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Article(id=1241064285934244601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742400000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822383626, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822383626, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822383626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822383626, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241064275599479114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='201', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822381162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822785847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241064286336897823, articleId=1241064285934244601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Pollution Status Assessment of Heavy Metals in Dalong River and Restoration with Sludge-Derived Biochar, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heavy metal pollution in Dalong River was assessed by field sampling and detection analysis. Hg(II) and Pb(II) in the water and sediment were adsorbed with sludge-derived biochar for ecosystem restoration in Dalong River, and the restoration effect was then compared with that by using activated carbon. The results indicate that heavy metal pollution in Dalong River is relatively slight, and the contents of heavy metals in the surface water at all sampling points are within a safe range, only the sediment at some sampling points has the heavy metal pollution at a light pollution level. It is shown that sludge-derived biochar has a good adsorption for Hg(II) and Pb(II), with the adsorption process conforming to the Langmuir isotherm (with R2 of 0.932 2 and 0.998 9). Compared with activated carbon, the sludge-derived biochar can bring better restoration effect, and its desorption of Hg(II) and Pb(II) also shows that it can have a significantly better fixation effect of heavy metals.

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通过实地采样与检测分析，评价了大龙河重金属污染程度；采用污泥炭对水体和底泥中的Hg（II）、Pb（II）进行吸附以修复大龙河生态，并与活性炭的修复效果进行对比。结果表明，大龙河的重金属污染程度较轻，所有采样点地表水重金属含量均在安全范围内，只有部分采样点的沉积物中重金属含量达到轻污染。污泥炭对Hg（II）和Pb（II）具有良好吸附效果，吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型（R2分别为0.932 2和0.998 9），修复效果优于活性炭；污泥炭吸附Hg（II）和Pb（II）后解吸，对重金属的固定效果明显优于活性炭。

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张明祥（1972—），男，山东苍山人，博士，教授，主要从事湿地保护与修复研究。E-mail：
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乔群博（1986—），男，黑龙江哈尔滨人，博士，高级工程师，主要从事流域水环境综合治理、智慧环境监测研究。E-mail：

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乔群博（1986—），男，黑龙江哈尔滨人，博士，高级工程师，主要从事流域水环境综合治理、智慧环境监测研究。E-mail：

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乔群博（1986—），男，黑龙江哈尔滨人，博士，高级工程师，主要从事流域水环境综合治理、智慧环境监测研究。E-mail：

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=图2, caption=单一重金属溶液的等温吸附拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=bHrM948s46cJFUeMcXYimA==, figureFileBig=8jag41u0AxGKDUoVGvj9Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064304879915479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fitting curves of adsorption isotherm for aqueous solution with mixed heavy metals, figureFileSmall=h8IN9oiH3CH+VpIu2BS+CA==, figureFileBig=QydFWNGGT62Z2sc4RsLQYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064305236431328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=图3, caption=混合重金属溶液的等温吸附拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=h8IN9oiH3CH+VpIu2BS+CA==, figureFileBig=QydFWNGGT62Z2sc4RsLQYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064306876404197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fitting curves of adsorption isotherm for sediment with single heavy metal, figureFileSmall=t3cO3sMiTU9Jj3+MlkV54w==, figureFileBig=x9/vRx3DJSTV1uftVr2/mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064307006427624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=图4, caption=单一重金属底泥的等温吸附拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=t3cO3sMiTU9Jj3+MlkV54w==, figureFileBig=x9/vRx3DJSTV1uftVr2/mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064307186782701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Fitting curves of isotherm adsorption for sediment with mixed heavy metals, figureFileSmall=H00vFJTmhYZ7vkH0uHPhlQ==, figureFileBig=Mu7/T6m107HZTD+rHdzeMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064307396497906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=图5, caption=混合重金属底泥的等温吸附拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=H00vFJTmhYZ7vkH0uHPhlQ==, figureFileBig=Mu7/T6m107HZTD+rHdzeMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064307744625143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Adsorption and desorption rates of Hg（II）and Pb（II）in aqueous solutions by sludge-derived carbon and activated carbon, figureFileSmall=/efEasYByQ00CSf95N14JQ==, figureFileBig=96rtbEvmMkRTNNio9fQMfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064308105335294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=图6, caption=吸附剂对水溶液中Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附解吸率, figureFileSmall=/efEasYByQ00CSf95N14JQ==, figureFileBig=96rtbEvmMkRTNNio9fQMfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064308298273281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Adsorption and desorption rates of Hg（II）and Pb（II）in sediment by sludge-derived biochar and activated carbon, figureFileSmall=pYmrbEkXI3YwnsCgfwIs5w==, figureFileBig=vbOdsCkJUxm9oDBvVRTmLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064308411519493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=图7, caption=吸附剂对底泥Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附解吸率, figureFileSmall=pYmrbEkXI3YwnsCgfwIs5w==, figureFileBig=vbOdsCkJUxm9oDBvVRTmLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064308528960009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dalong River pollution index and water quality grades

