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Aiming at obvious elastic-plastic deformation of diamond drill bits in the process of drilling marine gas hydrate, a modeling approach that is suitable for the core drilling process of drill bits was proposed based on the Hertz theory. Firstly, the rock-breaking mechanism was analyzed for marine gas hydrates from elastic deformation to elasticplastic deformation during the drilling process under sea, and the drilling pressure and cutting force of single diamond particle on the diamond bit during the drilling process were calculated. Secondly, according to the stress condition of a single diamond particle, the theoretical relationships between drilling pressure and torque on the whole bit and other drilling parameters were obtained, and a mechanical model was established for the diamond drilling bit. Finally, a relationship curve between the saturation of marine gas hydrate and the torque and drilling pressure was obtained based on analysis. An at-sea testing by adopting such method has successfully taken some samples of marine gas hydrate, which has verified the feasibility of this method. This research provides a theoretical reference for the design of drill bit parameters and optimization of efficient deep-sea core drilling operation.

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针对深海海底钻机金刚石钻头在钻进海底天然气水合物过程中有明显弹塑性变形的特点,基于Hertz接触修正理论,提出了一种适用于深海海底钻机天然气水合物钻进取芯的建模方法。首先,分析钻进过程中海底天然气水合物从弹性变形到弹塑性变形破岩机理,求得金刚石钻头在钻进过程中单颗粒金刚石受到的钻进压力和切削力;其次,根据单颗粒金刚石受力情况,得到整个钻头上钻压和扭矩与钻进参数的理论关系,从而建立金刚石取芯钻头力学模型;最后,分析得到在钻进海底天然气水合物时海底天然气水合物的饱和度与扭矩和钻压的关系曲线。以该方法进行海上试验,成功获取了海底天然气水合物样品,验证了该方法的可行性。该研究成果可为深海取芯钻机钻头参数的设计和高效率钻进取芯提供理论依据。

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金永平(1984—),男,贵州黎平人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为海洋矿产资源探采装备与技术。E-mail:
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吴丹(1999—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海洋矿产资源探采装备与技术。E-mail:

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吴丹(1999—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海洋矿产资源探采装备与技术。E-mail:

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Journal of Materials Research, 1996, 11(9): 2358-2367., articleTitle=An elastic-plastic indentation model and its solutions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081067596206190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081038353519420, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=8, pageStart=1408, pageEnd=1416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=李承超, 关云飞, 蔡正银, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李承超, 关云飞, 蔡正银, 等. 基于严格滑移线场理论临坡条形基础地基极限承载力分析[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2021, 43(8): 1408-1416., articleTitle=基于严格滑移线场理论临坡条形基础地基极限承载力分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081067663315055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081038353519420, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=43, issue=11, pageStart=67, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=肖京, 卜长根, journalName=探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程), refType=null, unstructuredReference=肖京, 卜长根. Mises屈服准则及其在钻探工具强度设计中的应用[J]. 探矿工程(岩土钻掘工程), 2016, 43(11): 67-69., articleTitle=Mises屈服准则及其在钻探工具强度设计中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081067726229616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081038353519420, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=40, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=邹永吉, journalName=林业建设, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邹永吉. 关于土的黏聚力和内摩擦角值的领悟和理解[J]. 林业建设, 2014(4): 40-42., articleTitle=关于土的黏聚力和内摩擦角值的领悟和理解, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081067784949873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081038353519420, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=52, pageEnd=57, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=孙晓杰, 程远方, 李令东, journalName=石油钻探技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙晓杰, 程远方, 李令东, 等. 天然气水合物岩样三轴力学试验研究[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2012, 40(4): 52-57., 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(a)金刚石钻头整体受力分析;(b)单颗粒金刚石受力分析

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(a)钻进时受到的正压力;(b)钻进时受到的摩擦力;(c)转动时受到的切削力;(d)转动时受到的摩擦力

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(a)不同饱和度下钻进速度与钻压的关系;(b)不同饱和度下钻进速度与扭矩的关系;(c)不同转速下钻进速度与钻压的关系;(d)不同转速下钻进速度与扭矩的关系

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(a)“海牛号”深海海底钻机海上作业;(b)钻机上部分取芯钻具和钻杆;(c)钻获的部分水合物样品

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参数数值
钻头外径/mm96
钻头内径/mm62
钻头唇面倾斜角/(°)65
金刚石颗粒弹性模量/GPa1 050
金刚石颗粒泊松比0.2
单颗粒金刚石半径/mm1
钻头底面金刚石颗粒数140
钻头斜面金刚石颗粒数240
钻头金刚石颗粒的排数8
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金刚石钻头主要参数

