Article(id=1241081039569867608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709481600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773826378003, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1722441600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773826378003, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773826378003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773826378003, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241081025531540408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773826374657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827517159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241085817590960730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241085817590960731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=229, endPage=233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241081040043823994, articleId=1241081039569867608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Influencing Mechanism of Lime Activity for Digestion of Bauxite by Bayer Process, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The factors and reasons influencing lime activity are presented, and the influencing mechanism of lime activity for digestion performance of bauxite is also expounded. It is found that the particle size of limestone and calcination temperature are two important factors influencing activity of lime. At a calcination temperature of 1 000 ℃, the activity of lime is as high as 33.5 mL, while with the particle size of limestone increased to 17.5-22.5 mm, the activity of lime increases to 46 mL. The analysis results of scanning electron microscopy show that highly active lime has fine particles with uniform particle size and in a structure of honeycomb with well-developed and interconnected pores. The experiment of bauxite digestion shows that the activity of lime and its adding amount will bring influence to the digestion rate of bauxite and the phase composition of red mud. By adding highly active lime with a C/S ratio of 1.0, the relative digestion rate of bauxite is as high as 98.12%.

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探究了影响石灰活性的因素及原因,并阐述了石灰活性影响铝土矿溶出性能的机理。结果表明,石灰石粒度以及煅烧温度是影响石灰活性的重要因素,煅烧温度1 000 ℃下,石灰的活性度高达33.5 mL,石灰石粒度增至17.5~22.5 mm时,石灰的活性度增至46 mL。扫描电子显微镜分析结果表明,高活性石灰为蜂窝状、粒度均匀的细小颗粒,颗粒孔隙发达,且形成了相互贯通的孔通路。铝土矿溶出实验结果表明,石灰的活性及其添加量会影响铝土矿的溶出率和赤泥的物相组成,在C/S比1.0条件下添加高活性石灰,铝土矿相对溶出率高达98.12%。

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张艳军(1993—),男,山西吕梁人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为拜耳液中有机物的高效去除。E-mail:
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刘安(1999—),男,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝土矿的高效溶出。E-mail:

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刘安(1999—),男,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝土矿的高效溶出。E-mail:

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刘安(1999—),男,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝土矿的高效溶出。E-mail:

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Physical Sciences Reviews, 2023, 8(8): 1007-1017., articleTitle=Influence of lime (CaO) on low temperature leaching of some types of bauxite from Guinea, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081054900048784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081039569867608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=增刊1, pageStart=57, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=姜跃华, journalName=轻金属, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姜跃华. 三水/一水软铝石混合型矿溶出工艺优化[J]. 轻金属, 2011(增刊1): 57-59., articleTitle=三水/一水软铝石混合型矿溶出工艺优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055030072212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081039569867608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=汪旺, 陈文汨, 范尚, journalName=湖南有色金属, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪旺, 陈文汨, 范尚, 等. 石灰活性对铝土矿溶出性能和赤泥物相组成的影响[J]. 湖南有色金属, 2023, 39(1): 17-21., articleTitle=石灰活性对铝土矿溶出性能和赤泥物相组成的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055139124121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081039569867608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=883, pageEnd=888, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=刘广英, 郭向宇, 戴仕炳, journalName=硅酸盐通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘广英, 郭向宇, 戴仕炳, 等. 煅烧温度对天然水硬石灰物理力学特性影响研究[J]. 硅酸盐通报, 2021, 40(3): 883-888., articleTitle=煅烧温度对天然水硬石灰物理力学特性影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055256564641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081039569867608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=2, pageStart=57, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=陈松, journalName=冶金与材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈松. 石灰质量对拜耳法氧化铝生产过程的影响[J]. 冶金与材料, 2022, 42(2): 57-58., articleTitle=石灰质量对拜耳法氧化铝生产过程的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055394976677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081039569867608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=12, pageStart=212, pageEnd=213, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=宋玉芬, journalName=中国石油和化工标准与质量, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋玉芬. 石灰的煅烧工艺及其结构对活性度的影响[J]. 中国石油和化工标准与质量, 2019, 39(12): 212-213., articleTitle=石灰的煅烧工艺及其结构对活性度的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055520805805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081039569867608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=10, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=李传库, 于自源, journalName=工业炉, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李传库, 于自源. 石灰煅烧基础理论及实践[J]. 工业炉, 2016, 38(4): 10-13., articleTitle=石灰煅烧基础理论及实践, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055621469107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081039569867608, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=170, issue=null, pageStart=16, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=SMITH P, journalName=Hydrometallurgy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SMITH P. 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(a)900 ℃;(b)1 000 ℃;(c)1 100 ℃;(d)1 200 ℃

