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Article(id=1241081033102250610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708358400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773826376461, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1722441600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773826376461, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773826376461, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773826376461, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241081025531540408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='258', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773826374657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773827517159, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241085817590960730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241085817590960731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241081025531540408, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=207, endPage=211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241081034893218435, articleId=1241081033102250610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Optimization of Particle Shape and Gradation of Machine-Made Sand, columnId=1236276106932842717, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINERAL PROCESSING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to optimize the particle shape and gradation of machine-made sand, a vertical bar stirring mill was adopted for shaping tests. The effects of medium type, medium ratio, mill rotation speed and material/ball ratio on the particle shape of machine-made sand were investigated. The gradation and shape characteristics of unshaped and shaped sands were comparatively analyzed by using optical microscopy and image processing software. The results show that the shaping effect of zirconia medium is better than that of steel or alumina medium. With the zirconia balls with diameter of 6 mm and 8 mm in a mass ratio of 1∶1, rotation speed of 300 r/min, feed/ball mass ratio of 1∶3 and pulp volume fraction of 62.5%, the milling process results in the shaped sand with fineness of+0.15 mm 84.98% and flake granule accounting for 4.5%. The shaped machine-made sand has better compactness and angular characteristics, and it is qualified as the type I sand according to the standard GB/T 14684—2022, with better gradation and particle shape compared to the unshaped sand. The contour shape and angular characteristics of coarse granules can be greatly optimized than those of fine particles. It is concluded that under suitable conditions, a vertical bar stirring mill can obviously improve the shape of machine-made sand and optimize coarser grain composition.

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为优化机制砂粒形和级配，以立式棒状搅拌磨机为整形设备，研究了介质种类、介质配比、磨机转速、料球比等整形参数对机制砂粒形的影响，并借助光学显微镜和图像处理软件，对比分析了整形机制砂与未整形机制砂的级配特性和粒形特性。结果表明：氧化锆球整形效果优于钢球和氧化铝球；在直径6 mm和8 mm氧化锆球质量比1∶1、磨机转速300 r/min、料球比1∶3、矿浆体积分数62.5%条件下整形，整形机制砂中片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率分别为4.5%和84.98%；整形机制砂具有更好的密实度和棱角性，能达到GB/T 14684—2022中Ⅰ类砂要求，其级配、粒形均优于未整形机制砂；粗粒级颗粒轮廓形状和棱角性改善程度大于细粒级颗粒。在适宜条件下，立式棒状搅拌磨可明显改善机制砂粒形、优化较粗的颗粒级配。

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彭兴华（1987—），男，湖北麻城人，助理研究员，主要从事高性能混凝土方面的研究。E-mail：

, authorsList=彭兴华, 李国栋, 张晋, 张朝宏, 尤大海, 裴明松, 张立)}, authors=[Author(id=1241081040568112043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wky1008pxh@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241081040815576002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, authorId=1241081040568112043, language=EN, stringName=Xinghua PENG, firstName=Xinghua, middleName=null, lastName=PENG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.Hubei Institute of Metallurgical Geology (Central South Institute of Metallurgical Geology), Yichang 443000, Hubei, China
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2.湖北省矿物材料及应用工程技术研究中心，湖北 宜昌 443000
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彭兴华（1987—），男，湖北麻城人，助理研究员，主要从事高性能混凝土方面的研究。E-mail：

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彭兴华（1987—），男，湖北麻城人，助理研究员，主要从事高性能混凝土方面的研究。E-mail：