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参数数值
钻头外径/mm96
钻头内径/mm62
钻头唇面倾斜角/(°)65
金刚石颗粒弹性模量/GPa1 050
金刚石颗粒泊松比0.2
单颗粒金刚石半径/mm1
钻头底面金刚石颗粒数140
钻头斜面金刚石颗粒数240
钻头金刚石颗粒的排数8
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编号水合物饱和度/%弹性模量/GPa泊松比内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
103.080.293.5622.21
2403.140.233.9721.10
3602.850.194.2523.57
4803.850.194.6923.67
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海底天然气水合物沉积物的试验结果[12]

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编号水合物饱和度/%弹性模量/GPa泊松比内聚力/MPa内摩擦角/(°)
103.080.293.5622.21
2403.140.233.9721.10
3602.850.194.2523.57
4803.850.194.6923.67
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深海海底钻机海底天然气水合物钻进取芯建模与分析
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吴丹 , 金永平 , 刘德顺 , 万步炎
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024,44(4): 136-143
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2024, 44(4): 136-143
深海海底钻机海底天然气水合物钻进取芯建模与分析
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吴丹 , 金永平 , 刘德顺, 万步炎
作者信息
  • 湖南科技大学 海洋矿产资源探采装备与安全技术国家地方联合工程实验室,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 吴丹(1999—),男,湖南岳阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为海洋矿产资源探采装备与技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

金永平(1984—),男,贵州黎平人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为海洋矿产资源探采装备与技术。E-mail:
Modeling and Analysis of Core Drilling of Marine Gas Hydrate by Seafloor Drill
Dan WU , Yongping JIN , Deshun LIU, Buyan WAN
Affiliations
  • National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Equipment and Safety Technologies for Exploration of Marine Mineral Resources, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.026
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针对深海海底钻机金刚石钻头在钻进海底天然气水合物过程中有明显弹塑性变形的特点,基于Hertz接触修正理论,提出了一种适用于深海海底钻机天然气水合物钻进取芯的建模方法。首先,分析钻进过程中海底天然气水合物从弹性变形到弹塑性变形破岩机理,求得金刚石钻头在钻进过程中单颗粒金刚石受到的钻进压力和切削力;其次,根据单颗粒金刚石受力情况,得到整个钻头上钻压和扭矩与钻进参数的理论关系,从而建立金刚石取芯钻头力学模型;最后,分析得到在钻进海底天然气水合物时海底天然气水合物的饱和度与扭矩和钻压的关系曲线。以该方法进行海上试验,成功获取了海底天然气水合物样品,验证了该方法的可行性。该研究成果可为深海取芯钻机钻头参数的设计和高效率钻进取芯提供理论依据。

深海海底钻机  /  海牛号  /  深海钻探  /  金刚石钻头  /  海底天然气水合物  /  钻进取芯

Aiming at obvious elastic-plastic deformation of diamond drill bits in the process of drilling marine gas hydrate, a modeling approach that is suitable for the core drilling process of drill bits was proposed based on the Hertz theory. Firstly, the rock-breaking mechanism was analyzed for marine gas hydrates from elastic deformation to elasticplastic deformation during the drilling process under sea, and the drilling pressure and cutting force of single diamond particle on the diamond bit during the drilling process were calculated. Secondly, according to the stress condition of a single diamond particle, the theoretical relationships between drilling pressure and torque on the whole bit and other drilling parameters were obtained, and a mechanical model was established for the diamond drilling bit. Finally, a relationship curve between the saturation of marine gas hydrate and the torque and drilling pressure was obtained based on analysis. An at-sea testing by adopting such method has successfully taken some samples of marine gas hydrate, which has verified the feasibility of this method. This research provides a theoretical reference for the design of drill bit parameters and optimization of efficient deep-sea core drilling operation.

