Article(id=1241064287142212112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740844800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822383913, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822383913, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822383913, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822383913, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241064275599479114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='201', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822381162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822785847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=159, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241064287549059626, articleId=1241064287142212112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Preparation of Metallic Iron by Alkaline Electrolytic Reduction of Red Mud, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on an overview of progress in the research on iron recovery from high-iron red mud by alkaline electrolysis, the research findings at home and abroad are introduced in terms of principle and advantages of electrolysis, influencing factors for the process, and the obtained iron products. The advantages of red mud in the process for preparing metallic iron by electrolytic reduction of red mud in alkaline media at low temperatures are elaborated, and some problems to be solved in the future are proposed, which can provide references for innovation and development of this process.

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概述了碱性溶液电解法从高含铁赤泥中回收铁的研究进展,分别从电解法原理与优势、过程影响因素、铁产品等多个方面介绍了国内外研究成果,阐明了赤泥在低温碱性溶液中电解还原制备金属铁工艺的优势,提出了未来需要解决的问题,可为该工艺的创新与发展提供借鉴和参考。

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刘汪钊(1998—),男,山西霍州人,硕士研究生,主要从事固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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彭泽友(1980—),男,湖南沅陵人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为难选氧化铁矿选矿。E-mail:

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赤泥碱性电解还原制备金属铁的研究进展
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彭泽友 , 刘汪钊 , 刘小银
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(5): 159-163
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(5): 159-163
赤泥碱性电解还原制备金属铁的研究进展
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彭泽友 , 刘汪钊 , 刘小银
作者信息
  • 长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012
  • 彭泽友(1980—),男,湖南沅陵人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为难选氧化铁矿选矿。E-mail:

通讯作者:

刘汪钊(1998—),男,山西霍州人,硕士研究生,主要从事固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
Research Progress in Preparation of Metallic Iron by Alkaline Electrolytic Reduction of Red Mud
Zeyou PENG , Wangzhao LIU , Xiaoyin LIU
Affiliations
  • Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Co, Ltd, Changsha 410012, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.028
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概述了碱性溶液电解法从高含铁赤泥中回收铁的研究进展,分别从电解法原理与优势、过程影响因素、铁产品等多个方面介绍了国内外研究成果,阐明了赤泥在低温碱性溶液中电解还原制备金属铁工艺的优势,提出了未来需要解决的问题,可为该工艺的创新与发展提供借鉴和参考。

赤泥  /  碱性环境  /  电解  /  回收  /  金属铁

Based on an overview of progress in the research on iron recovery from high-iron red mud by alkaline electrolysis, the research findings at home and abroad are introduced in terms of principle and advantages of electrolysis, influencing factors for the process, and the obtained iron products. The advantages of red mud in the process for preparing metallic iron by electrolytic reduction of red mud in alkaline media at low temperatures are elaborated, and some problems to be solved in the future are proposed, which can provide references for innovation and development of this process.