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点PiP综水质等级
PbCdAsCrHgCuZn
S10.03290.03250.00470.00160.02540.00210.00340.0255无污染
S20.02570.02270.00490.00160.01760.00220.00370.0198无污染
S30.05320.04280.00490.00180.02270.00240.00380.0399无污染
S40.06110.04210.00520.00190.05380.00270.00390.0465无污染
S50.04620.05310.00530.00220.04260.00290.00390.0407无污染
S60.03130.02320.00530.00230.03170.00300.00420.0246无污染
S70.05140.03340.00560.00230.04110.00320.00430.0390无污染
S80.06840.05310.00570.00240.02120.00330.00440.0509无污染
S90.03150.03650.00590.00270.05280.00340.00440.0398无污染
S100.04170.04370.00620.00280.04150.00370.00470.0342无污染
S110.03190.02280.00640.00290.03160.00380.00490.0249无污染
S120.07200.05390.00650.00330.01180.00390.00500.0533无污染
S130.06210.03420.00690.00340.04190.00390.00510.0467无污染
S140.05240.05210.00710.00350.05200.00420.00520.0411无污染
S150.06260.03460.00720.00360.02210.00440.00540.0465无污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241064308843532814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

大龙河水质污染指数及水质等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点PiP综水质等级
PbCdAsCrHgCuZn
S10.03290.03250.00470.00160.02540.00210.00340.0255无污染
S20.02570.02270.00490.00160.01760.00220.00370.0198无污染
S30.05320.04280.00490.00180.02270.00240.00380.0399无污染
S40.06110.04210.00520.00190.05380.00270.00390.0465无污染
S50.04620.05310.00530.00220.04260.00290.00390.0407无污染
S60.03130.02320.00530.00230.03170.00300.00420.0246无污染
S70.05140.03340.00560.00230.04110.00320.00430.0390无污染
S80.06840.05310.00570.00240.02120.00330.00440.0509无污染
S90.03150.03650.00590.00270.05280.00340.00440.0398无污染
S100.04170.04370.00620.00280.04150.00370.00470.0342无污染
S110.03190.02280.00640.00290.03160.00380.00490.0249无污染
S120.07200.05390.00650.00330.01180.00390.00500.0533无污染
S130.06210.03420.00690.00340.04190.00390.00510.0467无污染
S140.05240.05210.00710.00350.05200.00420.00520.0411无污染
S150.06260.03460.00720.00360.02210.00440.00540.0465无污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309103579666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Heavy metal pollution index and level of sediment in downstream of Dalong River

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点PiP综污染等级
CdPbNiCuZn
S10.5621.2360.5731.7251.1431.427轻污染
S20.6870.6720.4850.7620.5480.699安全
S30.2620.3980.7711.0731.3721.114轻污染
S40.3241.1811.0841.8411.0431.515轻污染
S50.3780.4930.5720.5830.7350.650安全
S60.6720.9420.7530.8271.0480.953警戒线
S70.4160.7160.6760.7320.6620.688安全
S80.8281.1081.3021.2511.0841.212轻污染
S90.6390.8930.7231.1921.0931.060轻污染
S100.2731.0141.4031.0390.8721.186轻污染
S110.3720.6730.7620.5430.6730.688安全
S120.3070.9560.8751.3711.1271.170轻污染
S130.5180.6820.5830.7230.4840.663安全
S140.4230.7950.5250.6380.5230.696安全
S150.2350.8810.7131.4720.9391.201轻污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309283934744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