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Al2O3SiO2TiO2Fe2O3
58.1211.823.0412.96
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Al2O3SiO2TiO2Fe2O3
58.1211.823.0412.96
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Na2OTNa2OKAl2O3
248.13233.97127.99
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铝酸钠溶液化学成分(质量浓度)

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Na2OTNa2OKAl2O3
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90020.70175.220.10
1 00050.14380.380.41
1 10057.51785.680.59
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90020.70175.220.10
1 00050.14380.380.41
1 10057.51785.680.59
1 20037.401 141.840.30
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石灰活性度对铝土矿拜耳法溶出影响的机理
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刘安 , 陈文汨 , 张艳军 , 汪旺
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024,44(4): 229-233
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024, 44(4): 229-233
石灰活性度对铝土矿拜耳法溶出影响的机理
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刘安 , 陈文汨, 张艳军 , 汪旺
作者信息
  • 中南大学 冶金与环境学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 刘安(1999—),男,江西赣州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为铝土矿的高效溶出。E-mail:

通讯作者:

张艳军(1993—),男,山西吕梁人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为拜耳液中有机物的高效去除。E-mail:
Influencing Mechanism of Lime Activity for Digestion of Bauxite by Bayer Process
An LIU , Wenmi CHEN, Yanjun ZHANG , Wang WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.044
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探究了影响石灰活性的因素及原因,并阐述了石灰活性影响铝土矿溶出性能的机理。结果表明,石灰石粒度以及煅烧温度是影响石灰活性的重要因素,煅烧温度1 000 ℃下,石灰的活性度高达33.5 mL,石灰石粒度增至17.5~22.5 mm时,石灰的活性度增至46 mL。扫描电子显微镜分析结果表明,高活性石灰为蜂窝状、粒度均匀的细小颗粒,颗粒孔隙发达,且形成了相互贯通的孔通路。铝土矿溶出实验结果表明,石灰的活性及其添加量会影响铝土矿的溶出率和赤泥的物相组成,在C/S比1.0条件下添加高活性石灰,铝土矿相对溶出率高达98.12%。

铝土矿  /  拜耳法  /  石灰  /  活性度  /  溶出

The factors and reasons influencing lime activity are presented, and the influencing mechanism of lime activity for digestion performance of bauxite is also expounded. It is found that the particle size of limestone and calcination temperature are two important factors influencing activity of lime. At a calcination temperature of 1 000 ℃, the activity of lime is as high as 33.5 mL, while with the particle size of limestone increased to 17.5-22.5 mm, the activity of lime increases to 46 mL. The analysis results of scanning electron microscopy show that highly active lime has fine particles with uniform particle size and in a structure of honeycomb with well-developed and interconnected pores. The experiment of bauxite digestion shows that the activity of lime and its adding amount will bring influence to the digestion rate of bauxite and the phase composition of red mud. By adding highly active lime with a C/S ratio of 1.0, the relative digestion rate of bauxite is as high as 98.12%.