red mud  /  alkaline environment  /  electrolysis  /  recovery  /  metallic iron
彭泽友, 刘汪钊, 刘小银. 赤泥碱性电解还原制备金属铁的研究进展. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 159 -163 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.028
Zeyou PENG, Wangzhao LIU, Xiaoyin LIU. Research Progress in Preparation of Metallic Iron by Alkaline Electrolytic Reduction of Red Mud[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 159 -163 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.028
长期以来,通过焦炭等媒介在高温下热还原铁矿石制铁是钢铁行业生产的主要方式,这种方法被称为热还原。热还原法已经非常成熟,但存在高能耗和高碳排放的缺点。如今,随着全球能源格局向低碳转型,新能源在能源消费中的占比持续提升,相关技术已经广泛应用到汽车工业领域[1]。但是与汽车工业同属传统工业的钢铁工业仍然处于能源结构转型的起步阶段。开发一种使用绿色能源、低碳或无碳排放的创新性制铁工艺在未来具有广阔的发展前景。许多学者在这方面做了很多研究,开发了氢还原、高温熔盐等诸多方法,其中通过电解直接还原含铁原料的技术具有在无碳排放条件下制备高纯铁的优点,被研究者们视为极有潜力的制铁路线之一[2-3]
赤泥作为拜耳法生产氧化铝过程中的伴随产物,每生产1 t氧化铝,产生赤泥0.8~1.5 t,赤泥作为氧化铝工业生产中典型的大宗固体废弃物,物相虽然较为复杂,但其含有丰富的氧化铁资源,其中我国Fe2O3含量大于45%的高铁赤泥的年排放量超过了4×107 t[4],这让赤泥成为工业化氧化铁原料成为可能。但赤泥因其高碱性、高污染等性质一直得不到有效利用,目前利用率仅6%左右[5-6]。赤泥大量堆积不仅造成金属资源浪费,而且还会对周围土壤和地下水造成污染,对环境造成破坏[7]。目前,全国赤泥堆存量已超过十亿吨,随着堆存量的持续增长,赤泥的资源化处理与综合利用已经迫在眉睫[8]
本文从电还原法的原理、碱性电解质的优势、赤泥原料的优势、过程影响因素、电解池结构设计、铁产品形貌特征和经济性等多个角度对低温碱性溶液中赤泥电解还原制备金属铁工艺的相关研究进行概述,总结相关研究取得的进展和需要解决的问题,以期为未来赤泥碱性电解还原制备金属铁提供参考。
电解法还原的基本原理是Fe2O3在碱性溶液中脱氧,其中Fe3+在电解池中得到电子,被还原为铁单质,进而在阴极上形成Fe产品。
低温碱性溶液中直接电解还原铁矿石制铁,前人已经进行了相关研究。
文献[9]以纯赤铁矿为原料,研究低温强碱性溶液环境中通过电解方式将Fe2O3直接还原为Fe的可行性,其实验装置如图1所示。研究结果表明:①电解前在1 373 K(1 100 ℃)下对原料进行烧结球团预处理会产生更好的电解还原效果;②电解还原过程是一个典型的缩核反应过程,反应先在Fe2O3球团表面发生,然后沿径向向内部进行;③电解还原过程中直接固态还原机理和溶解-电沉积机制共存,并且以后者为主导。
研究者们推测的反应机制如式(1)和(2)所示,电解过程的直接产物只有氧气和铁,故而能达到无碳排放制铁的理想效果,对绿色炼铁路线有指导意义。
文献[10]采用圆盘阴极的结构,在110 ℃、质量分数50%的NaOH水溶液中通过电解的方式,成功将悬浮在溶液中的Fe2O3颗粒还原为金属Fe。结果表明,电解还原过程的电流效率达到了95%,阴极和阳极发生的反应分别如式(3)和(4)所示。研究人员根据电解过程中金属相的变化情况和不同电流密度下所得产物的XRD图像对比,发现在0.6 A条件下,阴极产物包含Fe、Fe2O3和Fe3O4,如图2所示,这说明整个电解还原过程分两步进行。这一结果和文献[9]的研究结果相吻合,都说明电解还原过程会有中间产物Fe3O4的产生。
碱性水溶液是将固体NaOH溶于H2O所得,通常以NaOH质量分数对其进行量化,NaOH质量分数一般为40%~60%。
