Article(id=1241081037162337028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708444800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773826377429, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1722441600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773826377429, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773826377429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773826377429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241081025531540408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773826374657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827517159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241085817590960730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241085817590960731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=241, endPage=246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241081037548213029, articleId=1241081037162337028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Selection of Natural Minerals as Remediation Agents Based on Cadmium Immobilization, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on comparison of cadmium immobilization with 4 types of minerals originated from 14 places in Hunan Province, four kinds of natural and efficient remediation materials (including limestone from Yujiaao of Ningxiang County, low-grade manganese ore from Nanmuchong of Xiangtan County, bentonite from Mazongling of Taoyuan County, and sepiolite from Xingang of Shimen County) were selected. The kinetic rate of cadmium immobilization by these four natural minerals is in the following descending order: bentonite > limestone > sepiolite > manganese ore. The cadmium adsorption by four kinds of minerals increases as the initial cadmium mass concentration increases. With cadmium mass concentration no higher than 10.0 mg/L, the cadmium adsorption by these four minerals is in the following descending order: limestone > bentonite > manganese ore > sepiolite; with cadmium mass concentration exceeding 10.0 mg/L, the cadmium adsorption by these four minerals is in the following descending order: bentonite > limestone > manganese ore > sepiolite. The adsorption behavior follows Langmuir adsorption model, and the maximum adsorption capacities of bentonite, limestone, manganese ore and sepiolite are 29.38 mg/g, 14.51 mg/g, 9.67 mg/g and 5.27 mg/g respectively. With pH of solution within the range of 6 to 9, the removal efficiency of cadmium by four minerals is in the following descending order: limestone > bentonite > manganese ore > sepiolite. It is concluded that the cadmium immobilization with natural minerals is related to chemical composition of minerals, initial cadmium mass concentration, and pH value.

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对湖南省14个产地、4类矿物材料的镉固持性能进行对比,优选出4种天然高效镉修复材料(宁乡县喻家坳的石灰石、湘潭县楠木冲的低品位锰矿石、桃源县马宗岭的膨润土和石门县新岗的海泡石)。4种天然矿物材料对镉的固持动力学速率从快到慢排序为:膨润土>石灰石>海泡石>锰矿石。各矿物材料对镉的吸附量随着镉初始质量浓度增大而增大,镉质量浓度不高于10.0 mg/L时,各矿物材料对镉的吸附量从大到小排序为:石灰石>膨润土>锰矿石>海泡石;镉质量浓度高于10.0 mg/L时,各矿物材料对镉的吸附量从大到小排序为:膨润土>石灰石>锰矿石>海泡石。吸附行为均符合Langmuir吸附模型,膨润土、石灰石、锰矿石、海泡石对镉的最大吸附容量分别为29.38、14.51、9.67、5.27 mg/g。溶液pH=6~9时,各矿物材料对镉的去除效率排序为:石灰石>膨润土>锰矿石>海泡石。天然矿物材料对镉的固持效果与矿物的化学组分、初始镉质量浓度、pH值有关。

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秦迪岚(1980—),女,广西阳朔人,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事环境监测技术研究工作。E-mail:
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宋冰冰(1984—),女,湖南常德人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境监测技术研究工作。E-mail:

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宋冰冰(1984—),女,湖南常德人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境监测技术研究工作。E-mail:

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宋冰冰(1984—),女,湖南常德人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境监测技术研究工作。E-mail:

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label=图1, caption=不同产地矿物材料镉固持能力对比

