Article(id=1241064278107680908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736006400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822381760, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822381760, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822381760, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822381760, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241064275599479114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='201', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822381162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822785847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241064279420498072, articleId=1241064278107680908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Permanent Deformation of a Blend of Construction Waste and Red Clay, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the stability and durable service of a blend of construction waste and red clay under load, a California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, rebound modulus test and failure strength test were performed to determine the appropriate content of red clay in the blend. The influence of compaction degree, confining pressure, stress ratio and loading times on the macroscopic permanent deformation of the blend was comprehensively analyzed by triaxial tests, and the evolution of internal structure during the deformation process of the blend was simulated by discrete element method. The results show that with red clay at an appropriate content of 65%, the blend of construction waste and red clay can have its permanent deformation increase gradually as the stress level becomes higher, and decrease gradually with the increase of confining pressure and compaction degree. During the deformation process, the internal shear stress, coordination number and slip rate of the blend all increase gradually as the stress level becomes higher. Based on the test results and in consideration of stress state, including confining pressure, failure strength and loading stress, physical state, such as compaction degree, and loading times, a permanent deformation prediction model was proposed and validated. With a correlation coefficient of 0.89, the model is considered to have a “relatively good fit”.

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针对建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料在荷载作用下的稳定及耐久性服役问题,通过土的承载比(CBR)试验、回弹模量试验和破坏强度试验确定混合料的适宜红黏土掺入率,通过三轴试验综合分析压实度、围压、应力比及加载次数对混合料宏观永久变形特性的影响,并通过离散元法对混合料变形过程中内部结构演化进行模拟。结果表明:建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料适宜的红黏土掺入量为65%,该配比条件下的混合料永久变形随着应力水平增加逐渐增大,随着围压、压实度增加逐渐减小;在变形过程中,混合料试样内部剪切应力、配位数及滑移率均随着应力水平提高逐渐增加。基于试验结果,提出并验证了一种综合考虑应力状态(围压、破坏强度、加载应力)、物理状态(压实度)以及加载次数的永久变形预估模型,模型拟合相关系数为0.89,拟合效果良好。

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谢唐新(1996—),男,湖南邵东人,硕士,主要研究方向为路基路面工程。E-mail:

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谢唐新(1996—),男,湖南邵东人,硕士,主要研究方向为路基路面工程。E-mail:

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谢唐新(1996—),男,湖南邵东人,硕士,主要研究方向为路基路面工程。E-mail:

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articleId=1241064278107680908, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=永久变形量), Keyword(id=1241064286836027897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064278107680908, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=离散元法), Keyword(id=1241064286970245638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064278107680908, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=预估模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1241064295602123694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064278107680908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=50, issue=11, pageStart=1143, pageEnd=1158, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=AZAM A M, CAMERON D A, RAHMAN M M, journalName=Canadian Geotechnical Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AZAM A M, CAMERON D A, RAHMAN M M. 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Compaction test results

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红黏土掺入率/%最大干密度/(g·cm-3)最佳含水率/%
01.7613.81
351.8115.97
451.8516.66
551.9017.32
651.9718.17
751.9119.03
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击实试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
红黏土掺入率/%最大干密度/(g·cm-3)最佳含水率/%
01.7613.81
351.8115.97
451.8516.66
551.9017.32
651.9718.17
751.9119.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241064291902747451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064278107680908, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dynamic triaxial testing scheme

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试验方案应力水平压实度/%围压/kPa
A10.69320
A20.79320
A30.89320
A40.69620
A50.79620
A60.89620
B10.69340
B20.79340
B30.89340
B40.69640
B50.79640
B60.89640
C10.69360
C20.79360
C30.89360
C40.69660
C50.79660
C60.89660
), ArticleFig(id=1241064293555303237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064278107680908, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