seafloor drill  /  Hainiuhao  /  deep-sea drilling  /  diamond drill bit  /  marine gas hydrate  /  core drilling
吴丹, 金永平, 刘德顺, 万步炎. 深海海底钻机海底天然气水合物钻进取芯建模与分析. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 136 -143 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.026
Dan WU, Yongping JIN, Deshun LIU, Buyan WAN. Modeling and Analysis of Core Drilling of Marine Gas Hydrate by Seafloor Drill[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (4) : 136 -143 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.026
深海天然气水合物储量巨大,是未来极具潜力的战略能源,其开发会影响甚至改变全球能源格局[1-2]。目前,深海天然气水合物的开发正处于勘探阶段。钻探取芯是获取深海天然气水合物样品最直接的方法。深海海底钻机是进行海底深层地质取样与探测的一种新型钻探设备,也是实现海底资源勘探、海洋地质调查和海洋科学考察的主要技术手段[3]。钻机的金刚石钻头钻进是一个复杂的过程。针对钻头钻进岩石的机理,人们提出许多破碎理论,主要围绕常规岩层的弹性分析展开。但研究中发现,天然气水合物在发生变形时不仅存在弹性阶段,还存在弹塑性阶段。为此,相关学者对天然气水合物钻进过程开展了大量的研究工作[4-5]。然而,已有研究多数利用有限元软件分析其接触状态,很少涉及金刚石钻头钻进天然气水合物的力学模型,不能清晰表达天然气水合物的力学参数与金刚石钻头的钻进参数(转速与钻速)之间存在的关系。为此,本文提出了一种适用于深海海底钻机海底天然气水合物钻进取芯的建模方法,针对海底天然气水合物物理力学特性和钻机金刚石钻头钻进过程特点,通过分析金刚石钻头在旋切时镶嵌在钻头表面的金刚石颗粒压入岩石和切削岩石破碎机理,基于Hertz接触修正理论,建立钻头旋切过程中底面的钻压力和切削力模型,进而得到整个钻头上扭矩和钻压的计算公式,并分析了在钻进不同饱和度情况下海底天然气水合物与钻压和扭矩之间的关系。
深海海底钻机工作原理如图1所示。深海海底钻机的工作原理是利用深海海底钻机上携带的带有金刚石取芯钻头的钻杆钻具切入海底水合物地层,并通过加接钻杆的方式来不断加大钻入海底地层的深度,直至钻到额定孔深。
深海海底钻机金刚石钻头钻进是钻头上表镶金刚石颗粒与岩石相互作用的结果。图2为我国“海牛号”深海海底钻机上所使用的表镶金刚石钻头。
钻头上单颗粒金刚石受力情况如图3所示。在金刚石钻头钻进岩石过程中,钻头上各金刚石颗粒都绕钻头轴心做螺旋运动,其中Fn为金刚石颗粒在钻头垂直钻进时受到的正压力,Fs为钻头钻进时金刚石颗粒受到的摩擦力,Tn为金刚石颗粒在钻头转动时受到的切削力,Ts为钻头转动时金刚石颗粒受到的摩擦力。
图4为单颗粒金刚石球体与平面接触的变形过程。金刚石钻头压入海底天然气水合物时,压入的接触点可以认为是发生了理想的弹性变形,其压力可以根据弹性压痕理论,即Hertz接触理论[6]进行描述。Hertz在研究弹性球弹性半空变形体的接触时,假定两者之间的接触是无摩擦的局部变形,接触面的投影形状为圆形,其接触域相对于球体很小。随着压入深度增大,海底天然气水合物将进入弹塑性变形阶段,仅仅使用赫兹理论不再适用。为了方便研究,EVSVEE等[7]假设在接触区域中间部分的接触压力为均匀分布,且大小等效于发生弹塑性变形时的接触压力值,在该区域外的接触压力为Hertz椭圆接触压力分布。在此基础上,文献[8]通过对球形压头的分析,对Hertz接触进行了修正,建立了理想弹塑性固体被刚性球体压入时沿接触面的压力分布,利用赫兹理论与滑移线场理论解[9]进行修正并计算其接触压力。
图5为半径R的刚性球压入半空间变形体的接触示意图,压入深度为h,接触半径为aFn为施加的接触压力,径向坐标用r表示,轴向坐标用Z表示。
根据Hertz理论,接触区域的压力分布为抛物线形状,其表达式为:
式中:p0为接触中心处最大接触压力;r为接触点到接触中心的径向距离。
根据弹性接触表面点在Z轴方向的位移uz为:
式中E*为减缩弹性模量,其表达式为:
式中:υ1υ2分别为两接触体的泊松比;E1E2分别为两接触体的弹性模量。
根据Hertz理论,在弹性接触区的边界条件可以写成:
由式(2)和式(4)可知,接触半径a中心接触压力p0应满足:
对式(1)在整个接触区域0~a区间积分,可得到接触压力Fn为:
将式(5)代入式(6),可得:
由Von Mises屈服准则[10]可知,在Z轴和r轴上各点的应力状态可表示为:
式中:σrσz分别为rZ向的正应力。由式(8)可知,当金刚石颗粒初始压入海底天然气水合物屈服时:
式中σ为海底天然气水合物的屈服应力。
为了方便计算,定义:
式(10)属于一个超越方程,GVυ可以通过式(11)的拟合函数来近似表达:
当进入弹塑性变形阶段时,文献[8]提出了“有限接触压力”的分布模型分析其弹塑性接触问题,如图6所示。
接触压力pr)的表达式为:
式中b为接触中线到分界点的径向距离,可根据连续性条件来确定该点的值。
由于接触半径a小于单颗粒金刚石半径,根据式(12)可以得到CaR≈2.8。然而,海底天然气水合物在弹性变形和弹塑性变形时中心点接触压力并不相等,所以CaR并不能简单认定为常数。因此,需要对“有限压力分布”假设进行适当修正,接触区域中间部分利用滑移线场理论计算应力分布,在此接触区域外的接触压力可根据式(1)和式(5)的赫兹理论得到:
式中k为关于压入深度的函数。
对式(12)进行整体区域积分,可得到接触压力Fn为:
r=b时,海底天然气水合物处于弹性变形与弹塑性变形的临界点,即在这时弹性压力与塑性压力相等,则有:
联立式(15)和式(16),可以得到接触压力Fn为:
式中k可以通过文献[6]求得:
根据式(11)和式(18)可以得到CVkυ参数之间的关系,得到对应的参数值。
由于深海海底钻机金刚石钻头在钻进海底天然气水合物时弹塑性变形明显,基于Hertz修正理论,得到了弹塑性变形阶段时的接触压力,并定义此接触压力为金刚石颗粒受到的钻压力,得到Fn为:
在深海海底钻机金刚石钻头钻进过程中,金刚石颗粒不仅在轴向载荷作用下压入岩石破碎,还会在扭矩力作用下切削岩石。由理论力学和接触力学可知,切削时作用于接触区域的压力为不均匀分布,在接近金刚石颗粒底部处的切削力最大。图7为半径为R的刚性球切向半空间变形体的接触示意图,金刚石颗粒切削海底天然气水合物时,接触区域为下半球体的一半,切入深度为L,接触半径为bTn为钻头转动时受到的切削力,径向坐标用x表示,轴向坐标用y表示。
金刚石切削海底天然气水合物时切削力与作用于钻头底面的压力类似,两个接触体都可认为是弹性半空间,根据Hertz理论,接触区域的压力分布为抛物线形状,其表达式为:
式中:Ty)为接触区域的压力;T0为接触中心处最大的接触压力;y为接触点到接触中心的轴向距离。
圆形区域内法向位移的计算如图8所示。根据图8,在圆形区域内受到法向应力时,可以利用一个点的集中力作用结果叠加的方法求出作用于表面区域内分布法向压力的应力和位移。由于作用于区域上的分布压力为T,需要求得压力所产生的A处的凹陷。为此,需要确定由B处的应力引起的A点的位移,然后在应力的作用面上将该位移对所有可能的B处位置进行积分。
在B处位置时,距离原点位置t为:
图8可计算得到整个接触区域上分布压力产生的A点位移ux为:
图6,利用弹性接触的Hertz理论,在接触区域的边界条件为:
将式(23)代入式(22),得:
y为0或b时,L为πT0b/(4E*),代入式(24),得:
根据Lb的值,同样符合接触半径公式:
对式(20)在整个接触区域0~b区间积分,可得到在弹性阶段切削合力Tn′为:
当海底天然气水合物进入弹塑性变形阶段时,利用文献[8]提出的“有限接触压力”的分布模型分析其弹塑性接触问题,根据Hertz理论,可以得到式(27-1);根据滑移线场理论,应力分布可以用式(27-2)描述,如图9所示。
式中:k1为切入深度的函数,可按求取钻压力时k值的方法求得k1,约为2CV/3;
对式(27)在接触区域进行积分,可以得到切削合力Tn为:
y=c时,接触压力处于弹性变形与塑性变形的临界点,弹性压力等于塑性压力:
考虑海底天然气水合物特殊的物理力学特性,定义弹塑性变形时受到的切削合力为作用于金刚石颗粒上的切削力。结合式(28)和式(29),得到金刚石钻头转动时受到的切削力为:
钻头受力如图10(a)所示,设钻头底面的金刚石颗粒数为ni,钻头斜面金刚石颗粒数为nj。就钻头上每个金刚石颗粒而言(见图10(b)),Fn为钻压力,Tn为切削力;FsTs分别为钻进和转动时受到的摩擦力。
钻头钻压力和切削力与相应摩擦力存在如下关系:
式中μ为摩擦因数。文献[11]通过对岩石的研究,认为内摩擦角θ与摩擦因数存在着内在的联系:
为了计算钻头上所受到的钻压力和扭矩,必须将钻头斜面和底面的每个金刚石颗粒受到的力施加到钻头上,如图11所示。利用钻头斜面2个金刚石颗粒与钻头底面1个金刚石颗粒可将金刚石受到的作用力进行合成,分为垂直方向的FnFs与水平方向的TnTs
由此可以得到钻头压力和扭矩为:
式中l为金刚石颗粒距离钻头轴心线平均距离,其计算公式为:
式中:d为钻头内径;D为钻头外径。
钻头每转切削深度h为:
式中:N为钻头金刚石颗粒的排数;v为钻进速度;w为转速。
根据式(19)求得的钻压力与式(30)求得的切削力,可以得到钻头上的钻压与扭矩为:
深海海底钻机金刚石钻头钻进海底天然气水合物时,金刚石钻头主要参数见表1
某海域天然气水合物沉积物物理力学性能指标[12]表2
根据以上力学模型,对深海海底钻机金刚石钻头钻进海底天然气水合物岩层时钻压F和扭矩M进行分析。如图12(a)和(b)所示,在转速w为300 r/min时,钻头上的钻压和扭矩与钻进速度均呈线性关系,随着钻进速度增大而增大。从图12(c)和(d)中可以看出,在海底天然气水合物饱和度为60%时,随着转速增大,钻头上的钻压和扭矩随之减小。
图13为不同海底天然气水合物饱和度与钻压和扭矩之间的关系曲线图。由图13可以看出,海底天然气水合物在钻速1 mm/s与转速300 r/min时,当饱和度从0%增加到60%时,钻头上的扭矩M和钻压F与海底天然气水合物饱和度呈负相关,随着饱和度增大而减小;但饱和度从0%增加到40%时,扭矩和钻压减少幅度并不大,可以简单地看作随着饱和度增加,扭矩和钻压没有变化;而在饱和度60%和80%时,钻头上的扭矩M和钻压F与海底天然气水合物饱和度呈正相关,随着饱和度增大而增大。
有研究[12]表明,弹性模量会随着水合物饱和度变化动态增大,而泊松比与内摩擦角随水合物饱和度变化较小。由本文所得到的钻压和扭矩的计算公式可知,钻头上的扭矩和钻压与弹性模量呈正相关,且弹性模量的变化对钻压和扭矩的影响明显,从而可知当海底天然气水合物饱和度60%时,金刚石钻头所受到的钻压与扭矩最小。
2019年4月至2020年5月开展了为期一年的深海海底钻机系统水池联调和室内钻进试验,以检验钻机系统的机架与支撑调平系统、钻管接卸存储系统、保压取芯钻具系统、钻进系统、液压动力系统、机载测控与供电系统、甲板操控系统和甲板收放系统状态是否正常。测试结果显示:深海海底钻机的强电供给、控制系统、液压系统、调平系统、钻进机构、视频监控系统等机构工作正常、钻获的岩芯直径为45.5 mm,满足设计指标要求。
近年来,利用“海牛号”深海海底钻机在我国海域开展了海底天然气水合物资源勘探作业(见图14)。作业站位20余站,作业水深900~1 500 m,获得了高质量的海底天然气水合物样品,初步探明了我国海域具有良好资源前景的海底天然气水合物矿藏。此外,高质量的勘探成果还揭示和验证了该海域海底天然气水合物具有完全不同的成藏机理和理论。
1)针对海底天然气水合物在钻进过程中有着明显的弹塑性变形的特点,提出了一种适用于深海海底钻机金刚石钻头钻进海底天然气水合物的建模方法。建立了金刚石钻头钻进海底天然气水合物的理论模型,得到了金刚石钻头上的扭矩和钻压与海底天然气水合物力学参数间的理论关系。
2)研究结果表明:在相同的钻进条件下,海底天然气水合物饱和度0%~40%时,所受的钻压和扭矩基本没有变化;饱和度40%~60%时,扭矩和钻压略微减小;饱和度60%~80%时,扭矩和钻压会发生显著增大。对钻进不同饱和度的海底天然气水合物而言,弹性模量是对钻进过程影响最大的因素。
3)海上试验与运用成功获取了海底天然气水合物试验样品,验证了该方法的可行性,可为深海取芯钻机钻头参数的设计和高效率钻进取芯运行控制优化提供理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2805904)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52275106)
  • 湖南创新型省份建设专项经费(2020GK1021)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.026
  • 接收时间:2024-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-27
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2805904)
国家自然科学基金(52275106)
湖南创新型省份建设专项经费(2020GK1021)
作者信息
    湖南科技大学 海洋矿产资源探采装备与安全技术国家地方联合工程实验室,湖南 湘潭 411201

通讯作者:

金永平(1984—),男,贵州黎平人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师,主要研究方向为海洋矿产资源探采装备与技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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