(a)膨润土;(b)锰矿石;(c)海泡石;(d)石灰石

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矿物种类编号产地镉质量浓度1)/(μg·L-1pH值2)矿物组成(质量分数)
膨润土1桃源马宗岭镇木槎村0.107.7987.8%蒙脱石+11.6%石英+0.6%白云母
2湖南飞来峰非金属矿物材料有限公司(高品位)0.107.4277.7%蒙脱石+16.0%石英+6.3%其他
3湖南飞来峰非金属矿物材料有限公司(低品位)0.109.5766.8%蒙脱石+16.8%方解石+12.9%石英+3.4%斜绿泥石
锰矿石1宁乡县七星锰业有限公司0.247.2411.5%菱锰矿+18.8%石英+23.7%石膏+14.9%白云石+26.9%白云母+3.7%黄铁矿
2湘潭县楠木冲锰矿(高品位)0.387.6914.2%菱锰矿+29.3%石英+32.3%石膏+21.1%白云母
3湘潭县楠木冲锰矿(低品位)0.107.438.2%蒙脱石+29.9%石英+25.3%石膏+30.0%白云母+4.3%褐磷铁矿+2.3%硅镁锰石
海泡石1浏阳市光大海泡石加工厂0.228.588.0%海泡石+2.7%方解石+18.4%石英+70.9%滑石
2石门县夹山镇新岗海泡石厂0.159.7118.6%海泡石+64.2%方解石+3.1%石英+14.1%滑石
3石门县新岗村二组海泡石0.108.5457.6%海泡石+10.2%石英+32.2%滑石
石灰石1宁乡县喻家坳乡神武石灰厂0.109.9394.8%方解石+1.9%石英+3.3%透辉石
2宁乡县煤炭坝镇斑鸠石料厂0.919.7589.9%方解石+6.6%石英+3.5%白云石
3浏阳洞山镇龙洞村洋山石灰厂0.2410.0138.9%方解石+24.1%石英+3.4%白云石+31.8%白云母+0.8%石膏
4湘潭县排头乡石灰厂0.9910.0685.0%方解石+6.7%石英+8.3%白云母+2.0%叶蜡石
5澧县闸口乡香炉山采石场0.109.8293.7%方解石+2.7%石英+1.2%白云母+1.1%沸石
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供试材料基本属性

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矿物种类编号产地镉质量浓度1)/(μg·L-1pH值2)矿物组成(质量分数)
膨润土1桃源马宗岭镇木槎村0.107.7987.8%蒙脱石+11.6%石英+0.6%白云母
2湖南飞来峰非金属矿物材料有限公司(高品位)0.107.4277.7%蒙脱石+16.0%石英+6.3%其他
3湖南飞来峰非金属矿物材料有限公司(低品位)0.109.5766.8%蒙脱石+16.8%方解石+12.9%石英+3.4%斜绿泥石
锰矿石1宁乡县七星锰业有限公司0.247.2411.5%菱锰矿+18.8%石英+23.7%石膏+14.9%白云石+26.9%白云母+3.7%黄铁矿
2湘潭县楠木冲锰矿(高品位)0.387.6914.2%菱锰矿+29.3%石英+32.3%石膏+21.1%白云母
3湘潭县楠木冲锰矿(低品位)0.107.438.2%蒙脱石+29.9%石英+25.3%石膏+30.0%白云母+4.3%褐磷铁矿+2.3%硅镁锰石
海泡石1浏阳市光大海泡石加工厂0.228.588.0%海泡石+2.7%方解石+18.4%石英+70.9%滑石
2石门县夹山镇新岗海泡石厂0.159.7118.6%海泡石+64.2%方解石+3.1%石英+14.1%滑石
3石门县新岗村二组海泡石0.108.5457.6%海泡石+10.2%石英+32.2%滑石
石灰石1宁乡县喻家坳乡神武石灰厂0.109.9394.8%方解石+1.9%石英+3.3%透辉石
2宁乡县煤炭坝镇斑鸠石料厂0.919.7589.9%方解石+6.6%石英+3.5%白云石
3浏阳洞山镇龙洞村洋山石灰厂0.2410.0138.9%方解石+24.1%石英+3.4%白云石+31.8%白云母+0.8%石膏
4湘潭县排头乡石灰厂0.9910.0685.0%方解石+6.7%石英+8.3%白云母+2.0%叶蜡石
5澧县闸口乡香炉山采石场0.109.8293.7%方解石+2.7%石英+1.2%白云母+1.1%沸石
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矿物种类编号SiO2CaOAl2O3MgOFe2O3Na2OK2OTiO2MnOPS烧损Cd1)
膨润土167.661.8714.514.221.890.510.130.310.010.030.038.750.22
260.081.6319.641.396.230.670.110.870.210.040.038.943.35
342.2918.9812.351.374.670.750.090.620.100.020.0318.620.50
锰矿石129.477.6210.762.737.330.072.460.8211.870.182.4325.160.90
236.385.569.292.084.570.102.260.4412.660.211.7925.353.66
340.277.2010.452.603.880.142.520.438.410.231.4318.648.15
海泡石165.983.214.9915.471.630.340.050.180.280.030.037.711.60
218.3940.980.736.130.240.050.050.020.030.010.0333.280.32
365.560.364.1518.601.630.330.030.150.020.010.039.062.70
石灰石11.9753.590.640.510.340.060.030.040.040.0142.760.70
25.0551.610.900.470.430.070.020.070.020.010.0141.340.80
330.9824.3611.831.923.863.290.180.550.070.030.0121.860.37
45.9252.511.600.650.810.390.030.080.031.0537.951.24
53.7853.040.940.790.780.150.080.090.120.010.0240.171.00
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供试材料矿物元素组成(质量分数)

