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Article(id=1241064277772136586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745078400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822381679, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822381679, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822381679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822381679, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241064275599479114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='201', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822381162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822785847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=176, endPage=180, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241064278460002447, articleId=1241064277772136586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Processing Time on Microstructures and Hardness of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni Alloys, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of ultrasonic melt processing time on the microstructures and hardness of as-cast and homogenized Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni alloys was studied. The results show that ultrasonic melt processing leads to more uniform distribution of Fe/Ni-rich phases. Two-minute ultrasonic processing can result in grain refinement of the alloy. However, ultrasonic processing, if extended to 6 minutes, will result in grain coarsening. It is found that ultrasonic processing promotes the dissolution of Al2Cu phase and enhances the solid-solution strengthening effect, resulting in improvement in hardness of the as-cast alloy. After homogenization, Fe/Ni-rich phase is detected as the residual secondary phase in the structure, which exhibits discontinuous distribution along the grain boundaries after ultrasonic processing.

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研究了熔体超声处理时间对铸态和均匀化态Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni合金组织和硬度的影响。结果表明，熔体超声处理使富Fe/Ni相的分布变得均匀；超声处理2 min可细化合金晶粒，延长超声处理时间至6 min导致晶粒粗化；超声处理促进了Al2Cu相的溶解，增大了固溶强化效应，提高了铸态合金的硬度。铸态合金均匀化后组织中残余第二相均为富Fe/Ni相，但超声处理后富Fe/Ni相沿晶界呈不连续分布。

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柏松（1984—），男，江苏盐城人，副教授，主要从事铝合金组织调控与强韧化研究。E-mail：
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徐尚睿（2000—），男，河南洛阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事耐热铝合金的制备工艺研究。E-mail：

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徐尚睿（2000—），男，河南洛阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事耐热铝合金的制备工艺研究。E-mail：

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徐尚睿（2000—），男，河南洛阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事耐热铝合金的制备工艺研究。E-mail：

