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With tetraethyl orthosilicate as silicon source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant and pore-forming agent, a carbon-coated mesoporous hollow silicon oxide as anode material was synthesized by adopting the modified stöber method and carbonthermal reduction. The results show that different volume ratio of ethanol to water can bring important impact to the particle size, morphology and performance of SiOx nanospheres. With ethanol and water in a low volume ratio, the obtained nanomaterial has a low sphericity and becomes oval; as the ratio increases, the nanomaterial becomes larger in size; with ethanol and water in a ratio of 0.45, the obtained SiOx nanospheres are around 300 mm in size. The button batteries assembled with such nanospheres deliver a reversible specific capacity of 813 mAh/g after 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, and 704 mAh/g after 1 200 cycles at 500 mA/g, retaining 82% of this capacity, with a capacity attenuation rate of 0.015% after each cycle.

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以正硅酸四乙酯为硅源、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂及造孔剂,采用改进的stöber法及碳热还原法制备了碳包覆的介孔空心硅氧化物负极材料。结果表明:乙醇与水体积比变化对SiOx纳米球粒度、形貌及性能有重要影响;乙醇与水体积比小,材料球形度差,呈椭圆形;乙醇与水体积比增大,纳米材料尺寸增加;乙醇与水体积比0.45时所得SiOx纳米球粒径300 nm左右,以该纳米球组装的扣式电池在电流密度100 mA/g下循环200次后可逆比容量为813 mAh/g,在500 mA/g下循环1 200次后可逆比容量为704 mAh/g,容量保持率为82%,每次容量衰减率仅0.015%。

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何冬林(1987—),男,四川广安人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事锂电正负极材料及电池回收研究。E-mail:

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何冬林(1987—),男,四川广安人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事锂电正负极材料及电池回收研究。E-mail:

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何冬林(1987—),男,四川广安人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事锂电正负极材料及电池回收研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3(45): 22739-22749., articleTitle=A three layer design with mesoporous silica encapsulated by a carbon core and shell for high energy lithium ion battery anodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081054493201275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081036528997082, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=293, issue=null, pageStart=976, pageEnd=982, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=LI M, YU Y, LI J, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI M, YU Y, LI J, et al. Fabrication of graphene nanoplatelets-supported SiOx-disordered carbon composite and its application in lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 293: 976-982., articleTitle=Fabrication of graphene nanoplatelets-supported SiOx-disordered carbon composite and its application in lithium-ion batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081054623224705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081036528997082, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=null, pageStart=299, pageEnd=305, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=LIU Z, ZHAO Y, HE R, journalName=Energy Storage Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Z, ZHAO Y, HE R, et al. Yolk@Shell SiO/C microspheres with semi-graphitic carbon coating on the exterior and interior surfaces for durable lithium storage[J]. 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Advanced Functional Materials, 2018, 28(3): 1704561., articleTitle=Ultrafine nickel-nanoparticle-enabled SiO2 hierarchical hollow spheres for high-performance lithium storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055025877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081036528997082, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=248, issue=null, pageStart=457, pageEnd=464, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=HOVINGTON P, DONTIGNY M, GUERFI A, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOVINGTON P, DONTIGNY M, GUERFI A, et al. In situ scanning electron microscope study and microstructural evolution of nano silicon anode for high energy Li-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 248: 457-464., articleTitle=In situ scanning electron microscope study and microstructural evolution of nano silicon anode for high energy Li-ion batteries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081055134929818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081036528997082, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=262, issue=null, pageStart=10, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=ZHONG H, ZHAN H, ZHOU Y H, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG H, ZHAN H, ZHOU Y H. Synthesis of nanosized mesoporous silicon by magnesium-thermal method used as anode material for lithium ion battery[J]. 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(a)S-0.45;(b)HS-0.45;(c)MHS-0.45;(d)S-0.3;(e)HS-0.3;(f)MHS-0.3;(g)S-0.6;(h)HS-0.6;(i)MHS-0.6

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(a)MHS@C-0.3;(b)MHS@C-0.6;(c)MHS@C-0.45