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矿物种类编号SiO2CaOAl2O3MgOFe2O3Na2OK2OTiO2MnOPS烧损Cd1)
膨润土167.661.8714.514.221.890.510.130.310.010.030.038.750.22
260.081.6319.641.396.230.670.110.870.210.040.038.943.35
342.2918.9812.351.374.670.750.090.620.100.020.0318.620.50
锰矿石129.477.6210.762.737.330.072.460.8211.870.182.4325.160.90
236.385.569.292.084.570.102.260.4412.660.211.7925.353.66
340.277.2010.452.603.880.142.520.438.410.231.4318.648.15
海泡石165.983.214.9915.471.630.340.050.180.280.030.037.711.60
218.3940.980.736.130.240.050.050.020.030.010.0333.280.32
365.560.364.1518.601.630.330.030.150.020.010.039.062.70
石灰石11.9753.590.640.510.340.060.030.040.040.0142.760.70
25.0551.610.900.470.430.070.020.070.020.010.0141.340.80
330.9824.3611.831.923.863.290.180.550.070.030.0121.860.37
45.9252.511.600.650.810.390.030.080.031.0537.951.24
53.7853.040.940.790.780.150.080.090.120.010.0240.171.00
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矿物名称最大吸附容量(qmax)/(mg·g-1KLR2
锰矿石9.670.2340.967
膨润土29.380.1250.980
海泡石5.270.7040.951
石灰石14.512.0860.967
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不同矿物材料吸附镉的Langmuir模型拟合参数

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矿物名称最大吸附容量(qmax)/(mg·g-1KLR2
锰矿石9.670.2340.967
膨润土29.380.1250.980
海泡石5.270.7040.951
石灰石14.512.0860.967
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天然矿物修复剂筛选及其对镉固持性能研究
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宋冰冰 1, 2 , 邓武军 3 , 曾婧滢 4 , 毕军平 4 , 何海军 1, 2 , 于磊 1, 2 , 朱瑞瑞 1, 2 , 张建新 5 , 吕焕哲 5 , 秦迪岚 1, 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024,44(4): 241-246
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2024, 44(4): 241-246
天然矿物修复剂筛选及其对镉固持性能研究
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宋冰冰1, 2 , 邓武军3, 曾婧滢4, 毕军平4, 何海军1, 2, 于磊1, 2, 朱瑞瑞1, 2, 张建新5, 吕焕哲5, 秦迪岚1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.湖南省生态环境监测中心,湖南 长沙 410019
  • 2.国家环境保护重金属污染监测重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410019
  • 3.湖南省国际工程咨询中心有限公司,湖南 长沙 410016
  • 4.长沙环境保护职业技术学院,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 5.湖南省国土资源规划院,湖南 长沙 410007
  • 宋冰冰(1984—),女,湖南常德人,高级工程师,硕士,主要从事环境监测技术研究工作。E-mail:

通讯作者:

秦迪岚(1980—),女,广西阳朔人,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事环境监测技术研究工作。E-mail:
Selection of Natural Minerals as Remediation Agents Based on Cadmium Immobilization
Bingbing SONG1, 2 , Wujun DENG3, Jingying ZENG4, Junping BI4, Haijun HE1, 2, Lei YU1, 2, Ruirui ZHU1, 2, Jianxin ZHANG5, Huanzhe LYU5, Dilan QIN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hunan Province Eco-environment Monitoring Center, Changsha 410019, Hunan, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Heavy Metal Pollutants Monitoring for State Environmental Protection, Changsha 410019, Hunan, China
  • 3.Hunan Province International Engineering Consultant Center Co., Ltd., Changsha 410016, Hunan, China
  • 4.Changsha Environmental Protection Vocational College, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China
  • 5.Hunan Provincial Institute of Land and Resources Planning, Changsha 410007, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2024-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.047
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对湖南省14个产地、4类矿物材料的镉固持性能进行对比,优选出4种天然高效镉修复材料(宁乡县喻家坳的石灰石、湘潭县楠木冲的低品位锰矿石、桃源县马宗岭的膨润土和石门县新岗的海泡石)。4种天然矿物材料对镉的固持动力学速率从快到慢排序为:膨润土>石灰石>海泡石>锰矿石。各矿物材料对镉的吸附量随着镉初始质量浓度增大而增大,镉质量浓度不高于10.0 mg/L时,各矿物材料对镉的吸附量从大到小排序为:石灰石>膨润土>锰矿石>海泡石;镉质量浓度高于10.0 mg/L时,各矿物材料对镉的吸附量从大到小排序为:膨润土>石灰石>锰矿石>海泡石。吸附行为均符合Langmuir吸附模型,膨润土、石灰石、锰矿石、海泡石对镉的最大吸附容量分别为29.38、14.51、9.67、5.27 mg/g。溶液pH=6~9时,各矿物材料对镉的去除效率排序为:石灰石>膨润土>锰矿石>海泡石。天然矿物材料对镉的固持效果与矿物的化学组分、初始镉质量浓度、pH值有关。

重金属污染  /  吸附剂  /  污染土壤  /  土壤修复  /  镉  /  天然矿物  /  修复剂  /  吸附性能  /  固持性能  /  矿物材料

Based on comparison of cadmium immobilization with 4 types of minerals originated from 14 places in Hunan Province, four kinds of natural and efficient remediation materials (including limestone from Yujiaao of Ningxiang County, low-grade manganese ore from Nanmuchong of Xiangtan County, bentonite from Mazongling of Taoyuan County, and sepiolite from Xingang of Shimen County) were selected. The kinetic rate of cadmium immobilization by these four natural minerals is in the following descending order: bentonite > limestone > sepiolite > manganese ore. The cadmium adsorption by four kinds of minerals increases as the initial cadmium mass concentration increases. With cadmium mass concentration no higher than 10.0 mg/L, the cadmium adsorption by these four minerals is in the following descending order: limestone > bentonite > manganese ore > sepiolite; with cadmium mass concentration exceeding 10.0 mg/L, the cadmium adsorption by these four minerals is in the following descending order: bentonite > limestone > manganese ore > sepiolite. The adsorption behavior follows Langmuir adsorption model, and the maximum adsorption capacities of bentonite, limestone, manganese ore and sepiolite are 29.38 mg/g, 14.51 mg/g, 9.67 mg/g and 5.27 mg/g respectively. With pH of solution within the range of 6 to 9, the removal efficiency of cadmium by four minerals is in the following descending order: limestone > bentonite > manganese ore > sepiolite. It is concluded that the cadmium immobilization with natural minerals is related to chemical composition of minerals, initial cadmium mass concentration, and pH value.