动三轴试验方案

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试验方案应力水平压实度/%围压/kPa
A10.69320
A20.79320
A30.89320
A40.69620
A50.79620
A60.89620
B10.69340
B20.79340
B30.89340
B40.69640
B50.79640
B60.89640
C10.69360
C20.79360
C30.89360
C40.69660
C50.79660
C60.89660
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Calibration results of mesoscopic parameters in DEM simulation

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类型切向接触刚度ks/(N·m)法向接触刚度kn/(N·m)粒间摩擦因数μ密度ρ/(kg·m-3)
颗粒22×10611×1060.282 280
墙体边界1×1081×108
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DEM模拟中细观参数标定结果

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类型切向接触刚度ks/(N·m)法向接触刚度kn/(N·m)粒间摩擦因数μ密度ρ/(kg·m-3)
颗粒22×10611×1060.282 280
墙体边界1×1081×108
), ArticleFig(id=1241064294343832423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064278107680908, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Fitting results of permanent deformation model

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α1α2α3α4α5R2
1.710.26-0.122.930.330.89
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永久变形模型拟合结果

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α1α2α3α4α5R2
1.710.26-0.122.930.330.89
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建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料永久变形试验研究
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谢唐新 , 何忠明 , 黄超
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(5): 27-33
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(5): 27-33
建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料永久变形试验研究
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谢唐新 , 何忠明, 黄超
作者信息
  • 长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 谢唐新(1996—),男,湖南邵东人,硕士,主要研究方向为路基路面工程。E-mail:

Experimental Study on Permanent Deformation of a Blend of Construction Waste and Red Clay
Tangxin XIE , Zhongming HE, Chao HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.005
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针对建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料在荷载作用下的稳定及耐久性服役问题,通过土的承载比(CBR)试验、回弹模量试验和破坏强度试验确定混合料的适宜红黏土掺入率,通过三轴试验综合分析压实度、围压、应力比及加载次数对混合料宏观永久变形特性的影响,并通过离散元法对混合料变形过程中内部结构演化进行模拟。结果表明:建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料适宜的红黏土掺入量为65%,该配比条件下的混合料永久变形随着应力水平增加逐渐增大,随着围压、压实度增加逐渐减小;在变形过程中,混合料试样内部剪切应力、配位数及滑移率均随着应力水平提高逐渐增加。基于试验结果,提出并验证了一种综合考虑应力状态(围压、破坏强度、加载应力)、物理状态(压实度)以及加载次数的永久变形预估模型,模型拟合相关系数为0.89,拟合效果良好。

矿区道路  /  建筑废弃物  /  红黏土填料  /  永久变形量  /  离散元法  /  预估模型

In order to explore the stability and durable service of a blend of construction waste and red clay under load, a California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, rebound modulus test and failure strength test were performed to determine the appropriate content of red clay in the blend. The influence of compaction degree, confining pressure, stress ratio and loading times on the macroscopic permanent deformation of the blend was comprehensively analyzed by triaxial tests, and the evolution of internal structure during the deformation process of the blend was simulated by discrete element method. The results show that with red clay at an appropriate content of 65%, the blend of construction waste and red clay can have its permanent deformation increase gradually as the stress level becomes higher, and decrease gradually with the increase of confining pressure and compaction degree. During the deformation process, the internal shear stress, coordination number and slip rate of the blend all increase gradually as the stress level becomes higher. Based on the test results and in consideration of stress state, including confining pressure, failure strength and loading stress, physical state, such as compaction degree, and loading times, a permanent deformation prediction model was proposed and validated. With a correlation coefficient of 0.89, the model is considered to have a “relatively good fit”.

