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Vanadium slag and sodium carbonate, as raw materials, were mixed and grounded for pretreatment. The obtained mixture was then taken in a roasting experiment for investigating effects of factors, such as holding time, temperature and feeding materials for roasting process with different alkali ratios (a mass ratio of sodium carbonate to the converted content of V2O5 in vanadium slag) on transformation and leaching rate of vanadium from clinker, and also exploring phase transformation of vanadium slag during the roasting with a low alkali ratio. The results show that if roasting process at higher temperatures is held for 90 minutes, the alkali ratio in the roasting process can be reduced by properly increasing the temperature. After roasting at a temperature of 880 ℃ with an alkali ratio of 1.0, water leaching can result in the total vanadium (TV) content in the residue falling down to 0.49% and the leaching rate of vanadium up to 94.70%. This method is suitable for sodium roasting in a rotary kiln. Under the existing process conditions for sodium roasting of vanadium slag in a multiple hearth furnace, an addition of some clinker into the material for roasting is beneficial to reducing the alkali ratio. It is shown that after roasting is held for 45 minutes at 780 ℃ with an alkali ratio of 1.2, the TV content in the final leaching residue can fall to 0.96% and the leaching rate can reach 89.19%. The microscopic analysis of the clinker after roasting with a low alkali ratio show that there is a high aggregation of sodium vanadate phase, which is in good consistency with NaVO3 in the elemental composition.

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以钒渣和碳酸钠为原料,采用混磨预处理工艺得到混合料,开展焙烧试验,考察了不同碱比(纯碱与钒渣中V2O5折算含量的质量比)下保温时间、焙烧温度及返料方式等因素对熟料中钒转浸效果的影响,探究了钒渣低碱比焙烧过程中的物相转变规律。结果表明,控制焙烧高温段保温时间为90 min,适当提高焙烧温度有利于降低碱比,在焙烧温度880 ℃、碱比1.0时,浸出残渣全钒(TV)含量可降至0.49%,钒转浸率达到94.70%,该方式适用于回转窑钠化焙烧。在现有钒渣多膛炉钠化焙烧工艺制度下,采用返熟料焙烧方式有利于降低碱比,在780 ℃下保温45 min、碱比1.2时,可使残渣中TV含量降至0.96%,转浸率为89.19%。低碱比焙烧熟料的微观分析结果表明,钒酸钠物相聚集程度较高,其元素组成与NaVO3具有较好一致性。

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蒋霖(1988—),男,四川南充人,高级工程师,主要从事钒资源绿色高效提取工艺研究。E-mail:

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蒋霖(1988—),男,四川南充人,高级工程师,主要从事钒资源绿色高效提取工艺研究。E-mail:

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蒋霖(1988—),男,四川南充人,高级工程师,主要从事钒资源绿色高效提取工艺研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1241064286278185428, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=钠化焙烧), Keyword(id=1241064298575885305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=碱比), Keyword(id=1241064298798182405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=转浸率), Keyword(id=1241064299188252691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=提钒)], refs=[Reference(id=1241064309703373018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=23, issue=2, pageStart=80, pageEnd=86, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=TAYLOR P R, SHUEY S A, VIDAL E E, journalName=Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAYLOR P R, SHUEY S A, VIDAL E E, et al. 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A method for calcification roasting of vanadium-containing materials: CN103993160A[P]. 2014-08-20., articleTitle=A method for calcification roasting of vanadium-containing materials, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241064309581738196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, awardId=2023YFC2908300, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2908300), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241064290963223247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241064290971611857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, companyId=1241064290963223247, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Vanadium and Titanium Resources, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., 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journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Composition of vanadium slag

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V2O5Cr2O3FeOMnOAl2O3PTiO2MgOCaOSSiO2
18.002.1635.187.373.900.03310.084.361.590.04416.27
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钒渣主要化学成分(质量分数)

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V2O5Cr2O3FeOMnOAl2O3PTiO2MgOCaOSSiO2
18.002.1635.187.373.900.03310.084.361.590.04416.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241064308306669744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

TV content in leaching residue after roasting with different alkali ratios and holding time

