Article(id=1241064283711263338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743264000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822383095, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822383095, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822383095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822383095, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241064275599479114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='201', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822381162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822785847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=164, endPage=169, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241064286408200999, articleId=1241064283711263338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Influence of Initial Residual Stress of Ti6Al4V Alloy Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion on Laser Shock Peening-Induced Residual Stress Field, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In combination with experiments and multi-step finite element simulation, the residual stress distribution in components manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and the influence of the initial residual stress field on the laser shock peening (LSP)-induced compressive residual stress field. The validity of the simulation results was verified by the residual stress values measured with X-ray diffraction. The results show that the thermal stress of the lower and middle layer materials in the component fabricated by LPBF undergoes a transition from zero stress, compressive stress, tensile stress to compressive stress, while the top layer material shows a transition from zero stress, compressive stress to tensile stress, thus leading to tensile residual stress occurred on the surface layer of LPBF fabricated component, while compressive residual stress in the lower part. The action of initial residual stress field results in the reduced peak value but increased depth of LSP-induced compressive residual stress. The initial residual tensile stress field of LPBF components can exert a suppressive and dragging effect on the reverse plastic deformation caused by surface waves, leading to reduced intensity and changed position of the “residual stress hole”, which can improve the uniformity of LSP-induced residual stress distribution.

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结合实验与多步骤有限元仿真,分析了激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)构件中残余应力分布规律以及该初始残余应力场对激光冲击强化(LSP)诱生残余压应力场的影响,并通过X射线测量的残余应力值验证了仿真结果的有效性。结果表明,LPBF加工时零件中下层材料热应力呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力-压应力”的转变规律,顶层材料则呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力”的转变规律,进而导致LPBF构件表层残余应力场为拉伸态,下方为压缩态。在初始残余应力场作用下,LSP引入的峰值残余压应力会降低,但残余压应力深度会增加。LPBF构件初始残余拉应力场会对表面波产生的反向塑性变形产生抑制和拖拽作用,进而降低“残余应力洞”强度并改变其位置,提高LSP诱生残余应力分布均匀性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨扬(1963—),男,湖南常德人,二级教授,主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail:
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邓洋洋(2000—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail:

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邓洋洋(2000—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail:

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邓洋洋(2000—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail:

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journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064283711263338, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同模型中路径P1残余应力预测值与实验测量值, figureFileSmall=xBfLuua/2MmTfyeXDRpN5w==, figureFileBig=Vdzlkmu/ExvtdkWyDJFgYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064316934345319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064283711263338, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

LPBF process parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率/W扫描速度/(mm·s-1)粉末层厚度/μm扫描间距/mm焦距/mm光斑半径/mm
2251 000300.1220.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241064317039202922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064283711263338, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LPBF工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率/W扫描速度/(mm·s-1)粉末层厚度/μm扫描间距/mm焦距/mm光斑半径/mm
2251 000300.1220.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241064317160837744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064283711263338, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

LSP process parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脉冲能量/J光斑半径/mm脉宽/ns重叠率/%牺牲层约束层
1021050黑胶带去离子水
), ArticleFig(id=1241064317253112436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064283711263338, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LSP工艺参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
脉冲能量/J光斑半径/mm脉宽/ns重叠率/%牺牲层约束层
1021050黑胶带去离子水
), ArticleFig(id=1241064317336998519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064283711263338, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

J-C constitutive equation parameters for LPBF-Ti6Al4V alloy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始屈服强度A/MPa硬化模量B/MPa应变硬化系数n应变率敏感系数C参考应变率
994.21635.440.784 40.020.001
), ArticleFig(id=1241064317446050424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064283711263338, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

