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In order to explore influence of the thickness of barrier pillars reserved in stopes on mining operation during the transition from mining with caving to mining with backfilling in a copper-zinc mine in northwest China, six thickness schemes were selected for the barrier pillars in the stope based on the mining status and the engineering geological conditions. Then, a three-dimensional numerical model was constructed with 3Dmine-Rhinoceros, and factor of safety and zone safety were adopted in the analysis. As for the mind-out area without backfilling in the middle section of upper part, three continuous stope interval mining on the level of 210 m was calculated based on simulation with FLAC3D, and the changes in roof settlement deformation, factor of safety and zone safety were also analyzed for the barrier pillars left with different thickness after mining. It is found that with the barrier pillars of 12 m in thickness, the stability of stope can be ensured during transition of mining. Thus, it is recommended that the thickness of reserved barrier pillars be no less than 12 m.

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为了研究西北某铜锌矿开采由崩落法向充填法过渡时采场预留隔离矿柱厚度对开采作业的影响,根据矿区开采现状以及工程地质条件,设计6种隔离矿柱厚度方案,通过3Dmine-Rhinoceros建立三维数值模型,并引入安全系数概念与单元安全度理论,运用FLAC3D对上部中段采空区未充填条件下210 m中段3个连续矿房间隔开采过程进行模拟计算,研究分析了不同方案下矿山开采后隔离矿柱的顶板沉降位移、安全系数以及单元安全度变化。结果表明,当隔离矿柱厚度大于12 m时,能够满足过渡阶段采场留设层的稳定性要求。因此,建议留设厚度不小于12 m的隔离矿柱。

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苏成哲(1985—),男,江西萍乡人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山采掘和通风的设计与研究工作。E-mail:

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(a)整体模型;(b)矿房矿柱立体图

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矿岩名称密度/(kg·m-3抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa摩擦角/(°)
围岩2 8301.3220.50.2761.829.6
矿体3 2671.5523.60.2561.628.3
充填体1 8900.301.50.2600.725.0
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矿岩基本力学参数

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矿岩名称密度/(kg·m-3抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比黏聚力/MPa摩擦角/(°)
围岩2 8301.3220.50.2761.829.6
矿体3 2671.5523.60.2561.628.3
充填体1 8900.301.50.2600.725.0
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基于单元安全度理论的采场隔离矿柱厚度优化
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苏成哲 1 , 纪帅杰 2, 3 , 张殿明 4
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024,44(4): 155-158
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024, 44(4): 155-158
基于单元安全度理论的采场隔离矿柱厚度优化
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苏成哲1 , 纪帅杰2, 3, 张殿明4
作者信息
  • 1.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 2.合肥工业大学 土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
  • 3.深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 4.新疆西拓矿业有限公司,新疆 哈密 839000
  • 苏成哲(1985—),男,江西萍乡人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山采掘和通风的设计与研究工作。E-mail:

Optimization of Barrier Pillar Thickness in Stope Mining Based on Zone Safety
Chengzhe SU1 , Shuaijie JI2, 3, Dianming ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.Lanzhou Engineering & Research Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
  • 2.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China
  • 4.Xinjiang Xituo Mining Co., Ltd., Hami 839000, Xinjiang, China
出版时间: 2024-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.029
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为了研究西北某铜锌矿开采由崩落法向充填法过渡时采场预留隔离矿柱厚度对开采作业的影响,根据矿区开采现状以及工程地质条件,设计6种隔离矿柱厚度方案,通过3Dmine-Rhinoceros建立三维数值模型,并引入安全系数概念与单元安全度理论,运用FLAC3D对上部中段采空区未充填条件下210 m中段3个连续矿房间隔开采过程进行模拟计算,研究分析了不同方案下矿山开采后隔离矿柱的顶板沉降位移、安全系数以及单元安全度变化。结果表明,当隔离矿柱厚度大于12 m时,能够满足过渡阶段采场留设层的稳定性要求。因此,建议留设厚度不小于12 m的隔离矿柱。

隔离矿柱  /  安全系数  /  单元安全度  /  沉降位移  /  厚度优化

In order to explore influence of the thickness of barrier pillars reserved in stopes on mining operation during the transition from mining with caving to mining with backfilling in a copper-zinc mine in northwest China, six thickness schemes were selected for the barrier pillars in the stope based on the mining status and the engineering geological conditions. Then, a three-dimensional numerical model was constructed with 3Dmine-Rhinoceros, and factor of safety and zone safety were adopted in the analysis. As for the mind-out area without backfilling in the middle section of upper part, three continuous stope interval mining on the level of 210 m was calculated based on simulation with FLAC3D, and the changes in roof settlement deformation, factor of safety and zone safety were also analyzed for the barrier pillars left with different thickness after mining. It is found that with the barrier pillars of 12 m in thickness, the stability of stope can be ensured during transition of mining. Thus, it is recommended that the thickness of reserved barrier pillars be no less than 12 m.