大龙河下游沉积物重金属污染指数及污染等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样点PiP综污染等级
CdPbNiCuZn
S10.5621.2360.5731.7251.1431.427轻污染
S20.6870.6720.4850.7620.5480.699安全
S30.2620.3980.7711.0731.3721.114轻污染
S40.3241.1811.0841.8411.0431.515轻污染
S50.3780.4930.5720.5830.7350.650安全
S60.6720.9420.7530.8271.0480.953警戒线
S70.4160.7160.6760.7320.6620.688安全
S80.8281.1081.3021.2511.0841.212轻污染
S90.6390.8930.7231.1921.0931.060轻污染
S100.2731.0141.4031.0390.8721.186轻污染
S110.3720.6730.7620.5430.6730.688安全
S120.3070.9560.8751.3711.1271.170轻污染
S130.5180.6820.5830.7230.4840.663安全
S140.4230.7950.5250.6380.5230.696安全
S150.2350.8810.7131.4720.9391.201轻污染
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309481067036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm for aqueous solution with single heavy metal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg24.590.985 70.672 5
Pb22.360.979 90.732 8
活性炭Hg8.090.741 80.983 2
Pb10.680.835 20.974 3
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309594313251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单一重金属水溶液中等温吸附曲线的拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg24.590.985 70.672 5
Pb22.360.979 90.732 8
活性炭Hg8.090.741 80.983 2
Pb10.680.835 20.974 3
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309674005030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm for aqueous solution with mixed heavy metals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg11.770.984 90.702 5
Pb11.970.932 20.639 6
活性炭Hg5.420.678 10.991 4
Pb7.090.738 90.974 7
), ArticleFig(id=1241064309850165803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混合重金属水溶液中等温吸附曲线的拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg11.770.984 90.702 5
Pb11.970.932 20.639 6
活性炭Hg5.420.678 10.991 4
Pb7.090.738 90.974 7
), ArticleFig(id=1241064311704048175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm for sediment with single heavy metal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg1.180.998 90.621 4
Pb1.200.996 20.672 8
活性炭Hg0.550.715 70.997 2
Pb0.680.631 50.991 0
), ArticleFig(id=1241064312123478579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

单一重金属底泥中等温吸附曲线的拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg1.180.998 90.621 4
Pb1.200.996 20.672 8
活性炭Hg0.550.715 70.997 2
Pb0.680.631 50.991 0
), ArticleFig(id=1241064312261890613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherm for sediment with mixed heavy metals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg0.680.994 90.658 2
Pb0.690.991 20.608 4
活性炭Hg0.260.718 70.997 4
Pb0.390.682 40.993 2
), ArticleFig(id=1241064312391914044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

混合重金属底泥中等温吸附曲线的拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
吸附剂名称重金属种类饱和吸附量/(mg·g-1)R2
Langmuir模型Freundlich模型
污泥炭Hg0.680.994 90.658 2
Pb0.690.991 20.608 4
活性炭Hg0.260.718 70.997 4
Pb0.390.682 40.993 2
), ArticleFig(id=1241064312677126722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Desorption rates of Hg（II）and Pb（II）in aqueous solution by sludge-derived biochar and activated carbon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液种类吸附剂名称解吸率/%
HgPb
单一重金属溶液污泥炭1.57～11.930.52～10.22
活性炭1.89～12.922.29～14.92
混合重金属溶液污泥炭2.14～13.630.49～9.38
活性炭2.69～15.781.25～11.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241064312983310918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