mining area road  /  construction waste  /  red clay subgrade filler  /  permanent deformation  /  discrete element method  /  prediction model
谢唐新, 何忠明, 黄超. 建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料永久变形试验研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 27 -33 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.005
Tangxin XIE, Zhongming HE, Chao HUANG. Experimental Study on Permanent Deformation of a Blend of Construction Waste and Red Clay[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 27 -33 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.005
随着矿业开采规模不断扩大,矿区基础设施建设成为矿区运营中不可忽视的一部分。矿区道路建设所需的材料多依赖于天然砂石资源,这不仅增加了原材料的采购成本,也对周边生态环境造成了潜在的负面影响。如何在满足建设需求的同时,减少对环境的影响,成为亟待解决的关键问题。基于此,有学者提出可将矿区周边建筑废弃物(经过破碎、筛分、去除杂质处理)作为一种可持续填料替代品应用于路基填筑[1-2],从而有效消耗矿区建设所产出的建筑废弃物,并取得显著的经济效益[3-4]。将建筑废弃物用作路基填料虽有诸多优势,但材料组分复杂、孔隙率较高的自身特性对其成为一种优质路基填料有着较大阻碍。因此,有研究人员提出应用建筑废弃物与土的物理混合方法[5-6]来改善其性能,并分别对混合料进行了一系列室内力学试验[土的承载比(CBR)、回弹模量等],结果表明建筑废弃物-土混合料在合适配比条件下有着良好的路用性能。然而,关于南方地区常见特殊土——红黏土改良建筑废弃物用于路基填筑的研究鲜有报道,这对该地区建筑废弃物的大规模利用造成一定限制。
交通荷载下,路基填料直接承受着上部传递而来的大周数循环剪切作用,路基强度持续劣化、永久变形不断累积,导致路面结构极易出现车辙、开裂等诸多病害,大幅制约道路系统发挥应有的安全、舒适、耐久等功能[7-8]。近年来,研究人员针对路基填料的永久变形特性[9-10]进行了系统研究,此外,从微观角度对填料宏观永久变形特性进行机理解释,对实际工程具有理论指导意义[11-12]。然而,研究人员对永久变形的研究多数停留在宏观永久变形特性上,对建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料在变形过程中内部结构演化的了解存在不足。为了使建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料在路基工程中广泛应用,从宏、微观角度对其永久变形特性进行综合分析是有必要的。
动三轴试验是一种普遍认可的测定永久变形特性的试验方法,但动三轴试验成本较高,耗时较长,且需要专业的人员进行操作,故此,建立一个快速且便捷的建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料永久变形预估模型是有必要的。由于材料的特殊性与复杂性,各种模型对建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的适用性有待商榷。
为解决上述问题,本文以红黏土为掺合料,按不同掺入率与建筑废弃物材料进行物理混合,并通过CBR试验、回弹模量试验和破坏强度试验确定建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料适宜的红黏土掺入率。然后,通过动三轴试验综合分析压实度、围压、应力比及加载次数对适宜配合比混合料宏观永久变形特性的影响,并通过离散元法(DEM)对适宜配合比混合料变形过程中的内部结构演化进行模拟。在此基础上,建立一个综合考虑物理状态、应力状态及加载次数的永久变形预估模型,以期为路基建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的稳定及耐久运营提供理论支持。