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CRC press, 2003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241064294670988150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=6, pageStart=33, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=崔振杰, 姜海昌, 张舵, journalName=材料热处理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=崔振杰, 姜海昌, 张舵, 等. Mn对铸态及均匀化态6082铝合金组织的影响[J]. 材料热处理学报, 2024, 45(6): 33-41., articleTitle=Mn对铸态及均匀化态6082铝合金组织的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241064294914257797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=6, pageStart=33, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=20, authorNames=CUI Zhenjie, JIANG Haichang, ZHANG Duo, journalName=Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CUI Zhenjie, JIANG Haichang, ZHANG Duo, et al. 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Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 2024, 45(6): 33-41., articleTitle=Influence of Mn on microstructure of as-cast and homogenized 6082 aluminum alloy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241064295107195795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=12083, pageEnd=12087, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=21, authorNames=何翠云, 莫文锋, 罗兵辉, journalName=材料导报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何翠云, 莫文锋, 罗兵辉, 等. 均匀化处理对2A12铝合金组织及性能的影响[J]. 材料导报, 2020(12): 12083-12087., articleTitle=均匀化处理对2A12铝合金组织及性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241064295270773661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=12, pageStart=12083, pageEnd=12087, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=22, authorNames=HE Cuiyun, MO Wenfeng, LUO Binghui, journalName=Materials Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Cuiyun, MO Wenfeng, LUO Binghui, et al. Effect of homogenization treatment on microstructure and properties of 2A12 aluminum alloy[J]. Materials Reports, 2020, 34(12): 12083-12087., articleTitle=Effect of homogenization treatment on microstructure and properties of 2A12 aluminum alloy, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241064290057253504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, awardId=52071341, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52071341), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241064281685422312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241064281702199529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, companyId=1241064281685422312, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241064281714782443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, companyId=1241064281685422312, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241064285665816983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=SEM images of three as-cast alloys, figureFileSmall=TYRGN6VY3e401UvTKrrAHQ==, figureFileBig=lH9knvvDtMfHmwqvVVJAYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064285770674594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=图1, caption=3种铸态合金组织的SEM图片, figureFileSmall=TYRGN6VY3e401UvTKrrAHQ==, figureFileBig=lH9knvvDtMfHmwqvVVJAYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286001361336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Elemental mappings of three as-cast alloys, figureFileSmall=ipZROGrYt/KyYHgibgW7Jg==, figureFileBig=T1KSZmuMRtyAOKWHfKCnsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286131384772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三种铸态合金组织的元素面分布图, figureFileSmall=ipZROGrYt/KyYHgibgW7Jg==, figureFileBig=T1KSZmuMRtyAOKWHfKCnsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286244630992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=EBSD images of three as-cast alloys, figureFileSmall=SLlf5FyuyeQbC7lttaUVWQ==, figureFileBig=H+ML5/AIkzw82pk9sIaFXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286349488600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=图3, caption=3种铸态合金晶粒组织的EBSD图像, figureFileSmall=SLlf5FyuyeQbC7lttaUVWQ==, figureFileBig=H+ML5/AIkzw82pk9sIaFXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286454346209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Grain size distribution of as-cast alloys, figureFileSmall=cFkbxDVHemzzg3QXqNnqAA==, figureFileBig=+n8WWUjuXTEDnQnugckwPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286584369646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=图4, caption=铸态合金的晶粒尺寸分布, figureFileSmall=cFkbxDVHemzzg3QXqNnqAA==, figureFileBig=+n8WWUjuXTEDnQnugckwPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286685032946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=SEM images of homogenized alloys, figureFileSmall=ItBLvk94QVPi9Oek14dEOg==, figureFileBig=epIGSfyFjbgOgbYyB4AKUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286831833592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=图5, caption=均匀化后合金组织的SEM图片, figureFileSmall=ItBLvk94QVPi9Oek14dEOg==, figureFileBig=epIGSfyFjbgOgbYyB4AKUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286966051333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Elemental mappings of homogenized alloys, figureFileSmall=TuxO3VTUYCrSOqKeIyTURQ==, figureFileBig=jV5c1GyxK+rO/Ohvk1wyug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064287129629198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=图6, caption=均匀化后合金组织的元素面分布图, figureFileSmall=TuxO3VTUYCrSOqKeIyTURQ==, figureFileBig=jV5c1GyxK+rO/Ohvk1wyug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064287272235548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Chemical compositions of studied alloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号CuMgAgFeNiMnTiSiAl
合金14.400.480.900.420.430.310.180.02余量
合金24.320.470.880.460.430.300.190.03余量
合金34.310.550.840.400.410.300.190.02余量
), ArticleFig(id=1241064287448396324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验合金化学成分（质量分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号CuMgAgFeNiMnTiSiAl
合金14.400.480.900.420.430.310.180.02余量
合金24.320.470.880.460.430.300.190.03余量
合金34.310.550.840.400.410.300.190.02余量
), ArticleFig(id=1241064288933179953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

EDS results of corresponding points in Fig.1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点号AlCuMgAgFeNiMnTiSi
163.6811.8215.087.810.450.730.16—0.26
279.020.150.160.010.070.090.2920.060.14
383.912.310.280.117.145.680.340.070.16
474.5623.510.800.060.070.830.100.010.06
579.237.727.563.900.460.690.12—0.32
684.230.300.230.04—0.030.2414.810.13
781.063.970.11—7.776.530.36—0.19
871.1026.490.440.100.061.660.080.07—
960.4616.8913.625.531.201.590.420.050.24
1080.016.020.230.097.156.020.470.01—
1169.6027.940.58—0.141.330.110.030.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289096757817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

图1中对应点的EDS结果（原子分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点号AlCuMgAgFeNiMnTiSi
163.6811.8215.087.810.450.730.16—0.26
279.020.150.160.010.070.090.2920.060.14
383.912.310.280.117.145.680.340.070.16
474.5623.510.800.060.070.830.100.010.06
579.237.727.563.900.460.690.12—0.32
684.230.300.230.04—0.030.2414.810.13
781.063.970.11—7.776.530.36—0.19
871.1026.490.440.100.061.660.080.07—
960.4616.8913.625.531.201.590.420.050.24
1080.016.020.230.097.156.020.470.01—
1169.6027.940.58—0.141.330.110.030.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289235169854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Average grain sizes and grain boundary fraction of as-cast alloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号平均晶粒尺寸/μm晶界百分比/%
小角度晶界（2°～10°）大角度晶界(>10°)
合金143.70±18.607.3392.67
合金235.62±11.715.9894.02
合金350.96±24.008.6691.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289444885066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