污泥炭和活性炭对水溶液Hg（II）和Pb（II）的解吸率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
溶液种类吸附剂名称解吸率/%
HgPb
单一重金属溶液污泥炭1.57～11.930.52～10.22
活性炭1.89～12.922.29～14.92
混合重金属溶液污泥炭2.14～13.630.49～9.38
活性炭2.69～15.781.25～11.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241064313251746376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Desorption rates of Hg（II）and Pb（II）in sediment by sludge-derived carbon and activated carbon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底泥种类吸附剂名称解吸率/%
HgPb
单一重金属底泥污泥炭4.61～15.360.44～13.37
活性炭5.24～17.230.75～17.70
混合重金属底泥污泥炭3.26～16.811.84～12.71
活性炭3.65～18.832.35～15.54
), ArticleFig(id=1241064313633428044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064285934244601, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

污泥炭和活性炭对底泥Hg（II）和Pb（II）的解吸率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底泥种类吸附剂名称解吸率/%
HgPb
单一重金属底泥污泥炭4.61～15.360.44～13.37
活性炭5.24～17.230.75～17.70
混合重金属底泥污泥炭3.26～16.811.84～12.71
活性炭3.65～18.832.35～15.54
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大龙河水环境重金属污染现状评价及污泥炭修复研究
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乔群博 1 , 张明祥 1 , 韩冰一 2 , 王伟华 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(5): 136-141
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(5): 136-141
大龙河水环境重金属污染现状评价及污泥炭修复研究
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乔群博1 , 张明祥1 , 韩冰一2, 王伟华3
作者信息
  • 1.北京林业大学　生态与自然保护学院，北京　100083
  • 2.北京林业大学　环境科学与工程学院，北京　100083
  • 3.北京北控工业环境科技有限公司，北京　101407

    • 乔群博（1986—），男，黑龙江哈尔滨人，博士，高级工程师，主要从事流域水环境综合治理、智慧环境监测研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

张明祥（1972—），男，山东苍山人，博士，教授，主要从事湿地保护与修复研究。E-mail：
Pollution Status Assessment of Heavy Metals in Dalong River and Restoration with Sludge-Derived Biochar
Qunbo QIAO1 , Mingxiang ZHANG1 , Bingyi HAN2, Weihua WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Beijing Beikong Industrial Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101407, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.024
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摘要
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通过实地采样与检测分析，评价了大龙河重金属污染程度；采用污泥炭对水体和底泥中的Hg（II）、Pb（II）进行吸附以修复大龙河生态，并与活性炭的修复效果进行对比。结果表明，大龙河的重金属污染程度较轻，所有采样点地表水重金属含量均在安全范围内，只有部分采样点的沉积物中重金属含量达到轻污染。污泥炭对Hg（II）和Pb（II）具有良好吸附效果，吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型（R2分别为0.932 2和0.998 9），修复效果优于活性炭；污泥炭吸附Hg（II）和Pb（II）后解吸，对重金属的固定效果明显优于活性炭。

水治理  /  重金属污染  /  污染评价  /  污泥炭  /  活性炭  /  吸附  /  解吸  /  生态修复

Heavy metal pollution in Dalong River was assessed by field sampling and detection analysis. Hg(II) and Pb(II) in the water and sediment were adsorbed with sludge-derived biochar for ecosystem restoration in Dalong River, and the restoration effect was then compared with that by using activated carbon. The results indicate that heavy metal pollution in Dalong River is relatively slight, and the contents of heavy metals in the surface water at all sampling points are within a safe range, only the sediment at some sampling points has the heavy metal pollution at a light pollution level. It is shown that sludge-derived biochar has a good adsorption for Hg(II) and Pb(II), with the adsorption process conforming to the Langmuir isotherm (with R2 of 0.932 2 and 0.998 9). Compared with activated carbon, the sludge-derived biochar can bring better restoration effect, and its desorption of Hg(II) and Pb(II) also shows that it can have a significantly better fixation effect of heavy metals.