heavy metal pollution  /  adsorbent  /  contaminated soil  /  soil restoration  /  cadmium  /  natural mineral  /  remediation agent  /  adsorption performance  /  immobilization  /  mineral material
宋冰冰, 邓武军, 曾婧滢, 毕军平, 何海军, 于磊, 朱瑞瑞, 张建新, 吕焕哲, 秦迪岚. 天然矿物修复剂筛选及其对镉固持性能研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 241 -246 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.047
Bingbing SONG, Wujun DENG, Jingying ZENG, Junping BI, Haijun HE, Lei YU, Ruirui ZHU, Jianxin ZHANG, Huanzhe LYU, Dilan QIN. Selection of Natural Minerals as Remediation Agents Based on Cadmium Immobilization[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (4) : 241 -246 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.047
镉(Cd)是一种高毒性、难降解、可蓄积性的金属元素,主要通过电镀、采矿、冶炼和化肥农药等过程在水体和土壤中累积[1-2]。镉污染对人类和动植物带来的威胁不容忽视。开发稳定可持续的镉污染防治技术是环境保护领域的研究热点。
目前,常用的镉固持材料大多来源于人工合成或经功能化修饰,成本高,难以大范围使用[3-4]。天然矿物材料无需改性等特殊处理,只要破碎到一定粒径的颗粒即可直接用于重金属污染修复,成本低、应用便捷[5-6],成为新型廉价高效吸附剂的研究焦点[7]。湖南受重金属镉污染严重,同时具有丰富多样的天然矿物材料。利用本地产的矿物材料进行镉修复治理,对湖南镉污染修复具有重要意义。
矿物材料对镉的固持作用影响镉在环境中迁移,固持效果受矿物组成、镉初始质量浓度、pH值等影响[8-9]。有研究发现,高岭石、蒙脱石对镉的固持能力存在明显差异,且矿物对镉的吸附量随镉质量浓度增加表现为先增加后趋于平衡[10];海泡石对镉的吸附量随着pH值升高和离子强度下降而逐渐增加[11]。目前,关于纯天然矿物对镉吸附行为和性能的研究相对较少。为明确不同矿物对镉固持效果,本文收集了湖南省内14处产地的4类天然矿物,通过对比这些矿物材料对镉的固持能力,筛选出优秀的矿物材料;通过分析不同天然矿物在不同初始镉质量浓度和pH值条件下对镉的固持效果,以期为湖南水体和土壤环境镉污染治理修复材料的选择提供数据支撑。
在湖南省内14个产地采集对应的天然矿物材料作为供试材料。各供试材料[12]的产地信息与基本属性见表1,其化学成分见表2
主要仪器包括VARIAN SpectrAA-240FS火焰原子吸收仪、D/max 2500型X射线衍射仪、Axios mAX型X射线荧光光谱仪、BP 210S型电子天平、Thermo Orien 3 star型pH计等。
矿物材料镉固持能力试验:对比分析14个产地的矿物材料固持镉能力。针对每种矿物,取12个1 000 mL聚乙烯瓶,分别加入质量浓度为0、0.1、1.0、10.0 mg/L的Cd(NO32(分析纯,下同)溶液1 000 mL,每个质量浓度重复3次试验;称取1.0 g矿物,共12份,置于反应瓶中,在振速140 r/min、温度20 ℃下反应24 h,测定溶液中镉质量浓度。