bauxite  /  Bayer process  /  lime  /  activity  /  digestion
刘安, 陈文汨, 张艳军, 汪旺. 石灰活性度对铝土矿拜耳法溶出影响的机理. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 229 -233 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.044
An LIU, Wenmi CHEN, Yanjun ZHANG, Wang WANG. Influencing Mechanism of Lime Activity for Digestion of Bauxite by Bayer Process[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (4) : 229 -233 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.044
铝土矿溶出是拜耳法氧化铝生产的重要工序,石灰作为一种常见的添加剂广泛应用于一水硬铝石型铝土矿的溶出中。在一水硬铝石型铝土矿溶出过程中,未加石灰时铝土矿溶出性能差,主要原因是铝土矿中的含钛物质溶于碱液后会形成钛酸钠包裹在一水硬铝石矿物表面,阻碍矿物与溶液的接触,使得矿石难以溶出[1-2]。石灰质量是影响铝土矿溶出的重要因素,其主要考察石灰化学成分与石灰活性两个指标。当前的研究和工业生产主要关注石灰化学成分(有效钙含量),而对石灰活性研究较少,生产上也不重视。影响石灰活性的因素不明确,造成石灰活性高低差异的相关原因也不清楚。多数研究主要探究温度、矿物类型等工艺条件对铝土矿溶出性能的影响[2-4],而关于石灰活性对铝土矿拜耳法溶出性能的影响及机理仍不清楚。本文首先探究了影响石灰活性的因素,获得了制备高活性石灰的工艺参数,并探讨了相关机理;再通过添加高活性石灰对铝土矿进行溶出,并解释了石灰活性对铝土矿拜耳法溶出影响的机理。
实验所用原料主要有铝土矿、石灰石和铝酸钠溶液。铝土矿主要化学成分见表1,铝土矿XRD图谱见图1,铝酸钠溶液Rp值为0.55,其化学成分见表2。其他分析试剂与药品包括分析纯盐酸、EDTA、醋酸锌、氢氧化钠等。
首先,将石灰石破碎至一定粒度后,置于马弗炉高温煅烧制备得到石灰,并分析其活性度、物相、微观形貌。将上述石灰与铝土矿、铝酸钠溶液按一定比例混合置于钢弹群釜加热系统中进行高温溶出;将所得溶液进行过滤,滤液用于苛碱、氧化铝、溶出率等分析,滤渣经洗涤烘干后用于XRD与X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析。实验流程如图2所示。
采用滴定法测定石灰的活性度。根据行业标准,活性度以一定时间内中和生石灰消化时产生的Ca(OH)2所消耗的4 mol/L盐酸的毫升数表示,具体方法详见文献[5]。实验中使用的主要参数包括A/S(铝硅比,表示矿石中Al2O3质量分数与SiO2质量分数之比)、C/S(钙硅比,表示石灰中CaO质量分数与矿石中SiO2质量分数之比)、N/S(钠硅比,表示赤泥中Na2O质量分数与矿石中SiO2的质量分数之比)。
铝土矿溶出率计算式为:
式中:η理论为理论溶出率,%;η实际为实际溶出率,%;η相对为相对溶出率,%;w(Al2O3)为氧化铝在铝土矿或赤泥中的质量分数,%;w(SiO2)为二氧化硅在铝土矿或赤泥中的质量分数,%。
石灰活性度是表征生石灰水化反应速度的一个指标。为了更详细区分石灰活性,根据活性度将其分别命名为低活性(<15 mL)石灰、中等活性(15~30 mL)石灰、高活性(≥30 mL)石灰。
对石灰石在不同温度下煅烧后的产物进行了活性度与物相分析,结果分别如图3图4所示。