water treatment  /  heavy metal pollution  /  pollution assessment  /  sludge-derived biochar  /  activated carbon  /  adsorbent  /  desorption  /  ecological restoration
乔群博, 张明祥, 韩冰一, 王伟华. 大龙河水环境重金属污染现状评价及污泥炭修复研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 136 -141 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.024
Qunbo QIAO, Mingxiang ZHANG, Bingyi HAN, Weihua WANG. Pollution Status Assessment of Heavy Metals in Dalong River and Restoration with Sludge-Derived Biochar[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 136 -141 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.024
正文
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重金属在河流环境中难以通过自然过程降解，会长期滞留于水体、底泥之中，并随着食物链的传递不断富集，逐步破坏生态系统的结构与功能，对生物造成不可逆的损害[1-2]。大龙河是北京市区域生态系统的重要基石，在当地的生态环境和社会经济发展中占据着举足轻重的地位[3]。然而，近年来随着大龙河周边地区工业活动日益频繁，大量含有重金属的工业废水未经有效处理便排入河中，给河流生态带来了沉重负担。同时，生活污水的无序排放以及农业生产中大量使用的农药、化肥等通过地表径流进入大龙河，进一步加剧了河水的污染程度。
研究表明，重金属污染对河流生态系统的破坏是全方位的[4]。它不仅会干扰水生生物的生理代谢过程[5]，抑制其生长和繁殖，还可能导致生物基因突变，甚至引发物种灭绝。面对日渐严峻的大龙河重金属污染问题，传统的修复方法，如物理吸附法、化学沉淀法以及生物修复法等[6-8]，虽在一定程度上能够缓解污染状况，但普遍存在成本高、易造成二次污染、修复周期漫长等弊端，难以满足实际治理需求。污泥炭作为一种新型的环境修复材料，凭借其来源广泛、成本低廉、比表面积大、吸附性能优良等诸多优势[9]，逐渐成为河流重金属污染修复领域的研究热点。本文系统、深入地评估大龙河的重金属污染现状，并全面探究污泥炭对其重金属污染的修复效果，为大龙河的生态修复与可持续发展开辟新的路径。
1　研究区域概况和研究方法
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1.1　研究区域概况
大龙河发源于北京市大兴新城南部，无天然来水，河道内补水为流域内再生水厂，大龙河现状河道补水水量约3.25万m3/d，包括黄村再生水补水量2万m3/d、魏善庄再生水补水量约8 000 m3/d、安定再生水补水量约4 500 m3/d。补水水质均为《城镇污水处理厂水污染排放标准》（DB11/890—2012）B类标准，主要水质指标接近地表水IV类标准，补水水源分布情况见图1。
1.2　研究区域采样点
在大龙河流域设置15个采样点，编号为S1～S15，反映流域内不同区域的污染水平。采用水体和沉积物两类样品进行重金属污染调查，采样方法遵循《地下水环境监测技术规范》（HJ 164—2020）和《水质　采样技术指导》（HJ 494—2009）相关要求。
1.3　重金属分析方法
采集的水体和沉积物样本在实验室进行重金属含量分析。水体样本经过过滤、酸化后，使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS，Agilent 7900）测定铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）浓度。沉积物样本经风干、研磨后，采用浓硝酸和过氧化氢的混合酸液进行湿法消解，采用ICP-MS测定重金属含量。
1.4　重金属污染评价
首先，采用单因子指数评价法对水体、沉积物中的重金属污染程度进行评价，其计算公式为：
式中：Pi为第i项指标的污染指数；ci为第i种污染物的实测值；c0为第i种污染物的评价标准值，以地表水环境质量标准中III级标准作为评价标准值。
基于上述结果，进一步采用内梅罗综合指数法[10-11]对重金属污染程度进行评价，计算公式为：
式中：P综为内梅罗综合指数；Pimax为重金属元素中污染指数的最高值；为所有重金属元素污染指数的平均值；n为重金属元素因子数目。
根据地表水、沉积物的单因子和内梅罗综合指数评价标准对重金属污染程度进行评价[12-13]。
1.5　污泥炭制备及吸附解吸分析