适用于LPBF-Ti6Al4V合金的J-C本构方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
初始屈服强度A/MPa硬化模量B/MPa应变硬化系数n应变率敏感系数C参考应变率
994.21635.440.784 40.020.001
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激光粉末床熔融制备Ti6Al4V合金初始残余应力对激光冲击强化诱生残余应力场影响研究
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邓洋洋 , 杨扬
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(5): 164-169
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(5): 164-169
激光粉末床熔融制备Ti6Al4V合金初始残余应力对激光冲击强化诱生残余应力场影响研究
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邓洋洋 , 杨扬
作者信息
  • 中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 邓洋洋(2000—),男,湖南邵阳人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨扬(1963—),男,湖南常德人,二级教授,主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail:
Influence of Initial Residual Stress of Ti6Al4V Alloy Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion on Laser Shock Peening-Induced Residual Stress Field
Yangyang DENG , Yang YANG
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.029
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结合实验与多步骤有限元仿真,分析了激光粉末床熔融(LPBF)构件中残余应力分布规律以及该初始残余应力场对激光冲击强化(LSP)诱生残余压应力场的影响,并通过X射线测量的残余应力值验证了仿真结果的有效性。结果表明,LPBF加工时零件中下层材料热应力呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力-压应力”的转变规律,顶层材料则呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力”的转变规律,进而导致LPBF构件表层残余应力场为拉伸态,下方为压缩态。在初始残余应力场作用下,LSP引入的峰值残余压应力会降低,但残余压应力深度会增加。LPBF构件初始残余拉应力场会对表面波产生的反向塑性变形产生抑制和拖拽作用,进而降低“残余应力洞”强度并改变其位置,提高LSP诱生残余应力分布均匀性。

增材制造  /  3D打印  /  激光粉末床熔融  /  激光冲击强化  /  残余应力  /  Ti-6Al-4V  /  有限元仿真

In combination with experiments and multi-step finite element simulation, the residual stress distribution in components manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and the influence of the initial residual stress field on the laser shock peening (LSP)-induced compressive residual stress field. The validity of the simulation results was verified by the residual stress values measured with X-ray diffraction. The results show that the thermal stress of the lower and middle layer materials in the component fabricated by LPBF undergoes a transition from zero stress, compressive stress, tensile stress to compressive stress, while the top layer material shows a transition from zero stress, compressive stress to tensile stress, thus leading to tensile residual stress occurred on the surface layer of LPBF fabricated component, while compressive residual stress in the lower part. The action of initial residual stress field results in the reduced peak value but increased depth of LSP-induced compressive residual stress. The initial residual tensile stress field of LPBF components can exert a suppressive and dragging effect on the reverse plastic deformation caused by surface waves, leading to reduced intensity and changed position of the “residual stress hole”, which can improve the uniformity of LSP-induced residual stress distribution.