试验所用建筑废弃物取自中国南方某矿区拆迁产生的建筑垃圾,对其进行破碎、筛分、去除杂质处理后可知其主要成分为混凝土、砖石和砂浆。其中,混凝土(粒径范围9.5~19.0 mm)含量(质量分数,下同)45.2%,砖石(粒径范围4.75~9.50 mm)含量39.5%,砂浆(粒径范围0~4.75 mm)含量15.3%。建筑废弃物颗粒级配曲线如图1所示。
试验所用土料为湖南长沙地区常见红黏土,其液限为56.5%,塑限为28.6%,塑性指数27.9,密度2.68 g/cm3,最大干密度1.63 g/cm3,最佳含水率22.5%,砂粒含量5.9%,粉粒含量14.4%,黏粒含量79.7%。
为有效分析红黏土掺入率(红黏土质量与试样总质量的比值)对建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料力学性能的影响,设置不同红黏土掺入率,通过击实试验得到建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的最大干密度、最佳含水率如表1所示。为确保混合料在制样过程中均匀制备,首先需要精确称量并按设定比例混合红黏土和建筑废弃物。混合过程中,使用旋转搅拌器进行充分搅拌以确保两种材料均匀分布。同时,在混合过程中应少量且均匀地添加蒸馏水以避免湿度差异引起的分层现象。混合完成后,通过分样和重复搅拌验证其均匀性。
依据《公路土工试验规程》(JTG 3430—2020)对不同红黏土掺入率的混合料进行CBR试验、回弹模量试验及破坏强度试验。其中,试样压实度分别为93%、96%,含水率为对应的最佳含水率。破坏强度试验中,围压分别为20、40、60 kPa,加载应变速率0.02 mm/s,当混合料试样在轴向应变达到15%前发生破坏时,取其轴向应力峰值点作为破坏强度,若混合料试样在轴向应变达到15%时仍未破坏,则以15%轴向应变所对应的轴向应力作为破坏强度。
选用Dynatriax100/14全自动三轴试验系统对适宜红黏土掺入率的建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料进行永久变形试验,该设备提供的静荷载和动荷载最大值分别为10和14 kN,围压最大值为1 000 kPa,动荷载可施加的最高频率为10 Hz,加载波形支持半正弦波、三角波等自定义输入,应力误差控制在0.01 kPa以内,位移采集精度可至0.01 μm。应力状态是永久变形试验的关键条件,为表征试验方案中选取的轴向循环应力水平,结合不同围压条件下的建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料破坏强度情况,引入循环应力水平:
式中:η为应力水平;σd为加载应力;σcs为破坏强度。
为尽可能模拟路基在运营期间的实际工况,本文选取围压分别为20、40、60 kPa,应力水平分别为0.6、0.7、0.8,加载波形为半正弦波,频率1 Hz,加载时间0.2 s,间歇时间0.8 s,加载次数10 000次,且试样的永久变形(通过三轴位移传感器测定每一加载次数所对应的永久变形)达到5%时停止试验加载,具体试验方案如表2所示。
选取4.75 mm作为建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料中粗(混凝土、砖石)、细(砂浆、红黏土)料的分界粒径[13],并基于图1所示颗粒级配曲线和红黏土掺入率(65%)建立建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的DEM模型,如图2(a)所示。同时,为尽可能模拟建筑废弃物颗粒形状对混合料永久变形的影响,参照文献[14]的不规则颗粒算法进行粗颗粒的生成,详见图2(b)。该方法主要有两个步骤:①定位颗粒及相应轮廓;②凸多边形颗粒的填充。在此基础上,通过Bubble pack算法进行不规则粗颗粒的放置,并在不规则粗颗粒间填充球形细颗粒。同时,选用重力堆积和伺服加载的方法对混合料进行压实,且DEM试样孔隙率与实际试样孔隙率一致。DEM模型两侧通过伺服系统施加设定的围压,底部为无法移动的固定边界,上边界是由clump创建的加载板,能够施加与永久变形试验相同的半正弦间歇性循环荷载,加载函数如式(2)所示。
式中:σ1为第一主应力;σ3为围压;σd为加载应力;ω=2π/0.1;t为加载时间。
在DEM模拟过程中,线性模型提供了相互独立作用的线性分量和阻尼分量。其中,线性分量提供线弹性摩擦特性,阻尼分量提供黏滞特性,但由于作用面积有限,两者仅能传递力而不能传递力矩。线性黏结模型在线性模型基础上增加了能够承受张力的分量,且依然只能传递力而不能传递力矩。因此,在模拟过程中,选用线性黏结模型对混合料中的颗粒接触进行赋值(黏结强度设为1×1030 N),并以其作为柔性两侧边界。
