着关键作用[13-14]
表1对比了激光前置与MIG前置方式下6N01铝合金复合焊接的效果[11]。激光前置可获得良好的焊缝形态与优质的焊缝表面;MIG前置时焊缝狭窄且余高较大,不利于正面成形与气体保护效果提升。MIG前置的不足之处在于,过宽的熔融区削弱了承载能力,过高的焊缝余高则导致应力集中并降低表面质量;相比之下,激光前置可实现焊缝余高较低、尺度均衡、成形良好的焊接效果。
激光前置工艺虽具有较大的熔深,但气孔率较高;MIG前置工艺熔深较浅,气孔较少,力学性能更优[15]。在实际应用中,应根据具体工况需求选择合适的工艺。目前的研究多聚焦于两种工艺的宏观对比,未来有必要深入探讨激光与金属蒸气的相互作用机制,以建立更加完善的理论体系。
不同种类铝合金的复合焊接接头截面形状通常呈酒杯形或T字形[16]。常见的焊接接头缺陷包括气孔、裂纹、塌陷等。此外,随着激光功率提升,接头的连接效率通常也会提高。焊接工艺的复合引入了除单一焊接工艺控制参数之外的新参数,使得各自最优的焊接参数无法直接叠加,从而难以优化焊接接头质量。
图5展示了不同种类铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接接头的宏观形貌[1,13,16-19]。合金种类对焊接接头形貌影响不大,接头在外观上未表现出显著区别,其截面形状通常呈酒杯形或T字形[16-17]。在厚板焊接时,接头截面形状多为Y形或V形[20]
焊接接头缺陷可分为冶金缺陷(如气孔、裂纹、不均匀组织)、几何缺陷(如不连续几何形状)和力学缺陷(如应力集中)[21]。铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接常见缺陷及解决措施如表2所示。在焊接接头部分,焊缝区域易出现气孔和结晶形成的裂纹[22];在母材的热影响区域,易出现软化现象[23];焊趾处则易出现微缺陷。焊接接头上的熔合区是最易受损的部分,该区域的化学组成和微观结构不均衡,且焊接接头的几何形态导致应力集中[19]
大多数铝合金复合焊接接头的连接效率可达65%以上[15,26],且通过焊后热处理,连接效率可得到显著提升。图6展示了激光功率对铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接接头连接效率的影响[9,13-15,18,26-28]。连接效率指焊接接头的极限抗拉强度与母材区极限抗拉强度的比值,对比分析表明,不同焊缝组织和工艺参数下,接头连接效率存在明显差异。由图6可见,激光功率与接头连接效率大致呈正相关,但在5、7系铝合金中,这种正相关关系并不明显[5]
表3汇总了不同铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接的工艺参数。激光功率(2.8~7.3 kW)与板厚正相关,例如,厚16.0 mm的1561铝合金需要6.8 kW,而厚3.0 mm的2023铝合金仅需2.8 kW。送丝速度(1.44~15.00 m/min)根据焊接需求进行匹配,6061-T6使用15.00 m/min以填充大坡口。光丝间距(2~3 mm)优化热源协同,过小可能降低熔深。保护气采用高纯Ar(流量15~45 L/min)以减少氧化和气孔;离焦量(-2~3 mm)调控熔深,负离焦适用于深熔焊。焊丝与母材需匹配(如5系用ER5356,6系用ER6061),确保成分一致性。参数组合直接影响熔深、缺陷率及接头性能,需动态调整以平衡热输入与成形质量。一般情况下,随着激光功率增大,焊缝熔宽与熔深增大[9];焊接速度越大,焊缝熔宽越小[10,29]
复合焊接除需控制单一工艺参数外,还需引入新参数(如光丝间距、能量配比),因激光与电弧的耦合效应使各自的最优参数无法直接叠加,熔深由激光功率与电弧电流共同调控,前者主导匙孔形成,后者影响熔池流体补充。此外,激光功率作为关键因素,决定焊缝强度与缺陷率,并在特定功率区间内可实现高质量接头。不同铝合金在导热性与熔池流动性方面存在差异,参数需根据材料特性动态调整。多参数的协同调控构成该工艺优化的核心难点。