矿物材料镉固持动力学试验:基于筛选的优秀矿物材料,称取1.0 g矿物材料于1 000 mL装有1.0 mg/L Cd(NO32溶液的聚乙烯瓶中,在振速140 r/min、温度20 ℃下反应,在指定时间各移取20 mL反应液,测定溶液中镉质量浓度。通过差减法,计算矿物对镉固持量,并绘制各矿物材料阻(吸)镉量随反应时间变化的关系曲线。
初始镉质量浓度影响矿物镉固持能力试验:基于筛选的优秀矿物材料,每种矿物各称取0.2 g、共6份于1 000 mL反应瓶中,分别加入0.2、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 mg/L的Cd(NO32溶液,在振速140 r/min、温度20 ℃下反应24 h,测定溶液中镉质量浓度。
初始pH值影响矿物镉固持能力试验:基于筛选的优秀矿物材料,每种矿物各称取0.2 g、共7份于1 000 mL反应瓶中,分别加入用HNO3和KOH调节成不同pH值的1.0 mg/L Cd(NO32溶液各200 mL,在振速140 r/min、温度20 ℃条件下反应24 h,测定溶液中镉质量浓度。
采用石墨炉/火焰原子吸收法测定溶液镉质量浓度;采用X射线衍射法测定矿物组成;采用X射线荧光法分析元素组成。
采用Microsoft Excel 2010和SPSS 19.0统计软件对试验数据进行统计分析处理;采用Langmuir吸附等温模型对吸附等温线进行拟合。Langmuir方程表达式为:
式中:qe为平衡吸附量,mg/g;qmax为最大吸附容量,mg/g;Ce为吸附平衡时的质量浓度,mg/L;KL为Langmuir吸附平衡常数,L/mg。
不同产地矿物材料镉固持能力对比如图1所示。
图1(a)可见,3个产地膨润土对镉固持能力差异不大,对低质量浓度的镉固持效果接近,其中1号膨润土对中、高质量浓度的镉固持效果更好。各膨润土空白浸出液中镉质量浓度均低于0.1 μg/L,说明膨润土中镉质量浓度极低。1号和2号膨润土pH值7~8,3号膨润土pH值9.57,碱性稍强,这与后者含16.8%方解石有关。综合考虑,1号桃源马宗岭镇木槎村的膨润土为镉修复剂优选材料。
湖南省内的锰矿主要有碳酸锰矿和氧化锰矿2种类型,根据表1中矿物组成可确定本研究所用锰矿石为氧化锰矿石。3种锰矿石pH值7.24~7.69,呈弱碱性,差别不大。由图1(b)可见,3种锰矿石对镉的固持能力差别巨大,3号锰矿石对镉固持率高,其他2种锰矿石对镉固持能力较差。各锰矿石空白浸出液中镉质量浓度为0.10~0.38 μg/L,处于低水平,其中3号的镉质量浓度最低。综上分析可知,3号湘潭县楠木冲锰矿低品位的锰矿石可作为镉修复剂优选材料。
3种海泡石pH值8~10,呈碱性,其中1号和3号海泡石pH值低于9。由图1(c)可见,3种海泡石对镉质量浓度0.1 mg/L和1.0 mg/L的固持率接近,但3号海泡石对10.0 mg/L的镉固持率稍占优势。各海泡石空白浸出液中镉质量浓度为0.10~0.22 μg/L,其中3号的镉质量浓度最低。综上分析可知,3号石门县新岗村二组的海泡石可作为镉修复剂优选材料。
5种石灰石pH值均在10左右,呈碱性,差异不大。由图1(d)可见,5种石灰石对镉质量浓度为0.1、1.0、10.0 mg/L的固持率分别为90.0%~99.4%、78.0%~98.3%、5%~77%,1号石灰石镉固持率最高,3号最低。各石灰石空白浸出液中镉质量浓度为0.10~0.99 μg/L,其中1号和5号都很低。综上分析可知,1号宁乡县喻家坳乡神武石灰厂的石灰石可作为镉修复剂优选材料。