铸态合金平均晶粒尺寸与晶界比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号平均晶粒尺寸/μm晶界百分比/%
小角度晶界（2°～10°）大角度晶界(>10°)
合金143.70±18.607.3392.67
合金235.62±11.715.9894.02
合金350.96±24.008.6691.34
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289600074328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Vickers hardness of as-cast alloys

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号硬度（HV）
合金1102.40±3.18
合金2104.03±2.02
合金3108.96±1.97
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289717514852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

铸态合金的维氏硬度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号硬度（HV）
合金1102.40±3.18
合金2104.03±2.02
合金3108.96±1.97
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289855926895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

EDS results of corresponding points in Fig.5

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点号AlCuMgAgFeNiMnTiSi
166.1021.700.270.025.784.351.78——
260.8524.530.080.016.266.451.670.050.10
373.5416.550.170.025.593.150.770.060.14
472.8516.490.090.086.673.180.49—0.16
575.6214.940.370.043.814.150.96—0.11
676.3714.390.26—4.103.511.100.060.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289952395894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064277772136586, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

图5中对应点的EDS结果（原子分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
点号AlCuMgAgFeNiMnTiSi
166.1021.700.270.025.784.351.78——
260.8524.530.080.016.266.451.670.050.10
373.5416.550.170.025.593.150.770.060.14
472.8516.490.090.086.673.180.49—0.16
575.6214.940.370.043.814.150.96—0.11
676.3714.390.26—4.103.511.100.060.20
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超声处理时间对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni合金组织和硬度的影响
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徐尚睿 , 柏松 , 刘志义
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025,45(5): 176-180
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2025, 45(5): 176-180
超声处理时间对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni合金组织和硬度的影响
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徐尚睿 , 柏松 , 刘志义
作者信息
  • 中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083

    • 徐尚睿（2000—），男，河南洛阳人，硕士研究生，主要从事耐热铝合金的制备工艺研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

柏松（1984—），男，江苏盐城人，副教授，主要从事铝合金组织调控与强韧化研究。E-mail：
Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Processing Time on Microstructures and Hardness of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni Alloys
Shangrui XU , Song BAI , Zhiyi LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.031
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摘要
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研究了熔体超声处理时间对铸态和均匀化态Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni合金组织和硬度的影响。结果表明，熔体超声处理使富Fe/Ni相的分布变得均匀；超声处理2 min可细化合金晶粒，延长超声处理时间至6 min导致晶粒粗化；超声处理促进了Al2Cu相的溶解，增大了固溶强化效应，提高了铸态合金的硬度。铸态合金均匀化后组织中残余第二相均为富Fe/Ni相，但超声处理后富Fe/Ni相沿晶界呈不连续分布。

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金  /  超声处理  /  硬度  /  显微组织  /  沉淀强化  /  细化晶粒

The effect of ultrasonic melt processing time on the microstructures and hardness of as-cast and homogenized Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni alloys was studied. The results show that ultrasonic melt processing leads to more uniform distribution of Fe/Ni-rich phases. Two-minute ultrasonic processing can result in grain refinement of the alloy. However, ultrasonic processing, if extended to 6 minutes, will result in grain coarsening. It is found that ultrasonic processing promotes the dissolution of Al2Cu phase and enhances the solid-solution strengthening effect, resulting in improvement in hardness of the as-cast alloy. After homogenization, Fe/Ni-rich phase is detected as the residual secondary phase in the structure, which exhibits discontinuous distribution along the grain boundaries after ultrasonic processing.

Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy  /  ultrasonic processing  /  hardness  /  microstructure  /  precipitation hardening  /  grain refinement
徐尚睿, 柏松, 刘志义. 超声处理时间对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni合金组织和硬度的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 176 -180 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.031
Shangrui XU, Song BAI, Zhiyi LIU. Effect of Ultrasonic Melt Processing Time on Microstructures and Hardness of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni Alloys[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 176 -180 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.031
正文
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Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金时效处理后在｛111｝α面上析出大量盘片状Ω相，该相沉淀强化效果和耐热性良好，赋予合金优异的耐热性能，因而该合金在航空航天领域具有广阔应用前景[1-3]。但该合金在长期热暴露过程中性能衰减较严重，为此需要进一步改善其长期热暴露性能[4-5]。文献[6]尝试向Al-Cu-Mg-Ag合金中加入等量的Fe和Ni元素，形成富Fe、Ni的耐热相来提高合金热暴露性能，但富Fe/Ni相熔点高且较为坚硬，过于集中且数量众多的富Fe/Ni相降低了合金的塑性变形能力，易导致后续轧制开裂。熔体超声处理是改善铝合金铸造组织的有效手段，通过超声处理细化铝合金铸造组织，可以提升合金力学性能[7-9]。本文针对Al-Cu-Mg-Ag-Fe-Ni合金中的高熔点富Fe/Ni相，研究熔体超声处理对其在铸态和均匀化态合金组织中形貌分布及其对合金硬度的影响，探索调控粗大富Fe/Ni相、改善合金的轧制性能的工艺方法。
1　实验材料和方法
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实验采用工业纯Al、Mg、Ag和Al-50% Cu、Al-10% Fe、Al-10% Ni、Al-10% Mn及Al-6% Ti中间合金（合金中百分数均为质量分数），熔铸出成分如表1所示的3组合金。熔炼时依次将所用原料放入石墨坩埚，在电阻炉中加热到750 ℃至完全熔化，之后将熔体降到720 ℃除气精炼并静置10 min；合金1熔体未超声处理，合金2熔体、合金3熔体分别超声处理2 min、6 min；最后将合金熔体分别倒入模具中得到实验合金铸锭。超声处理设备型号为HC-2000E-QC，超声功率1 600 W，超声频率20 kHz。在铸锭上截取样品，进行420 ℃/6 h+515 ℃/24 h的双级均匀化处理。
使用小负荷维氏硬度仪测试铸态样品的硬度；采用配备背散射电子衍射（EBSD）探测器的场发射Tescan Mira4扫描电镜（SEM）观察铸态、均匀化态样品微观形貌，同时利用EBSD分析铸态样品的晶粒组织。不同状态合金中第二相的面积分数由软件Image Pro Plus进行统计，至少测量3张图片后取平均值。
2　实验结果及分析
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2.1　铸态组织的SEM形貌
图1为3种铸态合金组织的SEM图像。从低倍形貌可以看出3种合金中均存在大量第二相，主要有灰白色相、与灰白色相交错分布的深灰色相和亮白色鱼骨状相，此外晶内还有少量灰色块状相。如图1中白框内第二相所示，3种合金都有部分区域的第二相发生聚集，深灰色相与灰白色相交错分布。但经超声处理后，合金2与合金3的第二相聚集程度减弱，第二相分布变得均匀。