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doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=32, issue=3, pageStart=73, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=宋少民, journalName=北京建筑大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋少民. 现代混凝土若干问题的思考[J]. 北京建筑大学学报, 2016, 32(3): 73-77., articleTitle=现代混凝土若干问题的思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081053394293558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=2, pageStart=20, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=夏永忠, 成桢, 姚良科, journalName=广东建材, refType=null, unstructuredReference=夏永忠, 成桢, 姚良科. 湖南地区机制砂物理性能的分析[J]. 广东建材, 2021, 37(2): 20-21., articleTitle=湖南地区机制砂物理性能的分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081053536899906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, 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(2019-11-11) [2023-05-18]. https://www.miit.gov.cn/jgsj/ycls/gzdt/art/2020/art_47390652b93e41ca93f86a30e7d78c2d.html., articleTitle=《关于推进机制砂石行业高质量发展的若干意见》解读, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081053822112595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 关于推进机制砂石行业高质量发展的若干意见[EB/OL]. (2019-11-04) [2023-05-18]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2019-11/13/content_5451478.htm., articleTitle=关于推进机制砂石行业高质量发展的若干意见, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081053985690459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=6, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=何鹏, 张国旺, 肖骁, journalName=中国非金属矿工业导刊, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何鹏, 张国旺, 肖骁, 等. 天然石墨球形化设备应用现状与展望[J]. 中国非金属矿工业导刊, 2020(4): 6-9., articleTitle=天然石墨球形化设备应用现状与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081054115713894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=20, pageEnd=26, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=孙华星, 赵恒勤, 刘磊, journalName=矿产保护与利用, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙华星, 赵恒勤, 刘磊. 晶质石墨碎磨中鳞片保护的研究进展[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2021, 41(6): 20-26., articleTitle=晶质石墨碎磨中鳞片保护的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081054237348715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=15, pageStart=65, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=郭利霞, 李松, 钟凌, journalName=材料导报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭利霞, 李松, 钟凌, 等. 数值模拟骨料颗粒形状和级配对再生混凝土力学性能的影响[J]. 材料导报, 2022, 36(15): 65-71., articleTitle=数值模拟骨料颗粒形状和级配对再生混凝土力学性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241081054392537973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=1700, pageEnd=1710, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=田朝阳, 兰恒星, 刘鑫, journalName=工程地质学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=田朝阳, 兰恒星, 刘鑫. 考虑形貌特征和级配影响的钙质砂压缩破碎力学特性研究[J]. 工程地质学报, 2021, 29(6): 1700-1710., 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articleId=1241081033102250610, language=CN, label=图8, caption=1.18～2.36 mm粒级砂显微图像, figureFileSmall=sHk22GLKXKnMpA97mfWvHA==, figureFileBig=S/2Mbuyp308kmNb8l4COzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241081050164679316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ArpGmglp0oMB/beSsPtz5w==, figureFileBig=rgX7U/jV+FQx9VqCLM9yBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241081050256954014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2.36～4.75 mm粒级砂显微图像, figureFileSmall=ArpGmglp0oMB/beSsPtz5w==, figureFileBig=rgX7U/jV+FQx9VqCLM9yBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241081050374394539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质种类片状颗粒质量分数/%+0.15 mm粒级产率/%
钢球12.868.29
氧化铝球9.493.96
氧化锆球8.191.55
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介质种类对整形效果的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
介质种类片状颗粒质量分数/%+0.15 mm粒级产率/%
钢球12.868.29
氧化铝球9.493.96
氧化锆球8.191.55
), ArticleFig(id=1241081050592498368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氧化锆球直径片状颗粒质量分数/%+0.15 mm粒级产率/%
5 mm和6 mm7.187.93
6 mm和8 mm5.989.26
8 mm和10 mm7.391.03
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氧化锆球配比对整形效果的影响

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氧化锆球直径片状颗粒质量分数/%+0.15 mm粒级产率/%
5 mm和6 mm7.187.93
6 mm和8 mm5.989.26
8 mm和10 mm7.391.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241081050865128150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称斜率KR2级配分形维数Dj
ZS0.450.832.45
YS0.770.882.23
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ZS和YS的级配分形维数