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碱比不同保温时间下的残渣TV含量(质量分数)/%
45 min60 min75 min90 min
1.02.301.701.721.39
1.11.881.090.760.77
1.21.220.850.670.69
1.30.830.740.630.60
1.40.660.660.580.61
), ArticleFig(id=1241064308403138738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同碱比及保温时间下对应的残渣TV含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碱比不同保温时间下的残渣TV含量(质量分数)/%
45 min60 min75 min90 min
1.02.301.701.721.39
1.11.881.090.760.77
1.21.220.850.670.69
1.30.830.740.630.60
1.40.660.660.580.61
), ArticleFig(id=1241064308558327995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

TV content in leaching residue after roasting with different alkali ratios and at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碱比不同焙烧温度(℃)下的残渣TV含量(质量分数)/%
700720740760780800820840860880900
1.03.653.222.652.41.391.621.230.800.610.490.67
1.12.712.491.821.190.770.750.660.600.560.550.58
1.21.991.310.950.750.690.670.540.540.610.601.05
1.31.331.000.880.780.600.680.490.480.630.600.89
1.41.030.930.770.810.610.801.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241064308851929280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同碱比及焙烧温度下对应的残渣TV含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碱比不同焙烧温度(℃)下的残渣TV含量(质量分数)/%
700720740760780800820840860880900
1.03.653.222.652.41.391.621.230.800.610.490.67
1.12.712.491.821.190.770.750.660.600.560.550.58
1.21.991.310.950.750.690.670.540.540.610.601.05
1.31.331.000.880.780.600.680.490.480.630.600.89
1.41.030.930.770.810.610.801.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309174890694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

TV content in leaching residue after roasting with different alkali ratios by adding different materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碱比不同返料方式下的残渣TV含量(质量分数)/%
无返料焙烧返熟料焙烧返尾渣焙烧
1.02.302.341.55
1.11.881.311.28
1.21.220.961.20
1.30.830.681.07
1.40.660.550.80
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309300719823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064286278185428, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同碱比及返料方式下对应的残渣TV含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碱比不同返料方式下的残渣TV含量(质量分数)/%
无返料焙烧返熟料焙烧返尾渣焙烧
1.02.302.341.55
1.11.881.311.28
1.21.220.961.20
1.30.830.681.07
1.40.660.550.80
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钒渣低碱比钠化焙烧试验研究
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蒋霖 1, 2 , 陈相全 1 , 潘少彦 3 , 伍珍秀 1 , 许楠 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(5): 118-123
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(5): 118-123
钒渣低碱比钠化焙烧试验研究
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蒋霖1, 2 , 陈相全1, 潘少彦3, 伍珍秀1, 许楠3
作者信息
  • 1.攀钢集团研究院有限公司 钒钛资源综合利用国家重点实验室,四川 攀枝花 617000
  • 2.重庆大学 材料科学与工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 3.攀钢集团钒钛资源股份有限公司,四川 攀枝花 617023
  • 蒋霖(1988—),男,四川南充人,高级工程师,主要从事钒资源绿色高效提取工艺研究。E-mail:

Experimental Study on Sodium Roasting of Vanadium Slag with Low Alkali Ratio
Lin JIANG1, 2 , Xiangquan CHEN1, Shaoyan PAN3, Zhenxiu WU1, Nan XU3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Vanadium and Titanium Resources, Pangang Group Research Institute Co., Ltd., Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, China
  • 2.College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 3.Pangang Group Vanadium and Titanium Resources Co., Ltd., Panzhihua 617023, Sichuan, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.021
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以钒渣和碳酸钠为原料,采用混磨预处理工艺得到混合料,开展焙烧试验,考察了不同碱比(纯碱与钒渣中V2O5折算含量的质量比)下保温时间、焙烧温度及返料方式等因素对熟料中钒转浸效果的影响,探究了钒渣低碱比焙烧过程中的物相转变规律。结果表明,控制焙烧高温段保温时间为90 min,适当提高焙烧温度有利于降低碱比,在焙烧温度880 ℃、碱比1.0时,浸出残渣全钒(TV)含量可降至0.49%,钒转浸率达到94.70%,该方式适用于回转窑钠化焙烧。在现有钒渣多膛炉钠化焙烧工艺制度下,采用返熟料焙烧方式有利于降低碱比,在780 ℃下保温45 min、碱比1.2时,可使残渣中TV含量降至0.96%,转浸率为89.19%。低碱比焙烧熟料的微观分析结果表明,钒酸钠物相聚集程度较高,其元素组成与NaVO3具有较好一致性。