additive manufacturing  /  3D printing  /  laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)  /  laser shock peening (LSP)  /  residual stress  /  Ti-6Al-4V  /  finite element simulation
邓洋洋, 杨扬. 激光粉末床熔融制备Ti6Al4V合金初始残余应力对激光冲击强化诱生残余应力场影响研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 164 -169 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.029
Yangyang DENG, Yang YANG. Influence of Initial Residual Stress of Ti6Al4V Alloy Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion on Laser Shock Peening-Induced Residual Stress Field[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 164 -169 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.029
激光粉末床熔融(laser powder bed fusion,LPBF)技术是一种通过高能激光束逐层融化金属粉末制备三维构件的增材制造技术,被广泛用于制备结构复杂、性能优异的Ti6Al4V合金构件[1-2]。然而,LPBF构件表层存在的有害残余拉应力会促进裂纹形核与长大,严重降低构件服役性能[3]。激光冲击强化(laser shock peening,LSP)是一种利用高能脉冲激光诱发高速冲击波在靶材表层诱生微塑性变形的表面处理技术,常被用于消除LPBF构件中有害残余拉应力,同时引入有益的残余压应力[4]。国内外已有诸多研究探究LSP工艺参数对LPBF构件强化效果的影响,但有关LPBF构件中初始残余应力场对LSP强化效果影响的研究较少。本文结合实验与有限元仿真,研究了引入LPBF初始残余应力场后LSP诱生残余应力场分布规律。
LPBF工艺使用的原材料为飞而康快速制造科技有限责任公司通过电极感应熔炼气雾化法制备的Ti6Al4V粉末,粉末颗粒中值尺寸为33.0 μm。LPBF工艺是通过Farsoon 271 M SLM系统实现的。打印过程通入氩气以防止氧化。40 mm×40 mm×10 mm的样品在尺寸为271 mm×271 mm×30 mm的钛合金基板上进行熔融,基板初始预热温度为150 ℃。具体工艺参数见表1,光斑局部扫描轨迹如图1(a)所示,更多加工细节见文献[5]。
LSP在北京镭宝激光技术有限公司生产的SIA-LSP-23设备上实现。样品表面贴黑胶带作为牺牲层,样品表面施加流动去离子水作为约束层。冲击完成后,利用线切割技术将样品分割为10 mm×10 mm×10 mm的小块样品用于残余应力测量。具体冲击参数见表2,冲击光斑路径如图1(b)所示。
残余应力测试设备为江苏大学激光研究所的x-350A型X射线应力测试仪,测量方法为侧倾固定法,工作电压20 kV,电流6 mA,准直管直径3 mm,衍射晶面为(213),使用电解抛光方法对深度分别为0、0.03、0.1、0.25、0.5 mm的点进行测量,电解液由70%甲醇、10%乙二醇丁醚、3%高氯酸和17%水组成。
多步仿真策略如图2所示。第1步构建顺序热力耦合分析的热-力-冶金模型,再现LPBF加工时温度和应力演变过程,获取LPBF-Ti6Al4V合金初始残余应力场;第2步构建LSP模型,并且有选择性地将初始残余应力场引入LSP模型,构建零应力模型和拉应力模型,并完成冲击仿真。
LPBF模型尺寸如图3(a)所示。底板尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×5 mm,打印区域尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×10 mm,为提高计算效率,从下至上依次为8层1 mm厚的等效层、3层0.50 mm厚的等效层和2层0.25 mm厚的等效层。为方便残余应力场的传递,LPBF模型网格尺寸与后续LSP模型一致。通过调整标准Goldak模型表达式[式(1)~(2)][6]中Goldak移动热源尺寸和热源集中因子构建缩放模型对等效层进行扫描,两种热源形状如图3(b)所示,简化后的扫描策略如图3(c)所示。每层等效层使用Abaqus平台中的“Model Change”功能依次激活。
式中:afarbc分别为移动热源前半轴、后半轴、宽度半轴和深度尺寸;A1A2A3分别为XYZ方向的能量集中因子;η为激光功率吸收系数,取η=0.45;P为激光功率;fffr分别为前、后椭圆能量分配系数,取ff=0.6,fr=1.4。
使用Abaqus平台的USDFLD子程序定义3个场变量以实现Ti6Al4V合金“粉末-液态-固态-液态-固态”的状态转变。定义材料属性随着状态和温度变化[7]。此外,已有多项工作证明LPBF过程中,Ti6Al4V合金的固态相变会影响残余应力分布[8-9],为提高LPBF模型预测精确度,LPBF模型中的材料模型还引入了固态相变。考虑到α相、马氏体相等密排六方结构相的晶体结构、化学成分和晶格间距基本一致,将它们统一称为αmix[10]。本次模拟工作中考虑了αmix→β和β→αmix两种相变过程,包含扩散相变和非扩散相变两种相变类型,分别用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami(JMA)和Koistinen-Marburger(KM)方程进行描述[11]