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样品名称斜率KR2级配分形维数Dj
ZS0.450.832.45
YS0.770.882.23
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样品名称粒级/mm斜率kR2分形维数Dif整体轮廓分形维数Dz
YS0.30～0.600.503 21.001.006 41.011 8
0.60～1.180.494 30.990.996 6
1.18～2.360.510 10.991.020 2
2.36～4.750.507 91.001.015 8
ZS0.30～0.600.496 71.000.993 40.988 5
0.60～1.180.496 41.000.992 8
1.18～2.360.492 90.990.985 8
2.36～4.750.487 31.000.974 6
), ArticleFig(id=1241081051255198455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

ZS和YS的轮廓分形维数

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样品名称粒级/mm斜率kR2分形维数Dif整体轮廓分形维数Dz
YS0.30～0.600.503 21.001.006 41.011 8
0.60～1.180.494 30.990.996 6
1.18～2.360.510 10.991.020 2
2.36～4.750.507 91.001.015 8
ZS0.30～0.600.496 71.000.993 40.988 5
0.60～1.180.496 41.000.992 8
1.18～2.360.492 90.990.985 8
2.36～4.750.487 31.000.974 6
), ArticleFig(id=1241081052760953598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒级/mm圆度θf整体圆度θz
YSZSYSZS
0.30～0.600.756 10.780 00.716 60.787 7
0.60～1.180.738 00.781 8
1.18～2.360.723 80.790 5
2.36～4.750.687 90.809 0
), ArticleFig(id=1241081052865811209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241081033102250610, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

ZS与YS的圆度

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粒级/mm圆度θf整体圆度θz
YSZSYSZS
0.30～0.600.756 10.780 00.716 60.787 7
0.60～1.180.738 00.781 8
1.18～2.360.723 80.790 5
2.36～4.750.687 90.809 0
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机制砂粒形和级配优化试验研究
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彭兴华 1, 2, 3 , 李国栋 1, 2, 3 , 张晋 1, 2, 3 , 张朝宏 1, 2, 3 , 尤大海 1, 2, 3 , 裴明松 1, 2, 3 , 张立 1, 2, 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2024,44(4): 207-211
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矿冶工程杂志 | 选矿 2024, 44(4): 207-211
机制砂粒形和级配优化试验研究
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彭兴华1, 2, 3 , 李国栋1, 2, 3, 张晋1, 2, 3, 张朝宏1, 2, 3, 尤大海1, 2, 3, 裴明松1, 2, 3, 张立1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.湖北冶金地质研究所（中南冶金地质研究所），湖北 宜昌 443000
  • 2.湖北省矿物材料及应用工程技术研究中心，湖北 宜昌 443000
  • 3.矿产资源综合利用宜昌市重点实验室，湖北 宜昌 443000

    • 彭兴华（1987—），男，湖北麻城人，助理研究员，主要从事高性能混凝土方面的研究。E-mail：

Optimization of Particle Shape and Gradation of Machine-Made Sand
Xinghua PENG1, 2, 3 , Guodong LI1, 2, 3, Jin ZHANG1, 2, 3, Chaohong ZHANG1, 2, 3, Dahai YOU1, 2, 3, Mingsong PEI1, 2, 3, Li ZHANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Institute of Metallurgical Geology (Central South Institute of Metallurgical Geology), Yichang 443000, Hubei, China
  • 2.Hubei Provincial Research Center of Mineral Materials and Applied Engineering Technologies, Yichang 443000, Hubei, China
  • 3.Yichang Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources, Yichang 443000, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2024-08-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.040
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摘要
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为优化机制砂粒形和级配，以立式棒状搅拌磨机为整形设备，研究了介质种类、介质配比、磨机转速、料球比等整形参数对机制砂粒形的影响，并借助光学显微镜和图像处理软件，对比分析了整形机制砂与未整形机制砂的级配特性和粒形特性。结果表明：氧化锆球整形效果优于钢球和氧化铝球；在直径6 mm和8 mm氧化锆球质量比1∶1、磨机转速300 r/min、料球比1∶3、矿浆体积分数62.5%条件下整形，整形机制砂中片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率分别为4.5%和84.98%；整形机制砂具有更好的密实度和棱角性，能达到GB/T 14684—2022中Ⅰ类砂要求，其级配、粒形均优于未整形机制砂；粗粒级颗粒轮廓形状和棱角性改善程度大于细粒级颗粒。在适宜条件下，立式棒状搅拌磨可明显改善机制砂粒形、优化较粗的颗粒级配。