钒渣  /  钠化焙烧  /  碱比  /  转浸率  /  提钒

Vanadium slag and sodium carbonate, as raw materials, were mixed and grounded for pretreatment. The obtained mixture was then taken in a roasting experiment for investigating effects of factors, such as holding time, temperature and feeding materials for roasting process with different alkali ratios (a mass ratio of sodium carbonate to the converted content of V2O5 in vanadium slag) on transformation and leaching rate of vanadium from clinker, and also exploring phase transformation of vanadium slag during the roasting with a low alkali ratio. The results show that if roasting process at higher temperatures is held for 90 minutes, the alkali ratio in the roasting process can be reduced by properly increasing the temperature. After roasting at a temperature of 880 ℃ with an alkali ratio of 1.0, water leaching can result in the total vanadium (TV) content in the residue falling down to 0.49% and the leaching rate of vanadium up to 94.70%. This method is suitable for sodium roasting in a rotary kiln. Under the existing process conditions for sodium roasting of vanadium slag in a multiple hearth furnace, an addition of some clinker into the material for roasting is beneficial to reducing the alkali ratio. It is shown that after roasting is held for 45 minutes at 780 ℃ with an alkali ratio of 1.2, the TV content in the final leaching residue can fall to 0.96% and the leaching rate can reach 89.19%. The microscopic analysis of the clinker after roasting with a low alkali ratio show that there is a high aggregation of sodium vanadate phase, which is in good consistency with NaVO3 in the elemental composition.