马氏体分解和冷却速度小于20 ℃/s时的β→αmix过程均为扩散相变,可通过JMA方程进行描述[11]
式中:fnewT+dT)为等温区间内新生成相的体积分数;ti为等温区间时间间隔;kn分别为反应速率常数和Avrami指数,其取值见文献[11];为温度T下生成相的平衡体积分数,其中αmix相平衡体积分数可由式(4)计算得出,其与β相平衡体积分数总和为1。
式中:c1c2均为常数,分别为0.925和0.008 5;β相转变温度Tβ=980 ℃。
冷却速度大于410 ℃/s时,马氏体相变可通过KM模型描述:
式中:为αmix相生成量;f′β为转变开始时β相的含量;马氏体转变速率系数b=0.001 5;马氏体转变温度Ms=800 ℃。
LPBF仿真中采用顺序耦合分析,为降低模型复杂度以提高计算效率,忽略了熔池内的流动行为,同时与状态转变或固态相变有关的潜热也被忽略了[7]。热传递的控制方程满足傅里叶热方程[12]
式中:ρ为材料密度;C为比热容;k为热导率;为移动热源强度;T为温度;t为计算时间。为使式(6)有唯一解,需要在模型中设置初始条件、边界条件。环境温度设定为25 ℃,边界条件包含对流换热和热辐射[10]
式中:hconv为对流换热系数,取18 W/(m2·℃)[13]T为当前温度;T0为环境温度;ε为发射率,取0.65[9];Stefan-Boltzmann常数σSB=5.68×10-8W/(m2·K4)。
力学分析中,一个增量步中的总应变增量表达式为:
式中dεe、dεp、dεth和dεph分别为弹性应变增量、塑性应变增量、热应变增量和固态相变引起的体积应变增量。其中dεph计算公式[8]为:
式中:Δfi为当前增量步相变程度;VαmixVβ分别为αmix和β相单位晶胞的体积,其具体数值见文献[8]。通过Abaqus平台的UEXPAN子程序实现dεph的计算。
为将LPBF初始残余应力场施加至LSP模型,LSP有限元模型与LPBF模型一致,如图4所示。其中底座尺寸为30 mm×30 mm×5 mm,底座下端固定。冲击样品尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×10 mm。考虑到模型尺寸与实际冲击样品相差较大,在样品四周引入无限元单元,厚度为1 mm。无限元单元的引入可以有效避免模型边界处应力波的反射,大幅减小模型体积,提高计算准确度和效率。无限元单元为CIN3D8,有限元单元为C3D8R。经网格尺寸收敛性分析后,平面方向网格尺寸为90 μm×90 μm,深度方向采用40~1000 μm的单向偏差网格尺寸。图4还展示了后续应力数据提取路径P1、L1和L2。其中,P1为光斑中心垂直向下的路径。
不同类型的冲击载荷加载都是通过Abaqus平台中的VDLOAD子程序实现的。其中,峰值压力可以根据Fabbro提出的一维冲击波膨胀模型[14]计算得出:
式中:Pmax为峰值压力;α为内能分配系数,取α=0.2;Z1Z2分别为TiAl4V合金和去离子水声阻抗,Z1=2.75×106 g/(cm2·s),Z2=0.17×106 g/(cm2·s)[15]β为吸收层对脉冲激光的吸收系数,取0.9;El为激光脉冲能量;Rτ分别为光斑半径和脉冲宽度。
表2中工艺参数计算可得,I0=7.162 GW/cm2,峰值压力Pmax=3.62 GPa。本次冲击实验采用Nd∶YAG激光器,其光束能量在空间上呈准高斯分布,即在距中心时功率密度下降为I0/e2。以光斑中心为坐标原点,冲击波压力的空间分布表达式[16]为:
式中:xy为某点到光斑中心距离;R为光斑半径;Pt)为冲击波压力随时间分布函数。
文献[17]发现冲击波压力脉宽约为激光脉宽的2~4倍。本文将压力简化为线性上升和线性下降2个区间,后者时间为前者的2倍,总脉宽为30 ns。
选用Johnson-Cook模型定义高应变速率(接近107 s-1)下材料的动态响应行为[18],同时考虑到LSP过程为绝热过程,故忽略温度软化效应,其本构方程[19]为:
式中:σ为流动应力;ε为等效塑性应变;为等效塑性应变率;参考应变率=0.001 s-1ABnC分别为初始屈服强度、硬化模量、应变硬化系数、应变率敏感系数。本次模拟工作J-C模型参数[20]表3
图5为LPBF模型中心点和表面中点处温度和x方向热应力变化曲线。图中虚线为零应力水平线。从图5可知,当移动热源扫描至中心点时,高于熔点的温度使得中心点处应力基本处于零应力状态;当热源距中心点较近且逐渐靠近中心点时,低于熔点的高温在中心点处产生了强烈的二次加热效应,此时中心点的膨胀行为受到周围材料的阻碍而处于压应力状态;热源远离时,中心点处收缩行为受到周围材料阻碍,应力状态为拉伸态;当移动热源距中心点较远时,为平衡中心点上层材料的拉应力,中心点处应力状态逐渐由拉应力转变为压应力,并在扫描结束后逐渐成为稳定的残余压应力场。整体上看,中心点处应力呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力-压应力”的转变规律。然而,由于没有后续层的二次加热,表面中点处应力整体呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力”的转变规律,其稳定残余应力为拉伸状态。