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(a)TEM;(b)HRTEM;(c)衍射图谱

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(a)STEM;(b)EDS线扫图

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(a)刻蚀前;(b)刻蚀后

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(a)100 mA/g;(b)200 mA/g;(c)500 mA/g

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碳包覆空心硅氧化物负极材料的制备及性能研究
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何冬林 1, 2, 3 , 孙森 1 , 李平 1 , 曲选辉 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 电池材料专题 2024,44(4): 67-71
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矿冶工程杂志 | 电池材料专题 2024, 44(4): 67-71
碳包覆空心硅氧化物负极材料的制备及性能研究
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何冬林1, 2, 3 , 孙森1, 李平1, 曲选辉1
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学 新材料技术研究院,北京 100083
  • 2.电子科技大学 材料与能源学院,四川 成都 611731
  • 3.蜀道投资集团有限责任公司,四川 成都 610095
  • 何冬林(1987—),男,四川广安人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事锂电正负极材料及电池回收研究。E-mail:

Preparation and Performance of Carbon-Coated Hollow SiOx Anode Materials
Donglin HE1, 2, 3 , Sen SUN1, Ping LI1, Xuanhui QU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
  • 3.Shudao Investment Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610095, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2024-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.012
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以正硅酸四乙酯为硅源、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为表面活性剂及造孔剂,采用改进的stöber法及碳热还原法制备了碳包覆的介孔空心硅氧化物负极材料。结果表明:乙醇与水体积比变化对SiOx纳米球粒度、形貌及性能有重要影响;乙醇与水体积比小,材料球形度差,呈椭圆形;乙醇与水体积比增大,纳米材料尺寸增加;乙醇与水体积比0.45时所得SiOx纳米球粒径300 nm左右,以该纳米球组装的扣式电池在电流密度100 mA/g下循环200次后可逆比容量为813 mAh/g,在500 mA/g下循环1 200次后可逆比容量为704 mAh/g,容量保持率为82%,每次容量衰减率仅0.015%。

硅氧化物  /  负极材料  /  空心结构  /  碳包覆  /  纳米球

With tetraethyl orthosilicate as silicon source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant and pore-forming agent, a carbon-coated mesoporous hollow silicon oxide as anode material was synthesized by adopting the modified stöber method and carbonthermal reduction. The results show that different volume ratio of ethanol to water can bring important impact to the particle size, morphology and performance of SiOx nanospheres. With ethanol and water in a low volume ratio, the obtained nanomaterial has a low sphericity and becomes oval; as the ratio increases, the nanomaterial becomes larger in size; with ethanol and water in a ratio of 0.45, the obtained SiOx nanospheres are around 300 mm in size. The button batteries assembled with such nanospheres deliver a reversible specific capacity of 813 mAh/g after 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g, and 704 mAh/g after 1 200 cycles at 500 mA/g, retaining 82% of this capacity, with a capacity attenuation rate of 0.015% after each cycle.