由于不同系列铝合金的材料属性差异,焊接接头的拉伸性能可通过合理选材加以调控。不同种类铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接接头的极限抗拉强度与延伸率的关系[18-20,22,25,27,30]图7所示。5系铝合金焊接接头的极限抗拉强度适中,但因高镁含量引起凝固收缩和热应力,残余应力较大;6系铝合金焊接接头质量较好,但受焊接热循环影响,热影响区发生软化,延伸率降低,塑性变形能力减弱;7系铝合金强度极高但焊接性差,接头极限抗拉强度虽高,但焊接裂纹敏感性使延伸率显著下降,且高残余应力易引发宏观变形(如翘曲)。
能量配比常被定义为激光功率与电弧功率之比。不同能量配比系数下5A06铝合金焊接接头拉伸性能[9]表4所示。相比母材,接头的抗拉强度与延伸率均有所下降。当能量配比小于1时,电弧主导热输入,热分布较为均匀,有助于减小残余应力和变形,并提高延伸率。然而,由于焊缝深宽比较小,抗拉强度可能降低。当能量配比大于1时,激光主导热输入,温度梯度较高,因热输入集中,焊缝深宽比增大,从而增强抗拉强度。高温度梯度可能导致晶粒粗化,进而降低延伸率。
提高焊接接头拉伸性能的方法之一是采用激光振荡辅助激光-MIG复合焊接,其有助于晶粒细化。细小晶粒可阻碍位错运动,从而提高材料的抗拉强度。未来仍需进一步探索通过新型焊接技术实现晶粒细化,目前第二相粒子对力学性能改善的研究仍处于起步阶段。
在铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接中,焊接接头的显微硬度呈典型W形分布:焊缝熔合区因超快冷却速率形成细晶组织,硬度显著高于热影响区(HAZ,heat affected zone);HAZ受热循环作用,时效强化铝合金(如6系、7系)发生析出相溶解/粗化,非热处理强化铝合金(如5系)出现晶粒粗化,形成硬度软化谷;母材区保持原始显微组织与硬度水平[21]
焊接过程中,母材在焊接热循环作用下形成HAZ[31]。研究者采用激光冲击技术进行焊后热处理,以获得理想的组织结构和较低的残余压应力。激光-MIG复合打底焊接接头的显微硬度分布[21]图8所示。相较于母材(BM),HAZ不仅硬度下降,且其硬度分布的波动幅度较大。焊接过程中母材温度场分布具有显著非均匀性:靠近焊缝的区域因高热输入经历快速加热和高温,随后因高散热梯度产生快速冷却。该区域硬度下降主要源于HAZ的软化[10];熔池附近区域的峰值温度最高,熔池内部对流主要影响熔融金属流动,母材热传递仍以热传导为主;远离焊接接头的区域因热输入不足,未达析出相溶解温度,保留原始显微组织,故硬度较高[3]。时效强化铝合金(如6系、7系)HAZ析出相溶解/粗化导致硬度显著下降;非热处理强化铝合金(如1系、5系)HAZ软化程度较低,主要源于晶粒粗化。对可热处理铝合金,焊后经固溶处理与人工时效可部分恢复HAZ硬度,尤其适用于焊前处于T4状态的材料[9]
焊接HAZ的软化行为对焊接接头的力学性能及结构可靠性具有显著影响,晶粒的粗化与第二相的演变是HAZ软化形成的主要原因[10]。通过焊丝填充补充的溶质元素可提高焊缝中Mg等元素的含量,增强其固溶强化作用,从而减缓HAZ的软化程度[22]。目前,对软化机理的研究仍显不足,主要涉及三个方面:微观组织演化与软化趋势的预测模型构建;微量元素添加对晶界迁移抑制效应的量化评估;焊接残余应力场与软化区域之间的耦合机制解析。此外,不同复合焊接工艺在HAZ梯度特性调控方面的差异仍有待深入研究。
不同种类铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接析出相及焊接问题如表5所示。2系铝合金焊接接头因热循环导致θ相过时效或溶解,引起软化,同时Cu元素偏析加剧晶间腐蚀;5系铝合金焊接接头中β相在晶界析出,显著增加应力腐蚀开裂倾向;6系铝合金焊接接头因Mg2Si析出相粗化(过时效)导致强度降低;7系铝合金焊接接头中η相(MgZn2)粗化降低断裂韧性,需严格控制热输入以避免过时效。通过优化焊接参数可调控析出相尺寸与分布[32],此外,细化晶粒(如添加晶粒细化剂)亦能有效提升接头力学性能,需在工艺设计中重点考虑。
铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接接头的组织[3,18,30]图9所示。可见焊缝中心区(WZ)为晶粒细小的等轴晶;熔合区(FZ)靠近焊缝一侧基本未见沿散热方向生长的柱状晶组织;热影响区(HAZ)组织较为粗大,并出现部分粗大的析出相。
综上所述,细小晶粒通过优化晶粒结构和提升晶界稳定性,显著增强了铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接接头的强度、韧性及抗裂等力学性能。对于多物理场(如激光与磁场、超声[33]与电场)协同作用对晶粒细化的影响、纳米颗粒添加剂的细化效果以及细晶区的动态演化机制,尚缺乏系统性研究,仍需进一步深入探讨与研究。
针对铝合金激光-MIG复合焊接现状,提出如下展望(如图10所示)。
1)两热源耦合机制:结合数值模拟与高精度实验[34],揭示等离子体动态演化、熔滴界面行为及熔池流动的微观机理。
2)复合焊接接头参数优化:激光-MIG复合焊接涉及众多工艺参数,在探究各参数及其相互作用方面[35]尚有广阔研究空间,具备开展多个研究课题的潜力。
3)力学性能调控:深入探究焊后热处理(如激光冲击、时效处理)对热影响区组织重构的作用机制,开发梯度热输入工艺以缓解软化问题。结合多物理场辅助技术(如磁场、超声振荡、摆动激光)[36],细化晶粒并优化析出相分布,从而提升接头的强韧性匹配。
4)复合焊接的智能化:当前智能化机器人仍处于初级阶段,焊接机器人发展与生产实际需求之间存在显著差距。借助激光-MIG复合焊接过程智能化[37]以提升生产质量仍需深入推进。未来可结合数字孪生等技术,开发焊接机器人遥控操作试验平台,实现焊接过程的远程控制与实验验证。
1)激光与MIG热源的相互作用:激光与电弧的协同效应显著影响焊接过程稳定性及质量。光丝间距(0~5 mm)和能量配比(激光功率与电弧功率的比值)是调控热源耦合效率的关键参数。激光前置模式可形成深熔焊缝且有利于熔池稳定,MIG前置模式熔深较浅但对间隙适应性更强。
2)复合焊接接头:接头形貌多呈酒杯形或Y形,其质量受工艺参数(激光功率、送丝速度、保护气成分)直接影响。气孔、裂纹及塌陷是主要缺陷,可通过熔池振荡控制、多场耦合工艺优化及自适应坡口设计有效抑制。
3)焊接接头的力学性能:铝合金复合焊接接头的显微硬度分布具有显著特征,焊缝中心因快速冷却形成高硬度细晶区,两侧热影响区因析出相演变(时效合金)或晶粒粗化(非时效合金)出现软化谷,母材硬度维持原始水平。通过细化晶粒以优化晶粒结构并提升晶界稳定性,显著增强了焊接接头的强度、韧性及抗裂等力学性能。
  • 辽宁省高等学校基本科研重点项目(LZGD2021037)
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2025年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.02.033
  • 接收时间:2024-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-19
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
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辽宁省高等学校基本科研重点项目(LZGD2021037)
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    沈阳工业大学 化工装备学院,辽宁 辽阳 111003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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