barrier pillar  /  factor of safety  /  zone safety  /  settlement deformation  /  thickness optimization
苏成哲, 纪帅杰, 张殿明. 基于单元安全度理论的采场隔离矿柱厚度优化. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 155 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.029
Chengzhe SU, Shuaijie JI, Dianming ZHANG. Optimization of Barrier Pillar Thickness in Stope Mining Based on Zone Safety[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (4) : 155 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.029
隔离矿柱的留设可有效地控制围岩变形,维持采空区围岩相对稳定,对矿山安全生产具有至关重要的作用[1-3]。隔离矿柱尺寸不仅要保证矿山开采的安全,还要尽量减少矿柱所占矿石量,因此隔离矿柱厚度一直是国内外学者研究的重要方向之一。付俊等[4]采用理论计算与数值模拟方法,运用Mises和拉应力破坏准则,确定了防水隔离矿柱的厚度;GHASEMI等[5]使用余弦振幅法对矿柱影响因素进行灵敏度分析,并采用模糊逻辑理论对矿柱尺寸进行预测;裴明松等[6]采用莫尔-库仑屈服准则分析了不同隔离矿柱厚度下的地表沉降情况和采场安全系数,以此确定了最佳隔离矿柱厚度;赵兴东[7]采用极限跨度法、经验公式法以及极限平衡分析法确定合理的隔离矿柱厚度,在此基础上采用数值模拟方法对隔离矿柱留设的合理性与稳定性进行分析。以上研究者对采场隔离矿柱留设厚度研究作出了较大贡献,而莫尔-库仑准则仅考虑了土体单元的剪切破坏而没有考虑拉伸破坏,对矿柱破坏阶段的状态演化缺乏量化表达方式。为了更加全面地评价隔离矿柱的破坏过程,为隔离矿柱安全留设厚度的确定提供可靠的科学依据,本文以西北某铜锌矿为研究背景,采用3Dmine-Rhinoceros耦合方法建立矿山精细化三维模型,引入安全系数与单元安全度理论,同时考虑岩体拉伸屈服破坏与剪切破坏的情况,拟对不同厚度下的隔离矿柱进行数值模拟,分析隔离矿柱的位移、安全系数变化以及矿柱单元安全度云图的情况。
单元安全度是用来表征该单元与屈服面偏离的程度,即该单元材料抵抗其进入塑性状态的能力[8]。本文利用单元安全度(ZSD)表征隔离矿柱厚度变化下的岩体单元安全状态,基于莫尔-库仑强度准则(见图1),由点A到点B的破坏包络线fs表达式[9]为:
式中:σ1σ3分别为最大和最小主应力;cφ分别为土体黏聚力和内摩擦角。
抗拉强度准则对应的破坏包络线ft表达式为:
本文同时考虑了岩体剪切与拉伸屈服破坏情况的单元安全度[10]
式中:FZSD为单元安全度;FZSDs为剪切状态的单元安全度;FZSDt为拉伸状态的单元安全度;LAM为A点到M点的距离;LBM为B点到M点的距离;σt为土体抗拉强度。
FZSD=1时,岩体单元处于临界破坏状态;FZSD>1时,岩体单元处于稳定状态;FZSD<1时,岩体单元处于破坏状态。
本文研究对象为西北某铜锌矿,矿山正在从无底柱分段崩落法向充填法开采过渡。其中,在260 m中段以上存在南北2个采空区(1#、2#采空区),最低标高285 m,采空区底部有10~30 m的废石垫层。矿山东部260 m水平以下存在一个垮塌的采空区(3#采空区),目前采空区呈倾斜状,存在进一步垮塌滑落的风险,各采空区形态与空间分布[11]图2所示。由于3个采空区的存在,矿井采矿作业活动面临着上覆采空区、东临采空区的危险情况。而开采作业的扰动会使周边围岩的地压状态发生变化,造成局部区域应力集中,从而发生节理构造滑移和顶板围岩破裂等岩体失稳现象。为保证矿山采矿方法的平稳过渡,往往在崩落法与充填法的衔接处留设一定厚度的隔离矿柱。
根据矿区开采现状,通过3Dmine-Rhinoceros建立矿房的三维矿体模型,模拟方案开采顺序为17#矿房→19#矿房→18#矿房,模型如图3所示。本文对矿山6种方案进行数值模拟,设置2 m厚度为一个间距,矿柱厚度分别为:6 m(方案1)、8 m(方案2)、10 m(方案3)、12 m(方案4)、14 m(方案5)和16 m(方案6),以研究矿柱厚度变化对开采推进后隔离矿柱稳定性的影响。
根据莫尔-库仑准则,结合矿山工程地质条件及相关经验,确定岩体力学参数,详见表1
为具体量化隔离矿柱厚度对矿柱稳定性的影响,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对隔离矿柱的顶板沉降位移、安全系数以及单元安全度等关键参量指标进行分析,探究关键参量指标与隔离矿柱厚度的变化规律,为隔离矿柱安全留设厚度的确定提供科学依据。