机制砂  /  粒形  /  级配  /  立式棒状搅拌磨  /  整形

In order to optimize the particle shape and gradation of machine-made sand, a vertical bar stirring mill was adopted for shaping tests. The effects of medium type, medium ratio, mill rotation speed and material/ball ratio on the particle shape of machine-made sand were investigated. The gradation and shape characteristics of unshaped and shaped sands were comparatively analyzed by using optical microscopy and image processing software. The results show that the shaping effect of zirconia medium is better than that of steel or alumina medium. With the zirconia balls with diameter of 6 mm and 8 mm in a mass ratio of 1∶1, rotation speed of 300 r/min, feed/ball mass ratio of 1∶3 and pulp volume fraction of 62.5%, the milling process results in the shaped sand with fineness of+0.15 mm 84.98% and flake granule accounting for 4.5%. The shaped machine-made sand has better compactness and angular characteristics, and it is qualified as the type I sand according to the standard GB/T 14684—2022, with better gradation and particle shape compared to the unshaped sand. The contour shape and angular characteristics of coarse granules can be greatly optimized than those of fine particles. It is concluded that under suitable conditions, a vertical bar stirring mill can obviously improve the shape of machine-made sand and optimize coarser grain composition.

machine-made sand  /  particle shape  /  gradation  /  vertical bar stirring mill  /  shaping
彭兴华, 李国栋, 张晋, 张朝宏, 尤大海, 裴明松, 张立. 机制砂粒形和级配优化试验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (4) : 207 -211 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.040
Xinghua PENG, Guodong LI, Jin ZHANG, Chaohong ZHANG, Dahai YOU, Mingsong PEI, Li ZHANG. Optimization of Particle Shape and Gradation of Machine-Made Sand[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (4) : 207 -211 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.040