vanadium slag  /  sodium roasting  /  alkali ratio  /  leaching rate  /  vanadium extraction
蒋霖, 陈相全, 潘少彦, 伍珍秀, 许楠. 钒渣低碱比钠化焙烧试验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 118 -123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.021
Lin JIANG, Xiangquan CHEN, Shaoyan PAN, Zhenxiu WU, Nan XU. Experimental Study on Sodium Roasting of Vanadium Slag with Low Alkali Ratio[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 118 -123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.021
钒钛磁铁矿经高炉炼铁-转炉炼钢后,得到副产物钒渣,可作为提钒的原料[1-4]。2022年,全球约73%的钒产量来自钒渣提钒,而在中国,这一比例高达87%[5-6]。钒渣提钒工艺包括钠化焙烧、钙化焙烧、无盐焙烧、熔融钒渣氧化钠化、熔融钒渣氧化钙化、氯化提钒及亚熔盐法等,目前已实现产业化应用的工艺有钠化焙烧、钙化焙烧和亚熔盐法[7-12]。相比之下,钒渣钠化焙烧的应用和研究相对较多,其基本原理是以纯碱为添加剂,通过高温焙烧将低价钒转化为水溶性五价钒的钠盐,再对焙烧熟料进行水浸,得到含钒浸出液,溶液经净化、沉钒,得到钒酸铵,后经煅烧,得到V2O5产品[13-14]。在整个工艺中,焙烧效果的好坏决定了钒转浸率的高低,并直接关系到氧化钒生产的各项技术经济指标。影响焙烧效果的因素很多,主要包括碱比(纯碱与钒渣中V2O5折算值的质量比)、返料方式、焙烧温度、保温时间等[15-16]
在钒渣钠化焙烧工业生产中,通常控制钒渣粒度-0.125 mm粒级占比不低于80%,碱比1.3~1.4,温度780~800 ℃,同时为避免焙烧过程中出现黏结,通常采用返尾渣的方式[17]控制物料全钒含量以保证炉料顺行。以钒渣V2O5品位约18%为例,碱比1.3~1.4时对应的n(Na)/n(V)通常在2.4左右,高于理论需求值,部分过量的钠会经水浸后进入钒溶液中,在后续沉钒时需加入较多铵盐,加重后续氨氮废水处理负担,同时较高的碱比焙烧还会增加提钒尾渣中的钠含量,影响尾渣资源化利用。因此,在保证焙烧转化效果的同时,研究钒渣低碱比焙烧技术对实现降本增效、提高环保效益具有重要意义。
针对上述问题,本文基于钒渣钠化焙烧工艺及之前的原料混磨预处理工作[18],着重考察了碱比、焙烧温度、保温时间及返料方式等对熟料转浸效果的影响,探究了钒渣低碱比焙烧过程中的物相转化规律,获得了实现钒渣低碱比焙烧的优化工艺参数,该技术对降低钠化提钒工艺的纯碱用量及实现钠化钒液的低铵沉钒具有一定指导意义。
试验所用钒渣和纯碱(工业品)均取自攀枝花某钒厂,钒渣主要化学成分见表1,XRD图谱见图1,钒渣和纯碱的粒度分布见图2
图1可知,钒渣主要由(Mn,Fe)(V,Cr)2O4(尖晶石)、Fe2.5Ti0.5O4、(Mg,Fe)SiO4(橄榄石)和CaFeSi2O6(钙铁辉石)等物相组成。由图2可以看出,钒渣和纯碱粒度分布差异较大,为获得较好的混料效果,采用全方位球磨机对钒渣和纯碱进行混合。
试验主要设备有LGB10型全方位球磨机、MF-1100C马弗炉、DF-4型电磁矿石粉碎机、Mastersizer 3000型激光粒度分析仪、JSM-7001F型扫描电镜、MLA650型矿物分析仪、X’Pert型ProX-ray衍射仪等。
称取100 g钒渣,按设定碱比(1.0、1.1、1.2、1.3、1.4)分别称取纯碱,将钒渣与纯碱置于全方位球磨机中,加入钢球,于30 Hz(180 r/min)下双向混合10 min,得到混合料。返熟料焙烧时,熟料需预先破碎至-0.125 mm,返尾渣焙烧时,尾渣需经过干燥,再进行混料。
焙烧试验:混合料于300~350 ℃入炉,炉内通入空气,按10 ℃/min升至设定温度,保温一定时间后降温至600~650 ℃出炉空冷,记录熟料质量并粉碎制样后分析全钒(TV)含量。