通常而言,DEM模型中的细观参数需要与三轴试验结果进行反复对比而标定。为了对细观参数进行快速且准确的标定,本文将不同参数进行组合标定,并与三轴试验结果进行反复对比,其标定流程如图3所示,标定结果见表3
本文选择试验方案B4~B6的永久变形试验结果与DEM模拟结果进行对比,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,永久变形模拟值与实测值结果吻合较好,且永久变形终值基本相同。此外,模拟值的拟合优度随着应力水平增加而下降,这可能是由于试样对永久变形产生的内部阻力(颗粒间的咬合能力和摩擦力)随着应力水平增加而呈现不规律的增加或减小,进而导致误差率增大。
为进一步确定模拟结果和试验结果间的相关程度,通过t检验对所有工况下的永久变形实测值和模拟值进行显著性差异分析。t检验的函数公式如式(3)所示,分析结果如图5所示。可以看出,永久变形实测值和模拟值的差异较小,即本文所建立的DEM模型足以模拟建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的永久变形特性。
式中:y为永久变形实测值;x为永久变形模拟值。
对不同红黏土掺入率的混合料在不同压实度及不同围压条件下进行了CBR、回弹模量及破坏强度试验,建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的力学性能试验结果如图6所示。由图6可以看出,混合料试样的CBR、回弹模量及破坏强度均随着红黏土掺入率增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并于红黏土掺入率65%时达到峰值。这是由于建筑废弃物属于典型多孔隙材料,红黏土的掺入使得材料内部结构发生改变,即随着红黏土掺入率提高,混合料内部结构由骨架-空隙结构向着骨架-密实结构逐渐转变,红黏土掺入率增加至65%后,混合料内部结构随着红黏土掺入率增加往悬浮-密实结构过渡。建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料中适宜的红黏土掺入率为65%。
对红黏土掺入率65%时的建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料试样进行不同围压、不同应力水平及不同压实度条件下的永久变形试验,结果如图78所示。可以看出,试样的永久变形随着压实度增加而减小,且在高围压时减小幅度更为明显。以工况A3、A6、B3、B6、C3、C6的永久变形终值为例,压实度从93%增至96%时,20、40、60 kPa围压所对应的永久变形终值分别减小25.13%、26.82%、30.02%。此外,在低围压(20 kPa)和低压实度(93%)条件下,试样即使在较低的应力水平(0.6)作用下也会产生较大的永久变形。相比之下,在高围压(60 kPa)、高压实度(96%)、高应力水平(0.7)条件下,试样的永久变形终值相对较小。因此,压实度对混合填料永久变形的影响一定程度上取决于应力状态。
图78不难发现,试样的永久变形在相同围压、压实度条件下随着应力水平提高而增大。以工况C4、C5、C6的永久变形终值为例,应力水平0.6、0.7、0.8时对应的永久变形终值分别为1.15%、1.73%、3.11%。这是由于随着应力水平提高,试样产生剪切软化效应,从而减小了试样抵抗永久变形的能力。与此同时,应力水平对永久变形的影响随着围压减小逐渐增强,围压20 kPa时尤为明显。已有研究表明,围压是影响路基填料永久变形的重要因素之一[15]。以工况A6、B6、C6的永久变形终值为例,围压从20、40、60 kPa对应的永久变形终值分别为3.83%、3.41%、3.11%。这是由于围压增加使得试样所受约束力提高,限制了永久变形的增长。
此外,试样的永久变形在加载前期迅速增加,最高可达永久变形终值的70%,且在加载的中后期存在3种变形状态:塑性安定状态、塑性蠕变状态及增量破坏状态[16]。当试样内部承载力足以抵消加载应力时(工况C4),其变形表现为塑性安定状态,即随着加载次数增加,永久变形缓慢增加并趋于定值。当试样内部承载力不足以完全抵消加载应力时(工况A6),试样表现为塑性蠕变状态,即永久变形随着加载次数增加而持续增大,但不会导致试样突然破坏。当试样内部承载力远低于加载应力时(工况A3),试样表现为增量破坏状态,即永久变形随着加载次数增加而迅速增大,进而导致试样破坏。
在加载过程中,剪切应力在整个DEM试样内部形成。为直观了解混合料在加载过程中的内部结构演化,对DEM试样在围压40 kPa、压实度96%时,不同应力水平下的剪切力分布情况进行分析,结果如图9所示。由图9可知,随着应力水平增加,颗粒之间的接触力链愈加密集,整体结构中的应力传递路径逐渐清晰且更为集中。这表明随着应力水平提高,颗粒之间传递的剪切应力逐渐增加,尤其是在应力水平0.8时,整体颜色偏向深色,受力颗粒的应力集中现象加剧。这种应力的集中传递使得颗粒体系在加载过程中发生永久变形的趋势增大,从而导致永久变形逐步累积。