图3可知,随着煅烧温度升高,石灰活性度呈先升高后降低的趋势。900~1 100 ℃时,石灰活性度逐渐升高;之后继续提高煅烧温度,石灰活性度明显下降。900、1 000、1 100、1 200 ℃时对应的石灰活性度分别为14.5、33.5、36.5、18.9 mL,说明煅烧温度900 ℃时形成的为低活性石灰,1 000 ℃和1 100 ℃时形成的为高活性石灰,1 200 ℃时形成的为中等活性石灰。
图4可知,900 ℃下煅烧后的石灰石物质组成为CaCO3与CaO,且CaO物相衍射峰较弱,表明在此温度下,石灰石未完全分解,且形成的CaO结晶性差,此温度下形成的石灰为欠烧态,这与许多研究结果一致[6-7]。煅烧温度大于1 000 ℃后,CaCO3物相消失,CaO衍射峰变强,说明CaCO3全部转化为CaO,且CaO结晶程度逐渐升高。1 200 ℃时,虽然CaCO3完全分解为CaO,但结合图3可知,石灰活性度较1 000 ℃和1 100 ℃时明显下降,说明石灰可能发生了过烧现象。这可能是煅烧温度高于1 100 ℃后CaO晶粒生长速率大于成核速率,导致CaO晶粒逐渐融合,出现烧结现象[6]
为了进一步阐明煅烧温度对石灰活性度的影响,对不同煅烧温度下制备获得的石灰进行了孔隙率、平均孔径与孔容积分析,结果如表3所示。由表3可知,煅烧温度900 ℃制备的石灰孔隙率、平均孔径与孔容积均较小,表明此时石灰石未完全分解,CaO结晶程度较低,且未完全形成单一晶体。煅烧温度1 000 ℃和1 100 ℃时,石灰孔隙率显著增加,均高于50%,表明石灰内部孔隙较为发达,其孔容积明显增大。煅烧温度1 100 ℃时的石灰平均孔径大于1 000 ℃时,可能导致反应过程中液相更容易进入孔隙内部[8],该结果也解释了1 100 ℃时制得的石灰活性度大于1 000 ℃。煅烧温度1 200 ℃时,石灰平均孔径显著增大,但其孔隙率反而减小,这可能是过烧态CaO晶粒长大融合,中小孔径细孔消失,形成数量较少的大孔,石灰内部孔隙率和孔容积减小,最终造成石灰活性度减小。
为了验证上述分析结果,对不同煅烧温度下制备获得的石灰进行了微观形貌分析,结果如图5所示。900 ℃制得的石灰颗粒均一度较低,平均粒径较大,CaO成核程度不高,未完全形成单一晶体,颗粒之间出现较多粘连,孔隙度不发达。1 000 ℃和1 100 ℃制得的石灰整体呈蜂窝状,颗粒孔隙发达,形成了相互贯通的孔通路和粒度均一的细小颗粒,CaO成核程度高,且形成了单一细小的晶体。与欠烧和正烧态石灰相比,1 200 ℃制得的石灰颗粒明显变大且颗粒孔径增大,中小孔径细孔几乎全部消失。此结果与孔隙率分析结果一致,也与文献[6]研究结果一致。
工业上,通常采用竖炉焙烧生产石灰[9],石灰石粒度明显影响其下料速率,进而改变其焙烧程度。煅烧温度分别为900、1 000与1 200 ℃,煅烧时间1 h条件下,探究了石灰石粒度对石灰活性度的影响,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,煅烧温度900 ℃时,随着石灰石粒度增大,石灰活性度从29 mL逐渐降至10 mL。煅烧温度1 000 ℃时,石灰活性度随着石灰石粒度增大先增大后减小,但其仍属于高活性石灰;石灰石粒度增至17.5~22.5 mm时,石灰活性度增至46 mL。煅烧温度1 200 ℃时,石灰活性度随着石灰石粒度增大而增大,当石灰石粒度达到30~40 mm时,石灰活性度35.6 mL,为高活性石灰。这也表明煅烧温度较高时,适当增大石灰石粒度可提高石灰活性。
煅烧温度1 000~1 100 ℃时形成的均为高活性石灰,综合考虑工业运行成本,后续煅烧温度选择1000 ℃来制备高活性石灰。为了探究高活性石灰及其添加量对铝土矿溶出性能的影响,在不同高活性石灰添加量下对铝土矿进行溶出实验,其他实验参数为:配料分子比1.43、溶出温度260 ℃、溶出时间45 min,实验结果如图7所示。由图7可知,随着石灰添加量增加,即C/S逐渐升高,相对溶出率先升高后降低,但总体而言,相对溶出率均较高,大于94%。此外,赤泥中N/S随着石灰添加量增加显著降低。