正文
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砂是水泥基材料的主要组分之一，其粒形和级配对水泥基材料的微观结构和宏观性能具有显著影响[1-3]。随着市场上可用的天然砂越来越少，机制砂已经成为建设市场主要的砂源。目前一般是将除土后的岩石粗碎和中碎、再进行筛分和除粉，得到机制砂。市售机制砂普遍存在颗粒形状不规则、棱角多而尖锐、片状颗粒质量分数高等粒形问题和粒度偏粗、细度模数过大、空隙率较高等级配问题[4-6]。研究机制砂整形和级配调整技术已成为业界关注的焦点[7]。国家层面也多次提出要加快以机制砂的颗粒整形、级配调控等关键技术为重点的技术创新，确保到2025年以Ⅰ类砂为代表的高品质砂占比显著增加[8]。为改善机制砂颗粒粒形和级配，应尽量给颗粒施加低能量的剪切、摩擦作用，减少破坏性强的冲击作用。搅拌磨是一种以磨削、剪切作用力为主的研磨设备，对颗粒形态具有较好的调控作用，常用于石墨球形化、鳞片石墨保护[9-10]等。本文以某砂石企业生产的机制砂为原料，研究立式棒状搅拌磨机整形对机制砂颗粒粒形和级配的影响，以期为机制砂整形和级配调控研究及生产提供参考。
1 试验
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1.1 试验材料
试验所用机制砂（YS）取自某砂石企业。该企业采用颚式破碎机+反击式破碎机+筛分+除粉工艺，未对机制砂进行整形。
按照《建设用砂》（GB/T 14684—2022）检测YS粒形和级配，测得其片状颗粒质量分数为13.6%；累计筛余基本处于1区机制砂区间，但+2.36 mm粒级累计筛余略高于上限；各粒级分计筛余分布较离散；细度模数为3.48。这与我国大多数机制砂粒形不好、颗粒整体偏粗的情况一致。作为对比，试验还使用了中国ISO标准砂，由厦门艾思欧标准砂有限公司提供。
1.2 试验仪器设备
试验仪器设备包括立式棒状搅拌磨机、国家标准方孔砂石筛、新标准人工砂片状颗粒含量筛、光学显微镜等。
1.3 试验方法和表征方法
将试样放入立式棒状搅拌磨机中，分别进行介质种类、介质配比、磨机转速、料球比等参数的整形试验。以试验产品中片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率共同评价试验效果：片状颗粒质量分数低且+0.15 mm粒级产率高，说明试验效果好。同时为避免颗粒累计筛余低于2区机制砂下限，需使+0.15 mm粒级产率不小于80%。
1.4 级配和粒形分析方法
按照试验条件对YS进行整形，所得产品称为整形机制砂，以ZS表示。采用级配曲线和细度模数、级配分形特征等对ZS与YS进行级配对比分析。
砂的级配分形维数Dj计算公式[11]为：
式中：P（Xi）为通过某筛孔的颗粒质量分数，%；Xi为某筛孔尺寸，mm；X0为最大筛孔尺寸，本文X0为9.50 mm。
将洗净、烘干后的ZS、YS及标准砂分别筛分成0.30～0.60 mm、0.60～1.18 mm、1.18～2.36 mm、2.36～4.75 mm等粒级，采用光学显微镜观察各粒级轮廓、棱角、棱边等形貌。
分别按不同粒级取100颗ZS和YS样品，采用光学显微镜获取其几何投影图像，运用Image J软件进行二值化处理后，获取其投影面积A、周长L等数据。
用轮廓分形维数表征颗粒轮廓形状。各粒级颗粒轮廓分形维数Dif根据lnL-lnA线性拟合结果求出，颗粒整体轮廓分形维数Dz由式（2）计算获得：
式中Ki为某筛孔的分计筛余量（质量分数）。
用圆度表征棱角性。各粒级不同颗粒的圆度θ计算公式为：
各粒级中不同颗粒圆度的算术平均值即为相应粒级颗粒的圆度θf。
颗粒整体圆度θz计算公式为：
2 试验结果与讨论
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2.1 介质种类试验