围压40 kPa、压实度96%时,不同应力水平下的DEM试样在加载过程中的配位数及滑移率演化规律见图10。可以看出,不同应力水平下的初始配位数差异不大,但随着应力水平增长,峰值配位数和最终颗粒滑移率均明显增大。试样对永久变形产生的内部阻力主要由颗粒间的咬合能力和摩擦力组成。由上述结果可知,当加载过程中产生的剪切应力小于试样内部阻力时,颗粒滑移率随着加载次数增加呈现先增长后稳定的趋势,反映在宏观层面则表现为塑性安定状态;当加载过程中产生的剪切应力等于或大于试样内部阻力时,颗粒滑移率随着加载次数增长呈现持续增长或急速增长的趋势,反映在宏观层面则表现为塑性蠕变状态或增量破坏状态。
试验结果表明,建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的永久变形与围压、应力水平、压实度、加载次数有着显著相关性,而应力水平取决于加载应力和破坏强度。基于静、动三轴试验结果建立了一个综合考虑应力状态(围压、破坏强度、加载应力)、物理状态(压实度)以及加载次数的永久变形预估模型:
式中:εp为永久变形;N为加载次数;σ3为围压;σatm为大气压强,通常取值100 kPa;σd为动三轴试验中的实际加载应力;σcs为静三轴试验所得破坏强度;Rc为压实度;α1、α2、α3、α4、α5均为模型参数。
永久变形模型拟合结果如表4所示。由表4可以看出,相关系数R2=0.89,拟合效果良好。
为验证所建模型的适用性,进行了补充试验,并将试验数据代入式(4)进行拟合,鲁棒性验证结果如图11所示。由图11可见,大部分散点集中分布在直线y=x周围,其R2=0.91,拟合效果良好。
1)建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料的CBR、回弹模量及破坏强度与压实度、围压皆成正相关关系。任一工况下,混合料的CBR、回弹模量及破坏强度均随着红黏土掺入率增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,并于红黏土掺入率65%时达到峰值。因此,混合料中适宜的红黏土掺入率为65%。
2)红黏土掺入率65%所得混合料的永久变形随着应力水平增加逐渐增大,随着围压、压实度增加逐渐减小。循环作用下的永久变形在加载前期迅速增加,最高可达永久变形终值的70%。
3)变形过程中,混合料试样内部剪切应力、配位数及滑移率均随着应力水平提高逐渐增加。变形过程中,试样内部产生的剪切应力小于内部阻力时,滑移率随着加载次数增长呈现先增加后稳定的趋势,宏观层面表现为塑性安定状态;当试样内部产生的剪切应力大于等于内部阻力时,滑移率随着加载次数增长呈现持续增长或急速增长的趋势,宏观层面表现为塑性蠕变状态或增量破坏状态。
4)基于静、动三轴试验结果建立了一种综合考虑应力状态(围压、破坏强度、加载应力)、物理状态(压实度)以及加载次数的建筑废弃物-红黏土混合料永久变形预估模型,模型拟合相关系数为0.89,拟合效果良好。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51978084)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52478437)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ5027)
  • 长沙理工大学专业学位研究生实践创新项目(SJCX202003)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.005
  • 接收时间:2025-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-05
基金
国家自然科学基金(51978084)
国家自然科学基金(52478437)
湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ5027)
长沙理工大学专业学位研究生实践创新项目(SJCX202003)
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    长沙理工大学 交通学院,湖南 长沙 410114
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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