浸出试验:每次取100 g熟料,按液固比1.5 mL/g加入去离子水,设定水浴温度90 ℃,搅拌浸出10 min,控制搅拌速度300~400 r/min,浸出结束后,使用90 ℃热水洗涤3次(50 mL×3),尾渣于105 ℃烘箱中烘干、称重、粉碎制样后送样化验尾渣V含量。熟料与尾渣中TV含量均采用X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)进行分析,根据式(1)计算熟料转浸率:
式中:η为转浸率,%;m1为熟料质量,g;m2为残渣质量,g;ω1为熟料TV含量,%;ω2为尾渣TV含量,%。
钒渣的钠化焙烧过程主要包括铁橄榄石的分解氧化、钒尖晶石的分解氧化和钒酸钠的形成3个过程[1519],足够的焙烧时间是钒酸钠充分转化的有力保证。在以多膛炉为主要焙烧设备的钒渣钠化焙烧工艺中,物料的焙烧温度通常为780 ℃,高温段物料的保温时间(停留时间)约为45 min。在此基础上,以钒渣配纯碱得到混合料,首先在780 ℃高温下考察保温时间对焙烧熟料转浸效果的影响,转浸率结果见图3,残渣TV含量见表2
图3可以发现,同一保温时间下,熟料中的钒转浸率随着碱比增加先增大后逐渐保持稳定,保温时间越短,取得较高转浸率需要的碱比越大。碱比1.1~1.4范围内,同一碱比下,转浸率随着保温时间延长逐渐增大并在75 min后趋于平稳,以碱比1.1为例,保温时间从45 min逐步延长至75 min,转浸率从82.76%逐渐增至93.01%,对应残渣TV含量从1.88%降至0.76%(见表2);继续延长保温时间至90 min,转浸率变化较小,说明保温时间75 min对于碱比1.1~1.4范围内的混合料已可获得较好的焙烧效果;碱比1.0时,对应的钒转浸率随着保温时间延长持续升高,90 min时转浸率达到86.86%,残渣TV含量为1.39%。在焙烧温度780 ℃下,适当延长高温段保温时间,有利于钒渣中低价钒向钒酸钠的充分氧化转化,从而获得较好的熟料浸出效果。为保证低碱比焙烧的转化效果,宜控制保温时间为90 min。
研究表明,钒铁尖晶石的分解氧化过程一般在500~600 ℃进行,而各种钒酸盐的形成温度则在600 ℃以上[20]。基于前述的保温时间试验结果,设定焙烧保温时间90 min,考察了不同碱比下焙烧温度对熟料中钒转浸效果的影响,结果见图4,对应残渣TV含量见表3
图4可以看出,同一碱比下,焙烧温度从700 ℃逐步升至900 ℃,熟料中钒转浸率先升高后降低,说明不同碱比下具有不同的最佳焙烧温度。碱比1.0时,840 ℃下保温90 min,钒转浸率为91.35%(对应残渣TV为0.80%),同时在880 ℃下获得转浸率最大值94.70%(对应残渣TV为0.49%)。随着碱比升高,获得最大转浸率所需的焙烧温度逐步降低。说明在高温下保温时间足够时,适当提高焙烧温度,可降低碱比,并保证较好的熟料转浸效果。值得注意的是,过高的焙烧温度会导致熟料中出现较多的液相,影响传质效果,熟料烧结严重,对后续破碎及浸出不利。900 ℃时,碱比1.0~1.3时熟料转浸效果开始变差,而碱比1.4时在800 ℃后便出现了熟料烧结严重、钒转浸率降低的现象。
上述保温时间与焙烧温度的研究结果表明,延长高温段的物料保温时间、适当提高高温段焙烧温度,有利于提高焙烧熟料的钒转化效果,同时显著降低碱比。在碱比1.0、880 ℃下焙烧90 min,熟料中钒转浸率可达94.70%(残渣TV含量为0.49%)。然而在现有的多膛炉焙烧工况下,延长高温段物料停留时间的主要方式是减少下料量并降低多膛炉中心轴转速,这势必会对生产效率带来不利影响;另一方面,提高焙烧温度也将影响到多膛炉的内部温度梯度,同时还涉及燃烧室、热风炉等结构的改造问题。因此,延长保温时间与提高焙烧温度,采用低碱比焙烧技术,对于回转窑钠化焙烧提钒具有一定的指导意义,但在以多膛炉为主要焙烧设备的生产上较难实施。
除保温时间与焙烧温度之外,返料方式是另一个影响钒渣钠化焙烧效果的重要因素。根据返料方式的不同,常见有钒渣配纯碱直接焙烧(无返料焙烧)和返尾渣焙烧两种,而返熟料焙烧方式目前仅在钙化提钒产线上有工业应用[21]
基于钒渣多膛炉钠化焙烧工业生产的温度制度,于780 ℃下保温45 min,对比了不同碱比下直接焙烧、返熟料焙烧、返尾渣焙烧3种方式的熟料转浸效果,结果见图5,对应残渣TV含量见表4。从图5可知,随着碱比从1.0增至1.4,3种返料方式下焙烧熟料的转浸率均呈逐渐增大趋势,返尾渣焙烧时转浸率低于其他两种方式。碱比1.0~1.4范围内,返熟料焙烧的转浸效果明显优于其他两种方式,碱比1.2时,返熟料焙烧方式可取得转浸率89.19%的效果,对应残渣TV含量为0.96%(见表4),高于无返料焙烧的88.68%和返尾渣焙烧的76.86%(对应残渣TV含量分别为1.22%和1.20%)。