SiOx  /  anode material  /  hollow structure  /  carbon coating  /  nanosphere
何冬林, 孙森, 李平, 曲选辉. 碳包覆空心硅氧化物负极材料的制备及性能研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 67 -71 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.012
Donglin HE, Sen SUN, Ping LI, Xuanhui QU. Preparation and Performance of Carbon-Coated Hollow SiOx Anode Materials[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (4) : 67 -71 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.012
近年来,电动汽车、消费电子、电动工具等行业飞速发展,对锂离子电池的能量密度提出了更高要求[1-2],为了缓解电动汽车的里程焦虑,学者们一直在寻找具有更高能量密度的新型电极材料。传统的石墨负极容量已经接近其理论容量(372 mAh/g),无法满足高能量密度锂离子电池的需求。硅负极材料具有4 200 mAh/g的高理论比容量,但在充放电过程中存在体积膨胀大、易粉化等问题。SiOx(0<x<2)是一种无定形结构的负极材料,理论可逆容量达到2 680 mAh/g,相比于硅负极,SiOx负极成本更低,在充放电过程中体积变化更小,成为学术界和产业界关注和研究的重点。SiOx负极材料尽管拥有诸多优点,但其首次库仑效率较低,综合性能有待进一步提高。
改善SiOx负极材料电化学性能的方法[3-5]很多,运用较为广泛的一种策略是减小材料尺度即纳米化[6]:通过将硅氧化物的粒度减至纳米级,其电化学性能可得到明显改善。但硅氧化物纳米颗粒比表面积大,与电解液的接触面积会增大,进而产生更多的固体电解质膜(SEI),最终导致库仑效率低和容量快速衰减。另一种有效方法是将硅氧化物与导电碳进行复合。在近年的文献报道中,研究者合成了多样化的SiOx/C复合材料,例如均匀的SiOx/C纳米球[7-10]、SiOx/石墨烯/碳[11]等。在这种复合材料中,碳充当导电缓冲介质来解决硅氧化物固有的导电性能差和体积变化大的问题,从而改善材料的循环稳定性和库仑效率。这些方法对比容量有一定程度改善,但还不能很好地解决硅氧负极的低首次库仑效率和长循环稳定性。为了进一步改善硅氧负极材料电化学性能,在材料内部引入中空和多孔结构并内外包覆碳材料可能是一种有效的方式。
本文以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板造孔剂,采用改进的stöber法及碳热还原法合成碳包覆的介孔空心SiOx,并对所获得的SiOx材料进行电化学性能测试。
碳包覆介孔空心SiOx的制备步骤为:
1)在160 mL乙醇溶液(乙醇和水体积比5∶11)中加入300 mg造孔剂CTAB,然后先后加入质量分数28%的氨水2 mL和四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)2 mL,于35 ℃下反应24 h,离心洗涤得到制备好的二氧化硅球,记为S-0.45;
2)将二氧化硅球分散在水中,通过自发自转变法合成介孔空心二氧化硅。首先,将S-0.45粉体分散在160 mL水中,在85 ℃水浴中搅拌3 h,然后离心得到空心二氧化硅,记为HS-0.45;
3)将制备的HS-0.45分散到240 mL乙醇中,再加入质量分数38%的盐酸0.5 mL,在60 ℃下搅拌3 h,以去除造孔剂CTAB;重复两次以上操作,以确保完全去除CTAB;离心、清洗、真空干燥后得到介孔空心二氧化硅球,记为MHS-0.45。
4)通过改变乙醇溶液中乙醇和水的体积比,可以得到尺寸和壳厚度不一样的介孔空心二氧化硅球。乙醇和水体积比3∶5和37∶123时,按照前述相同步骤可制备得到尺寸不同的介孔空心二氧化硅球,分别记为MHS-0.6和MHS-0.3;
5)将200 mg介孔空心二氧化硅球和100 mg盐酸多巴胺(DA)分散在75 mL、pH值为8.5的Tris-buffer缓冲溶液中,磁力搅拌24 h,使DA发生聚合,洗涤后获得具有聚多巴胺包覆的介孔空心二氧化硅球;
6)为了得到碳包覆外壳,将聚多巴胺包覆的介孔空心二氧化硅球转移到管式炉刚玉坩埚中,在体积分数5%的H2/Ar气氛中加热到900 ℃并保温2 h,得到碳包覆的介孔空心SiOx球,分别记为MHS@C-0.45、MHS@C-0.6和MHS@C-0.3。