1.5.1　污泥炭制备
以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原材料，通过高温处理将污泥转化为具有高比表面积和强吸附性能的污泥炭。优化后的碳化工艺参数为：剩余污泥在600 ℃下碳化2 h。测试发现，污泥炭中碳含量在60%左右，此外含有一定量的氢、氧元素，以及少量氮、硫元素，表明污泥炭含有丰富的官能团。污泥炭比表面积约400 m2/g，等电点在pH=6.5左右。
活性炭直接商业购买，主要由碳元素组成，还含有少量氢、氧、氮、硫等元素，比表面积在1 200 m2/g左右，等电点约在pH=6。
1.5.2　吸附实验
为模拟大龙河流域的实际污染情况，制备含Pb（II）、Hg（II）的污染水体。向去离子水中分别加入Pb（NO3）2和Hg（NO3）2，得到Pb（II）、Hg（II）初始质量浓度分别为10、20、30、40、60、80 mg/L的单一重金属体系和Pb（II）、Hg（II）初始质量浓度均为5、10、15、20、30、40 mg/L的混合重金属体系，以模拟典型的重金属污染水体。
测得污泥炭在纯水中的pH值为6.5。因此，在开展吸附实验时溶液的pH值均设置为6.5。对于水溶液中Pb（II）、Hg（II）的吸附，每1 mL水溶液中加入0.05 g吸附剂；而对于底泥中Pb（II）、Hg（II）的吸附，则分别称取0.95 g底泥和0.05 g吸附剂，进行混合，然后加入25 mL含不同浓度Pb（II）、Hg（II）的溶液，固液比控制为1∶25。将上述混合物加入三角瓶中，密封后于25 ℃下振荡反应12 h。而后，将样品取出置于离心管中，于5 000 r/min下离心15 min，取上清液，并用0.45 μm水相滤膜过滤，采用ICP-MS（Agilent，7900）测定Pb（II）、Hg（II）的浓度。吸附率R的计算公式为：
式中：C0为吸附前水溶液中重金属的初始浓度；Ce为吸附达到平衡后水溶液中剩余重金属的平衡浓度。
1.5.3　吸附等温线与重金属去除效率
为了进一步分析污泥炭的吸附性能，分别采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型对吸附等温线进行拟合。
2　大龙河水体重金属污染现状评价
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2.1　地表水重金属污染现状评价
大龙河水质污染指数及水质等级如表1所示。大龙河所有采样点的单因子污染指数Pi均低于1，内梅罗综合污染指数P综均低于0.74，表明大龙河地表水无重金属污染。不过，值得注意的是，15个采样点中，S8和S12的内梅罗综合污染指数相对偏高。经对单因子污染指数深入剖析发现，这两个采样点的Pb元素与Hg元素污染指数相较于其他元素明显更高。由此可以推断，Pb元素与Hg元素是大龙河存在的主要重金属污染因子。整体而言，大龙河流域地表水在重金属污染方面处于无污染状态，水质较为洁净。
2.2　沉积物重金属污染现状评价
对大龙河沉积物中的重金属污染指数进行计算，以此评估其污染程度，大龙河下游沉积物重金属污染指数及污染等级如表2所示。从表2可以看出，S2、S5、S7、S11、S13、S14采样点均处于安全等级范围；S6采样点处于警戒线；其余采样点的污染状况为轻污染，综合污染指数最高为1.515。与2015年北京市境内永定河流域、潮白河流域、温榆河流域、拒马河流域和泃河流域等底泥中重金属污染程度[14]相比，目前大龙河底泥中重金属污染得到很大改善，这主要归因于大兴区大龙河安定段水生态修复项目（由北控工业环境科技有限公司执行）。然而，虽然沉积物中重金属污染得到很大改善，但部分位点还是存在轻污染。因此，有必要采取有效措施修复沉积物中的重金属污染。在众多修复手段中，污泥炭修复是行之有效的方法。
3　污泥炭修复水体重金属污染分析
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3.1　污泥炭对水溶液重金属的等温吸附性能
单一重金属水溶液中2种吸附剂等温吸附曲线的拟合参数见表3，吸附拟合曲线见图2。结果表明，污泥炭对Hg（II）和Pb（II）的等温吸附更符合Langmuir模型（R2分别为0.985 7和0.979 9），而活性炭对Hg（II）和Pb（II）的等温吸附曲线更符合Freundlich模型（R2分别为0.983 2和0.974 3）。此外，污泥炭对两者的吸附率均大于85%，优于活性炭。
污泥炭和活性炭对混合溶液中Hg（II）、Pb（II）的等温吸附曲线的拟合参数、拟合曲线分别见表4和图3。结果表明，污泥炭和活性炭对混合溶液中Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附规律与单一溶液一致，污泥炭对Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型（R2分别为0.984 9和0.932 2），而活性炭对Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附过程符合Freundlich模型（R2分别为0.991 4和0.974 7）。而且，污泥炭对混合溶液中Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附率均大于80%，明显优于活性炭。