文献[11]采用计时电位法以及循环伏安曲线等电化学表征手段,比较了酸碱两种系统的铁沉积效率与能耗。结果表明,碱性电解质相比于酸性电解质具有以下优势:①电导率高,这是由于电解过程中部分Fe2O3颗粒在碱性溶液中形成了导电的氢氧化铁离子,这个过程如式(5)所示。而在酸性溶液中,由于Fe2O3颗粒本身不导电,反而形成了绝缘层,降低了电导率。②碱性系统能耗低的同时效率高,这是由于酸性系统中更容易发生析氢反应,而碱性系统则析氢副反应较少,可以实现超过90%的稳定电流效率,尽管需要外部加热来给电解液提供热量,但单位质量Fe沉积所需的能耗仍然低于酸性系统。该研究结果对改进电解铁生产工艺和实现低碳炼铁工业化具有指导意义,明确指出了低温碱性溶液中电解还原铁氧化物的巨大发展潜力。
文献[12]对碱性介质中铁氧化物电化学还原炼钢的前景与挑战进行了综述。文章概述了碱性介质中电化学还原制备金属铁工艺的显著优势,主要包括以下两点:①制铁过程中无CO2排放,只产生无污染的副产品,如氢气和氧气,这有利于全球低碳排放目标的实现,符合钢铁行业降低碳排放的指导方针和结构转型发展方向。②电解还原制备金属铁所需的能耗较低,电解液所需达到的温度相比传统高炉的高温要低得多,而且可以采用光伏、风能等发电产生的绿色电能,生产1 t铁可节省能耗60 GJ。这种新技术在未来有望成为钢铁行业新的突破点。
碱性系统虽然有着分解电压低、析氧电位低、析氢副反应少、流程简单等优势,但是对原料的纯度、粒度和孔隙率却有严格的要求。以铁矿石为例,如果直接电解赤铁矿,则将不可避免地引入电解质杂质,对电解过程造成影响。研究者一般先对铁矿石进行提纯筛选,得到适合碱性体系的氧化铁试剂,再进行电解还原。同时,碱性电解质的高pH值配置也会产生较高的试剂使用成本。这就造成了低温碱性的电解提铁工艺对所选择的矿物原料具有一定要求,选择符合条件的矿物原料,才能在实现工业化时发挥出更大的效益。
赤泥的颗粒细度较细,-0.075 mm粒级占比达到90%以上,同时pH值高达10~11,这是阻碍赤泥得到有效综合利用的一大难题[13-15]。然而赤泥的细颗粒度和高碱性特点恰恰契合电解直接还原技术对原料颗粒度和电解液环境的要求,反而成为一种独特优势。
以赤泥为原料直接电解还原制备金属铁工艺,在综合利用赤泥中有价金属资源的同时,实现了制铁过程的绿色零碳排放,符合资源开发行业未来发展趋势,同时具有广阔前景和巨大经济潜力。
低温碱性溶液电解还原工艺涉及加热、电解池、电极、电源、搅拌器等多种设备,反应过程中步骤连续,受到温度、电流密度、搅拌速度、电解液浓度等多个因素的影响,各个因素综合作用,共同影响着电解还原过程的进展与效果。其中温度和电极上电流密度的影响较为关键,许多研究者在这方面进行了有意义的研究。
文献[16-17]研究了在110 ℃下高浓度NaOH溶液中分别以赤泥和赤铁矿为原料电解制备Fe的可行性。所采用的赤泥原料为法国某工业现场产生的赤泥,并通过ICP-AES、SEM、XRD等多种技术手段确定了其化学成分和矿物组成。实验在搅拌下进行,电解液为12.5 mol/L的NaOH溶液,电源条件为恒电流。以矿浆浓度和原料成分为实验变量,对电解过程中的法拉第效率和电解铁产率进行了优化。结果表明:电流密度1 000 A/m2时,赤铁矿(Fe2O3)电解制铁的电流效率大于80%;电流密度41 A/m2时,赤泥电解制铁的电流效率为72%,且随着电流密度增加,电流效率下降,在1000 A/m2时降至20%;两者所产生的铁产品纯度均大于97%。推测以赤泥为原料进行电解制铁所面临的阻碍在于赤泥颗粒在阴极上的吸附问题。
文献[18]以温度和电流密度为外界变量,研究了小型电解池中,赤泥电解制备金属铁的最佳工艺参数。对赤泥原料的矿物组成进行了表征,采用循环伏安法和恒电流测试法获得了循环伏安曲线以及不同电流密度下的阴极电位。结果发现,130 ℃时具有较高的电流效率,且因为Fe2O3颗粒的低导电性,需要提供62.5~312.5 A/m2的电流密度才能使电解过程持续进行。研究证明,该工艺从赤泥中制备金属铁的电流效率可以达到70%以上,具备整合进入拜耳法制备氧化铝工艺流程的可能性,具有成功回收赤泥中铁资源的巨大潜力。然而对于阴极吸附导致阴极上电流分布不均匀进而影响电流效率的问题,还需进一步工艺优化。
电解池和电极作为反应发生的场所,两者的结构和设计对于电解过程的效率与Fe产品质量有重要影响。
文献[19]研究了平行电极和内、外旋转电极3种电解池设计对电还原过程性能的影响,其基本结构原理如图3所示。研究过程中使用了工程方法,通过电流密度为1 000 A/m2下的电流效率和铁产品的形貌来表征电解性能。结果表明,2种旋转阴极的配置虽然增大了颗粒与阴极表面的有效接触,并且有益于快速排出阳极产生的气泡,但是旋转电极装置的缺陷在于较高的欧姆损失,这降低了电流效率。相比于旋转阴极,位于电解池底部的阴极平行板设计因为重力的作用而有利于沉积,同时由于欧姆损失较小、能耗较低,具有相当的发展潜力与研究价值,但仍然需要考虑如何增加悬浮颗粒与阴极表面的有效接触,以期提升电解效果。文献[19]还通过流体力学分析得出电解过程中的质量转移并非简单的扩散模式,同时重力的作用应该作为电解槽及电极结构设计过程中需要考虑的关键因素。研究者比较了不同电极结构对电解过程法拉第效率和产品质量的影响,为后续研究者们的研究提供了很有价值的参考。