将5 kg YS样品加入立式棒状搅拌磨机中，分别以Φ6 mm钢球20 kg、Φ6 mm氧化铝球9 kg、Φ6 mm氧化锆球为介质进行整形试验，磨机转速215 r/min，磨矿时间5 min，矿浆体积分数62.5%，进行了介质种类试验，结果见表1。由表1可知：以钢球为介质时，ZS产品与YS相比片状颗粒质量分数变化不大，+0.15 mm粒级产率降至68.29%，说明Φ6 mm钢球整形效果很差；氧化铝球整形效果优于钢球，但其耐磨性差，容易发生破裂和磨损；氧化锆球整形效果相对较好，ZS片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率分别为8.1%和91.55%。
YS样品以及钢球和氧化锆球磨矿所得ZS产品的显微图像如图1所示。以钢球为介质时，ZS产品粒形与YS相比没有明显变化；以氧化锆球为介质时，ZS产品尖锐棱角明显减少，棱角和棱边都更圆滑。这也再次证明氧化锆球整形效果更好。后续采用氧化锆球为介质进行整形试验。
2.2 介质配比试验
为便于实现试验产品与介质的分离，宜采用直径大于4.75 mm的氧化锆球进行介质配比试验。将直径5 mm和6 mm、6 mm和8 mm、8 mm和10 mm的氧化锆球分别按质量比1∶1、总质量15 kg加入立式棒状搅拌磨机中，在YS质量5 kg、磨机转速240 r/min、磨矿时间5 min、矿浆体积分数62.5%条件下进行整形，介质配比试验结果如表2所示。由表2可以看出，片状颗粒质量分数随着介质直径增大先降低后升高，+0.15 mm粒级产率随着介质直径增大而增大。这是由于直径小的介质能量小，对大颗粒产生的应力强度不足，但介质质量相同时直径小的介质数量多、比表面积大，有效碰撞次数多；直径大的介质冲击作用强、剪切作用弱，易使颗粒发生穿晶破碎而直接碎裂成小颗粒，且介质与颗粒的碰撞次数少，有效整形区域减小。综合考虑，选择直径6 mm和8 mm的氧化锆球按质量比1∶1配比。
2.3 磨机转速试验
采用直径6 mm和8 mm的氧化锆球按质量比1∶1配比作为整形介质，其他条件不变，进行了磨机转速试验，结果见图2。由图2可以看出，随着磨机转速增大，片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率均先缓慢减小后迅速减小。这是因为磨机转速较低时，介质之间的切向力梯度、与颗粒的碰撞概率都随着磨机转速增大而增大，可以对颗粒产生更好的整形作用；磨机转速超过300 r/min后，介质施加给颗粒的作用由剪切、摩擦向强冲击、强碰撞转变，从对颗粒发挥球形化整形效果转变为整形与粉磨效果同时存在，导致细粒级颗粒迅速增多，+1.18 mm粗粒级颗粒质量分数大幅降低，片状颗粒质量分数随之下降。综合考虑，选择磨机转速300 r/min为宜。
2.4 料球比试验
以直径6 mm和8 mm氧化锆球按质量比1∶1配比作为整形介质，磨机转速300 r/min，YS和氧化锆球总质量20 kg，改变YS和氧化锆球质量比（料球比），其他条件不变，研究了料球比对整形效果的影响，结果如图3所示。由图3可以看出，随着料球比减小，片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率均呈缓慢降低趋势，料球比减小至1∶4时，+0.15 mm粒级产率降至78.54%。综合考虑，选择料球比1∶3为宜，此时片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率分别为4.5%和84.98%。
2.5 级配和粒形分析
2.5.1 级配分析
以直径6 mm和8 mm氧化锆球按质量比1∶1配比作为整形介质，在磨机转速300 r/min、料球比1∶3、磨矿时间5 min、矿浆体积分数62.5%条件下整形所得ZS产品以及YS样品的累计筛余曲线、分计筛余曲线分别如图4和图5所示。
由图4可以看出，与YS相比，ZS的累计筛余曲线向右移动且处在2区机制砂区间内，说明ZS粒度更小且其累计筛余符合2区机制砂要求。
由图5可以看出，ZS的分计筛余在GB/T 14684—2022允许范围内，且粗粒级颗粒的分计筛余均低于YS，但粒径小于1.18 mm的细粒级颗粒分计筛余高于YS。这可能是粗粒级颗粒与介质的接触面积、碰撞概率更大，加上其棱角因应力集中更容易被打磨掉，使得颗粒粒度减小，经过整形后粗粒级颗粒占比减小，细粒级颗粒占比增大，各粒级颗粒分计筛余分布更均匀。
ZS产品+0.15 mm粒级与筛底分计筛余之和为27.37%，按照GB/T 14684—2022要求测得ZS的亚甲蓝值（MB）为0.4，说明ZS的级配符合要求。