对镉的固持速率是衡量修复剂材料的一个重要指标,尤其是在实际流动水的处理中显得极为重要。对4种优选矿物材料的镉固持过程进行动力学分析,结果见图2。由图2可知,膨润土对镉的固持速率最快,反应1 min时镉固持率已达到74%,46 min时达到88%,24 h时达到96%;石灰石对镉的固持速率也较快,反应1 min时镉固持率为45%,46 min时达到77%,24 h时达到98%,最终镉固持率略高于膨润土;海泡石固持速率比前两者慢,反应1 min时镉固持率为41%,46 min时达到73%,24 h时达到83%;锰矿石处理速度最慢,反应1 min时镉固持率仅26%,46 min时达到41%,24 h时达到80%。从结果可以看出,4种优选天然矿物材料在不经过任何修饰的情况下24 h内对镉的固持均能达到80%以上。总体而言,各矿物材料对镉的固持速率由快到慢排序依次为:膨润土>石灰石>海泡石>锰矿石。
镉污染修复过程中通常会根据其受污染程度选择合适的修复材料。镉初始质量浓度对4种优选天然矿物材料去镉效率的影响见图3。由图3可见,4种优选矿物材料对镉的吸附量都随着镉初始质量浓度增加而增加,镉初始质量浓度接近100.0 mg/L时,增幅开始减弱。这可能是由于吸附剂表面的活性位点有限,重金属吸附逐渐达到饱和[13]。膨润土和石灰石对镉的吸附量始终高于锰矿石和海泡石。镉质量浓度不高于10.0 mg/L时,各材料对镉的吸附量从大到小排序为:石灰石>膨润土>锰矿石>海泡石;镉质量浓度高于10.0 mg/L时,各材料对镉的吸附量从大到小排序为:膨润土>石灰石>锰矿石>海泡石。
为了研究4种优选矿物材料对镉的吸附机理,利用Langmuir模型对等温吸附曲线进行模拟,结果见图4表3。膨润土、石灰石、锰矿石和海泡石都能很好地进行拟合,R2都高于0.95。这表明4种优选材料对镉的吸附过程都符合Langmuir吸附模型,即主要为化学单层吸附。膨润土、石灰石、锰矿石、海泡石对镉的最大吸附容量分别为29.38、14.51、9.67、5.27 mg/g。海泡石对镉的最大吸附量相对较低,容易达到饱和状态,在处理高质量浓度镉污染时,膨润土和石灰石可提供更好的选择。其中,膨润土和石灰石的平衡常数KL值分别为0.234和2.086,表明石灰石具有更高的镉去除效率,石灰石在处理高质量浓度镉时更有优势。
镉初始pH值对4种优选矿物材料去镉效率的影响见图5。由图5可见,pH=4~10范围内,石灰石去镉效率都稳定在95%以上。pH<5时,锰矿石、海泡石和膨润土的镉固持率较低;pH>9时,它们的镉去除率均显著上升。根据地表水等环境质量标准和污水综合排放标准,水体pH限值一般都要求在6~9范围内。结果表明,pH=6~9时,石灰石、膨润土的固持能力未发生明显变化,镉去除率相对稳定。但锰矿石和海泡石在上述pH值条件下去镉效率存在先降低后升高的现象,这估计与其在酸性环境下有一定活化作用有关。4种优选矿物材料的镉去除率由高到低排序为:石灰石>膨润土>锰矿石>海泡石。
膨润土主要成分为蒙脱石,其对镉的固持机制包括吸附和沉淀作用[14]。吸附作用主要是依靠其大比表面积和强吸附性能将可溶性重金属元素吸附于表面或进入层间结构;沉淀作用则依赖矿物自身溶解产生的阴离子与重金属元素产生共沉淀[15]。对比3种供试膨润土的矿物成分和化学成分发现,膨润土镉固持性能与蒙脱石质量分数有关,蒙脱石质量分数越高,对中、高质量浓度镉的固持率越高。
海泡石与膨润土相似,都为硅酸盐结构,对镉的固持机理也相似。Langmuir模型拟合结果表明,膨润土和海泡石的等温吸附曲线R2值均达到0.95以上。Langmuir模型认为一旦重金属分子占据结合位点,就不能在该位点发生进一步吸附,说明膨润土和海泡石对镉的吸附以单层吸附为主[16-17]。但海泡石还有另一个作用途径,即部分金属阳离子可以进入海泡石晶格内部取代镁氧八面体中的Mg,发生同晶置换完成吸附作用[18]。由矿物材料成分分析结果可见,3种海泡石质量分数分别为8.0%、18.6%和57.6%,其中3号海泡石质量分数远高于其他2种海泡石,其镉固持效果也更好;1号海泡石质量分数不到2号的一半,但其对镉的修复效果却高于2号,1号海泡石中MgO质量分数是2号的2.52倍,由此推断,Cd与Mg的同晶置换吸附作用对镉的吸附具有一定促进作用。