使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测试样品晶体结构;采用SU8020扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和JEM-2010透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征样品形貌和微观结构;采用Thermo escalab 250Xi X射线光电子能谱仪测试样品表面元素成分。
首先按质量比8∶1∶1计算和称取活性物质、导电材料、黏结剂,搅拌5 min后加入一定量去离子水并搅拌均匀,得到黏度合适的浆料,用刮刀将浆料涂覆在铜箔上,真空干燥箱干燥过夜后降至室温,再使用冲片机冲成直径10 mm的圆片,称重、待用。
扣式电池组装及测试:2032型扣电装配使用金属锂片为对电极,隔膜采用Celgard 2400,电解液使用1 mol/L的六氟磷酸锂/(碳酸乙烯酯+碳酸二乙酯)/氟代碳酸乙烯酯有机溶液。组装好的扣式电池封口并静置12 h后进行电化学性能测试。采用深圳新威尔的Neware BTS-9000电池测试系统进行恒流充放电测试,半电池充放电电压范围0.01~3 V,测试温度25 ℃。采用上海辰华的CHI760E电化学工作站测试电池循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗谱(EIS),CV测试电压范围为0.01~3 V,扫描速度0.2 mV/s,EIS测试频率0.01 Hz~100 kHz,振幅5 mV。将循环一定次数后的扣式电池在手套箱中拆解,取出后的极片采用DMC多次清洗,干燥后用于测试表征。
通过透射电镜观察不同产物的形貌演变,如图1所示。从图1可以发现:乙醇与水体积比1∶11时,在合成的3个不同阶段,纳米球的粒度基本在300 nm左右,在热水中进行自发自转变后在纳米球内部形成一定空腔,盐酸处理后内部空腔更明显,MHS-0.45内部可以看到明显的发射状空隙,这是除去造孔剂CTAB后留下的;乙醇与水体积比37∶123时,纳米球变小了,粒度在100 nm左右,同时球形度降低,形貌呈椭圆形,空心球外壁变薄;乙醇与水体积比3∶5时,制备的材料粒径增大到600 nm左右,内部空腔和发射状结构仍然存在,但空心介孔纳米二氧化硅球外壁增厚。可见,改变乙醇与水体积比能够调控纳米球的形貌、粒度和空心纳米二氧化硅球的壁厚。
碳包覆后样品的SEM图见图2。可以发现,碳包覆前后样品形貌变化不大,碳包覆后MHS@C-0.3样品团聚更严重。
图3为MHS@C-0.45的低倍及高分辨透射电镜照片。可以明显看到,MHS@C-0.45内部有较大的空腔,包覆碳前后粒度变化较小,内部较大的空腔能为充放电过程中体积变化提供缓冲空间;中间层硅氧化物与外层碳壳间界面不明显,也未发现明显的晶格条纹,表明外层碳壳和硅氧化物为无定形态。
为了进一步明确碳壳厚度和分布情况,对样品MHS@C-0.45进行了EDS线扫和面扫能谱测试,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看到,线扫能谱曲线呈“凹”字形,硅和氧在两端分布多而中间分布少,分布在两端、以碳为主的区域中硅、氧含量很低,表明这部分区域为外层碳壳;此外,内部碳元素含量虽然较低,但沿着线扫轨迹都有分布,表明空腔内部也存在少量碳,这部分碳的存在可以提高材料导电性。
结果表明,MHS@C-0.45纳米球从内到外结构依次为空腔、硅氧化物和碳壳。
样品MHS@C的XRD表征结果如图5所示。不同乙醇与水体积比所得样品在15°~30°区域均呈现一个大的漫包峰,说明硅氧化物、外层碳及整个样品均为无定形态。
对MHS@C-0.45样品进行了XPS测试,刻蚀前Si2p的高分辨图谱如图6(a)所示。Si2p具有3种不同价态的硅,Si4+位于104.3 eV,Si3+位于103.4 eV,Si2+位于102.1 eV,所占比例分别为34.7%、59.4%及5.9%,根据各价态Si所占比例得到硅的平均化合价为3.29,进一步计算得到SiOx中的x值为1.64。鉴于XPS仅能分析材料表面的化学信息,为了进一步研究材料内部硅氧化物的还原状态,用Ar+刻蚀样品表面20 nm后,再用XPS表征刻蚀后的样品表面化学信息,结果如图6(b)所示。刻蚀后Si2+、Si3+和Si4+的比例分别为19.6%、54.3%和26.1%,得出硅的平均化合价为3.06,说明材料内部二氧化硅也被成功还原为SiOx
测试了MHS@C-0.45的等温吸脱附曲线,测得其比表面积为976 m2/g、孔隙体积为0.589 cm3/g、平均粒径为2.62 nm,表明MHS@C-0.45样品中存在介孔。