矿山的开采影响着隔离矿柱的位移与变形,并会随着采空区范围的扩大而加剧,甚至可能出现冒顶的危险,危及周边采场与巷道的稳定。为更清晰、直观地分析研究隔离矿柱的位移、应力变化规律,在矿柱顶板位置布置3个监测点,见图4,经FLAC3D数值模拟,绘制隔离矿柱厚度与顶板沉降位移关系曲线如图5所示。由图5可知,隔离矿柱厚度达到12 m时,顶板沉降位移的走向趋势发生了明显变化。隔离矿柱厚度小于12 m时,厚度越小,顶板沉降位移越大,位移变化越剧烈,过薄的矿柱厚度可能导致局部矿块冒落,严重时可能向上延伸产生贯通,引起顶板沉陷裂纹或塌陷;隔离矿柱厚度大于12 m时,顶板位移沉降的变化趋势变缓,数值相差较小,因此隔离矿柱厚度不宜小于12 m。
本文研究的矿岩为脆性材料,而脆性岩石容易发生拉伸破坏,根据最大拉应力破坏准则计算隔离矿柱厚度,引起矿体破坏的因素为最大拉应力,在此基础上引入安全系数对矿柱稳定性进行评价,安全系数[12]定义为:
式中:σt为矿体抗拉强度;σ为允许最大拉应力。
采用数值模拟计算方案1~6不同隔离矿柱厚度的安全系数,分别为:0.85,0.91,1.00,1.15,1.30,1.50,并绘制不同隔离矿柱厚度与安全系数Fs的关系曲线,如图6所示。由图6可知,隔离矿柱厚度较小时,Fs随隔离矿柱厚度增大而缓慢增长;隔离矿柱厚度较大时,Fs随隔离矿柱厚度增大而较快增长。对曲线进行多项式拟合,结果亦示于图6中。隔离矿柱厚度h与安全系数Fs的关系表达式为:
Fs<1时,隔离矿柱发生失稳破坏;Fs=1时,隔离矿柱发生临界破坏;Fs>1时,隔离矿柱整体相对稳定。安全系数过大,表明隔离矿柱厚度过厚,造成矿体资源损失。当隔离矿柱厚度为12 m时,Fs=1.15,且安全系数有较大提升,因此建议保留厚度不小于12 m的隔离矿柱。
基于单元安全度理论,采用FLAC3D中的FISH语言进行开发,计算得到不同隔离矿柱厚度的单元安全度云图如图7所示。对比分析发现,隔离矿柱厚度小于12 m时,随着隔离矿柱厚度逐渐减小,FZSD>1.2的区域急剧减少,且矿柱局部被破坏区域贯穿,表明隔离矿柱已经出现大范围破坏,严重影响其稳定性。隔离矿柱厚度大于12 m时,大部分区域FZSD>1.2,仅在顶部出现局部的破坏区域,说明此时矿柱整体仅发生开挖扰动而并没有破坏。因此,隔离矿柱厚度大于12 m时,矿柱处于安全状态,可满足矿山开采的安全生产需求。
1)采用3Dmine-Rhinoceros耦合方法建立矿山精细化三维模型,在此基础上引入安全系数概念与单元安全度理论,模拟计算了西北某铜锌矿在开采过程中隔离矿柱的力学特性,为合理选择隔离矿柱尺寸、最大限度地开采矿体资源且最大程度地保障矿区的整体稳定提供参考依据。
2)隔离矿柱厚度6 m、8 m、10 m、12 m、14 m、16 m时的顶板最大位移分别为56.40 mm、49.82 mm、45.03 mm、40.78 mm、38.57 mm、36.95 mm,安全系数分别为0.85、0.91、1.00、1.15、1.30、1.50。基于单元安全度理论,计算不同隔离矿柱厚度的单元安全度,结果表明:隔离矿柱厚度6~10 m时产生连片密集破坏的单元,矿柱局部被破坏区域贯穿,隔离矿柱已经出现大范围的破坏,矿柱稳定性显著降低;隔离矿柱厚度12~16 m时仅在矿柱顶部出现局部的破坏区域,矿柱整体稳定。
3)随着隔离矿柱厚度减小,顶板位移呈增大趋势,安全系数与单元安全度呈减小趋势,且顶板位移、安全系数与单元安全度在矿柱厚度12 m时发生较大突变,隔离矿柱厚度大于12 m后其稳定性显著增加。建议留设厚度不小于12 m的隔离矿柱。
  • 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLMRDPC22KF02)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.029
  • 接收时间:2024-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-25
基金
深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室开放基金项目(SKLMRDPC22KF02)
作者信息
    1.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.合肥工业大学 土木与水利工程学院,安徽 合肥 230009
    3.深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室,安徽 淮南 232001
    4.新疆西拓矿业有限公司,新疆 哈密 839000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.029
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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