氧化锰矿具有电荷零点低、比表面积大、负电荷量高、表面活性强等特点,对重金属元素具有很强的吸附固持能力[19]。本研究中锰矿石对镉的固持并非只取决于单一氧化锰的吸附作用,而是多种伴生材料的协同作用。从矿物材料成分和化学成分来看,菱锰矿和MnO质量分数较低的3号锰矿石镉固持能力明显高于其他2种锰矿石,说明菱锰矿或MnO等在锰矿石对镉的固持中未起主导作用;3号锰矿石镉固持作用可能与其伴生的蒙脱石有关。有研究[20]显示,方解石中的碳酸钙和氧化钙反应产物易与镉生成CdCO3、Cd(OH)2等细小颗粒沉淀。
1号石灰石所含方解石和氧化钙成分均最高,3号石灰石所含方解石和氧化钙均最低,而1号石灰石的镉固持能力优于3号石灰石,因此石灰石的矿物成分和化学成分对镉修复起主要作用。
4种优选天然矿物材料均有显著的镉固持能力,但其自身的特点决定其适用于不同的修复场景。
膨润土镉吸附速率和吸附量都很高,可用于高质量浓度废水修复和污染场地土壤及地下水修复等方面,但其本身黏性高,单独使用时渗透性相对较差,易于板结。
石灰石的镉吸附速率和高质量浓度下的单位镉吸附量虽稍逊于膨润土,但其渗透性好,在弱酸性条件下镉吸附率仍能保持较高水平,且本身呈碱性,更有利于中和弱酸性污染物,在酸化土壤污染修复方面具有较高的应用价值。
海泡石在镉污染土壤钝化修复方面应用较广泛,其镉固持性能虽然比不上膨润土和石灰石,但在湖南储量丰富、应用方便。
锰矿石虽在湖南储备充足,但其本身浸出的金属离子有可能带来二次污染风险。
综合产地、成本,同时考虑矿物材料浸出重金属的空白背景值及镉固持速率和效率等因素,建议选择优选产地的膨润土、石灰石和海泡石作为镉污染天然矿物修复剂。同时,这几种矿物材料若混合使用、取长补短,可望在实际镉污染修复中发挥更好的效果。
1)从湖南省矿产资源中优选出4种天然矿物材料作为镉修复剂,分别为:宁乡县喻家坳乡神武石灰厂的石灰石、湘潭县楠木冲锰矿低品位锰矿石、桃源马宗岭镇木槎村的膨润土和石门县新岗村二组的海泡石。
2)优选的矿物材料对镉固持速率由快到慢依次为:膨润土>石灰石>海泡石>锰矿石;矿物材料的吸附行为都符合Langmuir吸附模型,膨润土、石灰石、锰矿石、海泡石对镉的最大吸附容量分别为29.38、14.51、9.67、5.27 mg/g。溶液pH=6~9时,各矿物材料镉去除效率从大到小排序为:石灰石>膨润土>锰矿石>海泡石。
  • 原国土资源部公益性行业科研专项(201111016-1)
  • 湖南省重点研发计划(2021NK2027)
  • 国家环境保护重金属污染监测重点实验室开放基金
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.047
  • 接收时间:2024-02-21
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-21
基金
原国土资源部公益性行业科研专项(201111016-1)
湖南省重点研发计划(2021NK2027)
国家环境保护重金属污染监测重点实验室开放基金
作者信息
    1.湖南省生态环境监测中心,湖南 长沙 410019
    2.国家环境保护重金属污染监测重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410019
    3.湖南省国际工程咨询中心有限公司,湖南 长沙 410016
    4.长沙环境保护职业技术学院,湖南 长沙 410004
    5.湖南省国土资源规划院,湖南 长沙 410007

通讯作者:

秦迪岚(1980—),女,广西阳朔人,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事环境监测技术研究工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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