图6为LPBF样品表面中点不同深度处残余应力测量值与预测值。从图6可以看出,打印完成样品表层残余应力由拉伸状态转变为压缩状态。同时,还能观察到热-力-冶金模型预测值在拉伸状态和压缩状态下均稍大于X射线测量值,这可能是仿真模型未将打印部分与底座分离导致的,但预测值整体仍与测量值相近,表明所构建的热-力-冶金模型具有可靠性,可以为后续LSP仿真提供可靠初始残余应力场。
图7为LSP处理前后零应力模型和拉应力模型中不同路径残余应力分布。从图7看出,2种模型在L1路径均产生了明显的残余压应力,并且在冲击区域边缘存在显著应力梯度分布。零应力模型中,路径L1上残余压应力峰值为-941 MPa,在拉应力模型中,受表层残余拉应力影响,其残余压应力峰值为-852 MPa。值得注意的是,2种模型在图7(a)箭头处均出现了不同程度的“残余应力洞”现象[21]。在零应力模型中,残余压应力最大降幅约为100 MPa,拉应力模型中压应力的最大降幅约为70 MPa。此外还发现零应力模型中“残余应力洞”出现的位置分别在距L1中心位置-2、0和2 mm附近,即冲击光斑中心位置附近。而在拉应力模型中,出现“残余应力洞”现象的位置减少为2处,分别位于距L1路径中心位置-1和1 mm处,即光斑重叠位置的中点。路径L2上残余应力分布规律与路径L1类似。但该路径距光斑中心较远,其冲击压力相对较小,进而导致零应力模型和拉应力模型中峰值残余压应力分别降至-904和-803 MPa。同时,均匀分布的冲击波压力使得该路径上残余压应力分布比路径L1更均匀,只有零应力模型中出现了轻微的“残余应力洞”现象,而拉应力模型中基本不存在“残余应力洞”现象。
对比分析结果表明,拉应力模型中“残余应力洞”强度低于零应力模型,且其位置会偏离冲击光斑中心。这一现象的原因是LPBF构件表层残余拉应力对表面波引起的反向塑性变形产生了抑制和拖拽效应。其中,抑制效应会减小反向塑性变形量,拖拽效应会阻碍反向塑性变形在光斑中心处汇集。在这两种效应作用下,零应力模型中离冲击区域边缘较近的“残余应力洞”被拖拽至冲击区域边缘后消失,而冲击区域中心处的“残余应力洞”则被分解为2个较弱的“残余应力洞”,如图7(a)所示。最终,LPBF构件中表层残余拉应力表现出提高LSP诱生残余应力分布均匀性的效果。
不同模型中路径P1残余应力预测值与实验测量值见图8。从图8可以看出,零应力模型中,表面峰值残余压应力为-936 MPa,随着深度增加,残余压应力值迅速减小,深度为0.42 mm时,残余压应力为0。拉应力模型中,深度方向存在由拉伸状态转为压缩状态再转为拉伸状态的初始残余应力场。其中,表层初始残余拉应力会削弱激光冲击强化效果,导致拉应力模型中残余压应力峰值下降至-853 MPa,而下方的初始残余压应力则会促进残余压应力的增加,延缓残余压应力向残余拉应力转变过程,进而使得拉应力模型中残余压应力层深度增加至0.98 mm。此外,还可以看出在0~30 μm深度范围内,实验测量值与拉应力模型预测值在数值大小和分布规律上具有良好的一致性。随着深度增加,实测值与预测值之间误差轻微增大,具体表现为预测值小于实验测量值,原因可能是LPBF模型中打印区域未与底板分离,致使拉应力模型中的初始残余拉应力值稍大于实际值,进而使得冲击后的残余压应力小于实际测量值。尽管预测压应力略小于实测值,但误差均在可接受范围之内,同时,LPBF构件中初始残余应力场对LSP诱生残余应力场的影响规律不会受细小数值差异影响。
1)LPBF加工时,随着移动热源的靠近和远离,LPBF构件中下层材料热应力呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力-压应力”的转变过程,表层材料由于缺少后续扫描过程,呈现“零应力-压应力-拉应力”的转变规律。这种区别使得LPBF样品表层残余应力状态为拉伸状态,中间层为压缩状态。
2)LPBF样品中初始残余拉应力场会对表面波引起的反向塑性变形产生抑制和拖拽效应,进而减小反向塑性变形量,同时阻碍反向塑性变形向光斑中心汇聚,最终实现提高LSP诱生残余应力场分布均匀性的效果。
3)与零应力模型相比,拉应力模型中表层的初始残余拉应力使LSP诱生的峰值残余压应力峰值由-936 MPa降至-853 MPa,但次表层的初始残余压应力会使LSP诱生残余压应力场的深度由0.42 mm增至0.98 mm。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.029
  • 接收时间:2025-03-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-30
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国家自然科学基金(51871243)
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    中南大学 材料科学与工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083

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杨扬(1963—),男,湖南常德人,二级教授,主要研究方向为材料动态行为。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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