用MHS@C-0.45电极组装的扣式电池循环伏安曲线如图7所示。第1个负扫过程中,在1.6~1.2 V出现的还原峰对应锂和硅氧化物之间的不可逆反应,同时生成锂硅酸盐、硅和氧化锂[12]。此外,0.7 V附近出现了一个较宽的峰,但在后面的循环中消失了,主要是由于电解质分解并形成了SEI膜[13];0.01 V附近的还原峰是Si和Li发生合金化反应所致。正扫过程中,1.3 V附近出现了一个氧化峰,是由于Li+从锂硅合金中脱出。随着循环次数增加,曲线重合度更好,说明MHS@C-0.45的脱嵌锂过程可逆性较好。
MHS@C-0.45电极在100 mA/g电流下第1次、50次、100次和200次循环时的充放电曲线如图8所示。MHS@C-0.45的首次放电、充电比容量分别为1 438 mAh/g、1 040 mAh/g,首次库仑效率为72.3%,高于文献[1214]报道的数值。首次循环不可逆容量为398 mAh/g,主要是由于首次脱嵌锂过程中锂硅酸盐、氧化锂以及SEI膜的形成[15-16]。忽略第1次的活化过程,MHS@C-0.45在第50次、100次和200次循环的充电比容量没有出现大幅度衰减,说明其循环稳定性较好。
图9为不同MHS@C样品首次充放电曲线。图中曲线形状基本一致,说明各样品具有相似的充放电机理;MHS@C-0.45样品首次库仑效率为72.3%,远高于MHS@C-0.3和MHS@C-0.6样品的首次库仑效率(61.3%和43.7%)。
图10为MHS@C电极在不同电流密度下的循环性能。可以看到,电流密度100 mA/g时,前50次容量衰减较快,50次后容量相对稳定,200次循环后,MHS@C-0.45、MHS@C-0.3、MHS@C-0.6可逆比容量分别为813 mAh/g、630 mAh/g、406 mAh/g。在电流密度100 mA/g下活化2次后电流密度增加到200 mA/g进行充放电,MHS@C-0.45、MHS@C-0.3、MHS@C-0.6在200 mA/g时的首次充电/放电比容量分别为897/858 mAh/g、705/666 mAh/g、522/462 mAh/g,循环450次后充/放电比容量分别为798/788 mAh/g、472/469 mAh/g、400/398 mAh/g。对比发现,3种材料中MHS@C-0.45可逆容量最高。进一步提高电流密度到500 mA/g,循环1 200次后,MHS@C-0.45充电、放电比容量分别为706 mAh/g、704 mAh/g,容量保持率为82%,每次容量衰减率为0.015%,同时库仑效率接近100%,优于MHS@C-0.3和MHS@C-0.6。
MHS@C-0.45具有更好的循环稳定性,这得益于材料内部的空心、介孔结构为体积变化提供了足够的缓冲空间,应力得到有效释放,外层包覆的碳壳可提高其导电性,同时也为体积变化提供了缓冲界面。
图11为MHS@C-0.45在电流密度200 mA/g循环450次后的透射电镜图。从图11可以看到,MHS@C-0.45纳米颗粒结构保持完整,内部空腔依稀可见,放射状的介孔结构依然存在。从循环后的MHS@C-0.45高分辨透射电镜图来看,外层SEI膜厚度10 nm左右,有效保护了材料结构的完整,另外内部空隙也为充放电过程中的体积变化提供了充足的空间。
以正硅酸四乙酯为硅源、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为造孔剂,采用改进的Stöber法及碳热还原法合成了碳包覆的空心SiOx纳米材料。结果表明:乙醇与水体积比变化对SiOx纳米球粒度、形貌及性能有重要影响;乙醇与水体积比小,材料球形度差,呈椭圆形;乙醇与水体积比增大,纳米材料尺寸增加;乙醇与水体积比0.45时所得SiOx纳米球粒径300 nm左右,以该纳米球组装的扣式电池在电流密度100 mA/g下循环200次后可逆容量为813 mAh/g,在500 mA/g下循环1 200次后可逆容量为704 mAh/g,容量保持率为82%,每次容量衰减率仅0.015%。
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.012
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2024-08-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
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    1.北京科技大学 新材料技术研究院,北京 100083
    2.电子科技大学 材料与能源学院,四川 成都 611731
    3.蜀道投资集团有限责任公司,四川 成都 610095
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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