C/S为0.5~1.0时,相对溶出率随着石灰添加量增加逐渐升高。C/S为0.5和1.0时,相对溶出率分别为96.81%和98.12%;C/S为2.0时,相对溶出率降低至94.34%。此外,C/S从0.5升高至2.0,N/S从0.37降低至0.20。原因可能是在低石灰添加量下,无法彻底消除钛酸钠的影响,因此随着石灰添加量增加,相对溶出率逐渐升高[10]。C/S达到1.0时,钛酸钠已基本转化为钛酸钙,进一步增加石灰添加量,大量钠硅渣转化为水化石榴石,而水化石榴石的硅饱和系数低于钠硅渣,赤泥带走的氧化铝含量增加,相对溶出率逐渐降低[3,11]
对溶出后赤泥进行物相分析,结果见图8。随着石灰添加量增加,一水硬铝石和钠硅渣衍射峰逐渐消失,钙霞石衍射峰开始出现,且水化石榴石衍射峰峰面积逐渐增加。表明钛酸钠基本转化成钛酸钙,从而消除了钛酸钠对一水硬铝石溶出的阻碍作用,且增加石灰添加量促进了钠硅渣向水化石榴石和钙霞石的转化,并使赤泥中N/S逐渐降低。C/S为0.5和0.8时,赤泥中仍存在一水硬铝石和钠硅渣,且水化石榴石衍射峰较弱,表明在此石灰添加量下一水硬铝石未完全溶出,钠硅渣转化成水化石榴石的程度较低。C/S为1.0时,赤泥中未发现一水硬铝石衍射峰,表明此时石灰可将钛酸钠全部转化为钛酸钙。继续增加石灰添加量,水化石榴石或钙霞石衍射峰逐渐增强,可能是氧化铝与氢氧化钙反应所致[2]。此外,氢氧化钙衍射峰一直较弱,表明石灰形成的氢氧化钙基本参与了反应,同时也表明高活性石灰利用率高。
石灰活性度是影响铝土矿拜耳法溶出性能的重要参数。添加不同量的高活性石灰可改变赤泥的物相组成。不同高活性石灰添加量下铝土矿的溶出机理如图9所示。低添加量时,赤泥主要组成成分为一水硬铝石、水化石榴石、钠硅渣、绿泥石、钙霞石以及氢氧化钙,铝土矿在此添加量时不能完全溶出。中添加量时,尽管物相与低添加量一致,但水化石榴石或钙霞石物相明显增多。高添加量时,一水硬铝石与钠硅渣完全消失,转换为绿泥石、钙霞石与水化石榴石。
1)煅烧温度1 000~1 100 ℃时制备的石灰为高活性石灰,其整体上为蜂窝状的细小颗粒,颗粒孔隙发达,且形成了相互贯通的孔通路。
2)煅烧温度1000 ℃时,石灰活性度高达33.5 mL,石灰活性随着石灰石粒度增大先增大后减小,石灰石粒度增至17.5~22.5 mm时,石灰活性度增至46 mL。
3)石灰添加量增加,铝土矿相对溶出率先升高后降低,赤泥中N/S逐渐降低。C/S为1.0时,相对溶出率高达98.12%,赤泥主要组成成分为一水硬铝石、水化石榴石、钠硅渣、绿泥石、钙霞石以及氢氧化钙。
  • 中南大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(506021721)
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.044
  • 接收时间:2024-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-04
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中南大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(506021721)
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    中南大学 冶金与环境学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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张艳军(1993—),男,山西吕梁人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为拜耳液中有机物的高效去除。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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