3.2　污泥炭对底泥重金属的等温吸附性能
单一重金属底泥中等温吸附模型拟合结果如表5和图4所示。污泥炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）的吸附过程符合Langmuir模型（R2分别为0.998 9和0.996 2），而活性炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）的吸附过程更符合Freundlich模型（R2分别为0.997 2和0.991 0）。此外，污泥炭对底泥中Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附率均大于86.7%，吸附效果优于活性炭。
研究了污泥炭和活性炭对混合重金属底泥中Hg（II）、Pb（II）的吸附，等温吸附模型拟合结果如表6和图5所示。同样地，污泥炭和活性炭对混合重金属底泥中Hg（II）、Pb（II）的吸附分别符合Langmuir模型（R2分别为0.991 2、0.994 9）和Freundlich模型（R2分别为0.993 2、0.997 4）。同时，污泥炭对Hg（II）和Pb（II）的吸附率均大于84.0%，明显优于活性炭。
3.3　污泥炭对解吸固定重金属的影响
污泥炭与活性炭对水溶液中Hg（II）、Pb（II）的吸附解吸率见表7和图6。污泥炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）的解吸趋势与活性炭相似，解吸量会随着吸附量增加而上升。污泥炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）的解吸率均低于活性炭，充分说明污泥炭在吸附重金属后，固定重金属的能力要强于活性炭。
污泥炭和活性炭对底泥中Hg（II）、Pb（II）的吸附解吸率如表8和图7所示。污泥炭与活性炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）的解吸量均会随着吸附量增大而增加。污泥炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）的解吸率均低于活性炭，进一步证实了污泥炭在吸附重金属后，其固定重金属的能力优于活性炭。然而，与在水溶液中的情况相比，底泥环境下的解吸率有所上升。
4　结论
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1）大龙河的重金属污染程度较轻，所有采样点地表水重金属含量均为安全范围，只有部分采样点的沉积物中重金属含量达到轻污染。
2）污泥炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）具有良好的吸附效果，优于活性炭。此外，吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型（R2分别为0.932 2、0.998 9）。
3）在污泥炭和活性炭吸附Hg（II）和Pb（II）后的解吸中，解吸量随着吸附量增长而增加；污泥炭对Hg（II）、Pb（II）的解吸率小于活性炭，说明污泥炭吸附后固定重金属的能力强于活性炭。
4）本研究为大龙河重金属污染治理提供了一种新的、具有潜力的修复技术方案。污泥炭作为一种低成本、环境友好且来源广泛的修复材料，在河流重金属污染修复领域展现出良好的应用前景。
基金
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  • 北京市大兴区大龙河安定段水生态修复项目(S110000A001035296003)
文献
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.024
  • 接收时间：2025-03-20
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-20
基金
北京市大兴区大龙河安定段水生态修复项目(S110000A001035296003)
作者信息
    1.北京林业大学　生态与自然保护学院，北京　100083
    2.北京林业大学　环境科学与工程学院，北京　100083
    3.北京北控工业环境科技有限公司，北京　101407

通讯作者:

张明祥（1972—），男，山东苍山人，博士，教授，主要从事湿地保护与修复研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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