通过计算得到ZS的细度模数为2.43，满足GB/T 14684—2022中Ⅰ类砂的要求。
ZS和YS的级配分形维数如表3所示。由最大密度理论曲线公式可知，ZS比YS具有更好的密实度和更稳定的堆聚结构。
2.5.2 粒形分析
各粒级ZS、YS与标准砂的显微图像见图6～9。由图6～7可以看出，ZS尖锐棱角数量明显少于YS。由图8可以看出，YS形状很不规则，存在较多尖锐棱角，而ZS没有明显的长条状和方片状颗粒，表面棱角已被整形成圆弧状，棱边较为圆滑，粒形更滚圆，与标准砂较为相似。由图9可以看出，YS表面凹凸不平，存在尖锐的棱角和粗糙的棱边，而ZS棱角和棱边较为光滑圆整，表面较为平整。
由图6～9还可以看出：①YS的粗粒级颗粒比细粒级颗粒的粒形差，粒形越不规则的颗粒架空作用越明显，越易形成较强的局部应力集中现象[15]，因此粗粒级颗粒更容易被整形；②ZS的粗粒级颗粒比细粒级颗粒的粒形更好，表明粗粒级颗粒的整形效果更好。
ZS与YS的轮廓分形维数如表4所示。可以看出：①ZS和YS各粒级颗粒轮廓分形维数总体相差不大，这表明在整形过程中整形作用占主导地位，对轮廓形状破坏性大的粉磨行为较少，因此并未严重破坏颗粒原有轮廓形状；②粗粒级颗粒整形后的轮廓分形维数下降率大于细粒级颗粒，表明粗粒级颗粒的轮廓形状改变程度大于细粒级颗粒，这与级配曲线分析结果和显微图像呈现的特征一致。
ZS、YS的圆度如表5所示，可以看出：①ZS各粒级颗粒的圆度都高于同粒级的YS，整体圆度也高了9.92%，表明整形后颗粒棱角尖锐度和棱边粗糙度降低，圆弧化、曲线化特征增强；②ZS比YS的圆度分布更集中，不同粒级之间的圆度差异更小；③YS的圆度随着粒度减小而增大，ZS则与之相反，表明粗粒级颗粒整形效果更佳，其棱角性改善幅度优于细粒级颗粒，这与前文分析结果一致。
3 结论
收起
采用立式棒状搅拌磨机对机制砂进行整形，并对比分析了整形机制砂（ZS）与未整形机制砂（YS）的级配和粒形，得到以下结论。
1）以氧化锆球为介质时整形效果较好，以直径6 mm和8 mm氧化锆球质量比1∶1配比作为整形介质，在磨机转速300 r/min、料球比1∶3，矿浆体积分数62.5%条件下整形所得ZS产品片状颗粒质量分数和+0.15 mm粒级产率分别为4.5%和84.98%。
2）ZS和YS级配和粒形对比分析结果表明：ZS的级配、粒形均明显优于YS；ZS的累计筛余、分计筛余、细度模数都达到了《建设用砂》（GB/T 14684—2022）中Ⅰ类砂要求，且比YS具有更大的密实度和更稳定的堆聚结构；ZS的片状颗粒质量分数达到了Ⅰ类砂要求，轮廓分形维数总体变化不大，各粒级颗粒圆度均有所增加且不同粒级之间的圆度差异性减小。
3）以立式棒状搅拌磨机对机制砂进行整形，对轮廓形状破坏性大的粉磨行为较少，且对粗粒级颗粒的整形效果更好，其轮廓形状和棱角性改善程度优于细粒级颗粒。
4）立式棒状搅拌磨机对机制砂整形效果良好，可使颗粒粒形得到明显改善。对于细度模数大、粒度较粗的机制砂，还具有改善颗粒级配的作用，可实现粒形和级配的双重优化。
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2024年第44卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.04.040
  • 接收时间：2024-02-20
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2024-08-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-02-20
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    1.湖北冶金地质研究所（中南冶金地质研究所），湖北 宜昌 443000
    2.湖北省矿物材料及应用工程技术研究中心，湖北 宜昌 443000
    3.矿产资源综合利用宜昌市重点实验室，湖北 宜昌 443000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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