铁产品的形貌能够反映铁产品的性质,涉及电解过程中的工艺优化以及产品的经济性,是电解效果的重要判断依据,通过研究形貌特征也能反过来实现优化工艺技术的目的。
文献[9]采用SEM、光学显微镜等手段分别对NaFeO2电解沉积和Fe2O3直接电解还原所得的铁产品进行了微观形貌观察,结果如图4所示。氧化铁直接电解还原得到的铁产品为树枝状晶体,与铁离子电沉积后形成铁产品的微观形貌相似。这一结果与研究者推断的氧化还原过程的反应机制相符。
文献[10]研究了赤铁矿在碱性溶液中电解还原后铁产品的晶体取向的影响因素,结果表明,电流密度、Fe2O3含量及搅拌速度都会对铁晶体的取向造成影响,可以通过改变这些条件来控制沉积铁薄膜的微观形貌。
相关研究最终目的是将这种工艺技术应用于工业化生产,形成一种能够广泛使用的绿色低成本制铁路线,所以能否产生足够的经济效益成为判定工业化可能性的重要指标。
文献[20]研究了利用旋转圆盘电极电解还原悬浮在NaOH溶液中的Fe2O3颗粒以直接制备金属铁,电流效率达到了90%以上。经过计算得出铁的预估产能为22 t/(m2·a)、能耗为3 kWh/kg。相对于以赤铁矿为原料,以赤泥为原料的电流效率会降低,但是因为赤泥原料的成本较低、获取方便,反而有望取得更好的经济效益。
文献[21]对现代电能技术背景下的胶体电解还原法回收赤泥技术进行了经济分析。电解还原技术既没有碳排放,同时又能使赤泥中有价值的金属资源得到利用,研究者以年产10万t赤泥规模为例,研究了在低温水溶液中电解赤泥的经济性。考虑了建设成本、材料、能源、经济和排放等多个影响因素,于多种电力定价方案下进行了研究,将其与现有技术手段进行了对比。采用Monte Carlo模拟的研究方法,分析了原料成分组成和工艺参数变化所造成的影响,结果表明,赤泥原料中赤铁矿含量以及Fe产品产率是影响生产经济性的关键因素,电价的影响次之。当赤铁矿铁含量达到50%,产率和电解过程中的法拉第效率分别达到66%和70%时,研究模拟中预期的铁产品的成本为1 450美元/t。文献[21]指出,虽然赤泥电解制铁工艺的预测成本目前是传统高炉炼铁的2~3倍,在生铁市场不具有太大的竞争优势,又因为赤泥的规模限制等原因,该工艺不太可能完全取代传统的高炉炼铁等手段大量生产铁,但是随着未来工艺技术的优化,该工艺成本有望降低。同时由于其Fe产品的高纯度特性,不仅能实现赤泥资源化利用,也能在制备高纯度金属方面取得可以预估的良好经济效益。另外,相关研究成果也能为未来电解纯赤铁矿制备金属铁或者电解还原其他矿石提供理论指导。
1)低温碱性矿浆环境中直接电解还原制备金属铁是未来拥有巨大发展潜力的制铁方式之一,不仅具有无碳排放的绿色生产特点,还有能耗低、流程简单、铁产品质量高等优点。优化工艺条件、改进工艺设备、提高电流效率、降低成本并实现大规模生产是未来研究的重点。
2)高铁赤泥的细颗粒、高碱性等特性符合低温碱性矿浆环境中电解还原制备金属铁工艺对原料的要求,同时也实现了固废资源的二次利用。关键问题在于如何避免赤泥中杂质的影响,如杂质在阴极上的吸附、杂质发生的副反应等,以提高电流效率,缩短其与纯赤铁矿电解效果的差距。
3)赤泥属于大宗固废,以其作为电解还原制备金属铁的矿物原料具有成本低廉的优势,有望取得良好的经济效益,具有很大的工业化潜力。但关于该工艺的工业化经济性研究目前还较少,且只处于理论阶段,还需要解决以下难题:①电解工艺和反应机理还需要进一步改进和明确;②研究电解还原后剩余的尾渣、溶液等处理方法;③将赤泥制铁与绿色电能、氧化铝工业生产以及钢铁工业结合起来,走出一条环境友好的绿色经济路线。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.028
  • 接收时间:2025-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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    长沙矿冶研究院有限责任公司,湖南 长沙 410012

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刘汪钊(1998—),男,山西霍州人,硕士研究生,主要从事固废资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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