在钒渣钠化焙烧过程中,返尾渣焙烧方式可在一定程度上控制低熔点钒酸盐相与硅酸盐玻璃相的形成与长大速率,延长焙烧设备的稳定运行周期,但同时也限制了焙烧熟料中的钒含量,不利于获得高浓度的钒液。相比之下,返熟料焙烧方式采用已充分或未充分氧化后的熟料吸收和稀释焙烧过程中集中释放的化学反应热,对于物料黏结也可起到一定的抑制作用[22];另一方面,返熟料焙烧方式更有利于含钒物相的转化,有利于降低纯碱用量。返熟料焙烧过程中,并未出现黏结成块及坩埚黏附现象,熟料破碎及浸出过滤性能亦变化不大。因此,返熟料焙烧方式可在不改变现有多膛炉焙烧温度制度的前提下,有效降低混合料碱比,同时保证较好的焙烧效果。
上述试验结果表明,采用无返料焙烧方式,控制碱比1.0、高温焙烧90 min,焙烧温度880 ℃下熟料中钒的转浸率为94.70%,相应残渣TV含量为0.49%;而焙烧温度780 ℃下对应的转浸率为84.50%、残渣TV含量为1.39%。上述两种焙烧温度下获得的低碱比熟料XRD图谱见图6。由图6可以看出,880 ℃钒渣低碱比熟料由氧化铁(Fe2O3)、钒酸钠(NaVO3)、锥辉石(NaFeSi2O6)和铁板钛矿(Fe2TiO5)等物相组成。780 ℃时,熟料中还存在NaCa2Mg2V3O12物相,表明钠化反应不够充分,这部分钒水溶性差,致使熟料转浸率较低;温度升至880 ℃时,钒渣的钠化反应更充分,NaCa2Mg2V3O12对应的衍射峰消失。
低碱比下不同焙烧温度的熟料微观形貌见图7。由图7可以发现,低碱比下780 ℃焙烧时,熟料中钒酸钠物相的分布并不规律,有的位于颗粒边缘,有的位于颗粒中心,并与玻璃质、氧化铁、辉石、铁板钛矿等矿相以混杂的形态共存于同一颗粒中,没有明显的解离,形状也不够具体,难以区分;焙烧温度880 ℃时,熟料颗粒中的钒酸钠较为聚集,且呈现较规则的球团状、蠕虫状,颗粒相对较大(20~30 μm),并与其他物相的解离度较高。
进一步分析不同形态钒酸钠物相(图7中点位钒酸钠1、钒酸钠2、钒酸钠3、钒酸钠4)的元素组成,其EDS分析结果相应见图8(a)~(d)图8结果表明,相比于780 ℃,880 ℃下获得的钒酸钠物相元素组成更稳定,其质量分数和原子分数均接近NaVO3物相,进一步说明了保证焙烧高温段保温时间、适当升高焙烧温度、降低碱比能够实现较好的熟料转化效果。
1)在钒渣钠化焙烧高温段物料保温时间90 min时,适当提高焙烧温度有利于降低钠化焙烧碱比。在880 ℃下高温焙烧90 min、碱比1.0时,钠化焙烧熟料钒转浸率为94.70%,对应残渣中TV含量为0.49%。该工艺可应用于钒渣回转窑钠化焙烧。
2)对于现有钒渣多膛炉钠化焙烧工艺,返熟料焙烧方式比无返料方式、返尾渣方式有明显优势。在780 ℃下保温45 min、碱比1.2时,返熟料焙烧可使残渣TV含量降至0.96%,转浸率可达89.19%。
3)钒渣低碱比焙烧熟料的物相组成主要有氧化铁(Fe2O3)、钒酸钠(NaVO3)、锥辉石(NaFeSi2O6)和铁板钛矿(Fe2TiO5)。低碱比焙烧熟料中钒酸钠物相的形状规则、聚集程度高,其元素组成与NaVO3一致。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2908300)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.021
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-25
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2908300)
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    1.攀钢集团研究院有限公司 钒钛资源综合利用国家重点实验室,四川 攀枝花 617000
    2.重庆大学 材料科学与工程学院,重庆 400044
    3.攀钢集团钒钛资源股份有限公司,四川 攀枝花 617023
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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