表2为图1对应点第二相成分的EDS分析结果。从表2可以看出，铸态组织中的亮白色相为AlCuMgAg相，灰白色相为Al2Cu相，深灰色相为AlCuFeNi相，晶内的灰色块状相为富Ti相。
图2为3种合金的元素面分布图。图2结果表明，晶界上的第二相富含Cu、Fe和Ni元素，且Fe和Ni偏聚在一起，这是由于Fe、Ni在Al中固溶度较低，这与之前的研究结果相吻合[10]。结合合金1的SEM和EDS结果可以发现，添加的Fe、Ni元素极易在凝固过程中与Cu结合，最终在晶界上形成大量粗大的AlCuFeNi相。通过超声处理，合金2中AlCuFeNi相的分布更加均匀且聚集程度降低，而超声处理产生的空化气泡和声流可能是富Fe/Ni相细化且分布均匀的主要原因[11]。合金制备采用的是Al-10% Fe中间合金，它往往有大量熔点在1 150 ℃的针状Al13Fe4相，而空化气泡又倾向于在熔体中的固体颗粒表面形成，并最终在其表面内爆。空化气泡内爆时一定范围内产生的压力大约为12 MPa，喷射速度为10 m/s，空化气泡内爆产生的高压冲击波不断冲击粗糙的Al13Fe4粒子，将它们分裂成更小的粒子[12]。另一方面，超声处理产生的声流稳定地将熔体从顶部输送到底部，然后高速地循环回来。模拟发现超声处理下产生的声流速度可达0.1 m/s，而未超声处理的熔体几乎没有流动[13]。如此高速的声流将被空化气泡破碎的Al13Fe4相均匀地分散在熔体中，最终凝固时与Cu、Ni结合，形成相对均匀的AlCuFeNi相。此外，合金2与合金3中第二相的面积分数分别为4.43%和3.60%，要低于合金1（4.91%）。AlCuFeNi相熔点高，第二相面积分数的减少可能是源于Al2Cu相的减少。超声处理时Cu元素也随着声流不断运动，更加均匀地分布在熔体中，减少了偏聚。因此Cu能更多地溶进铝基体中，减少了Al2Cu相的形成。
2.2　铸态合金的晶粒组织
图3为铸态合金晶粒组织的EBSD图，其中白线为小角度晶界（2°～10°），黑线为大角度晶界（>10°），3种铸态合金的平均晶粒尺寸与晶界比例见表3。可见3个合金的晶粒均为随机取向的等轴晶。经2 min超声处理后，合金2的晶粒组织较合金1略微细化，但经6 min超声处理后，合金3的晶粒组织比合金1粗大。
图4为铸态合金的晶粒尺寸分布图。从图4可以看出，合金1中晶粒直径大于60 μm的晶粒占比较少，晶粒直径30～40 μm的晶粒占比最多。合金2中直径小于40 μm的晶粒占比明显较合金1偏高。合金3晶粒有较明显的粗化，晶粒直径分布整体上都在向更大的尺寸偏移，大于60 μm的晶粒占比较多。超声处理2 min后，晶粒组织一定程度上细化；6 min超声处理对合金中第二相破碎效果较好，但使晶粒发生粗化，这可能是施加振动时间过长导致的。在超声处理过程中，强烈不断的空化效应产生局部高温高压，而过长时间的超声处理向熔体内导入过多能量，使得熔体升温，那些原来已经被细化的晶粒再次重熔，进而导致晶粒组织粗化。
2.3　铸态合金的硬度
表4为3种铸态合金的维氏硬度数据。可以看出随着超声处理时间延长，铸态合金硬度不断提高。
前面分析表明超声处理带来了两个直观的效果：一是富FeNi第二相的破碎与均匀分布和Al2Cu相的溶解；二是铸态合金晶粒组织的变化。由于第二相的面积分数较小，部分（1.31%）Al2Cu相回溶，这就意味着有较多Cu原子进入基体中，起到一定的固溶强化作用。此外，虽然合金3的晶粒一定程度上粗化，降低了晶界强化效果，但较为有限。根据Hall-Petch公式[14]：
式中：σgb为细晶强化对合金屈服强度的贡献；k为Hall-Petch系数，数值为0.15 MPa/m0.5[14]；d为平均晶粒直径。由此可以计算得到，3种合金的σgb分别为22.7、25.1和21.0 MPa，即超声后合金的晶粒粗化对强度影响很小。因此，超声处理后的晶粒组织不会显著影响铸态合金的硬度，而合金3硬度升高的主因是第二相溶解后由Cu元素引起的固溶强化。
2.4　均匀化态合金组织的SEM形貌
图5为3种合金均匀化后组织的SEM形貌，其中对应点的EDS分析结果见表5，均匀化后合金组织的元素面分布图如图6所示。由图5可见，3种合金大部分残余第二相为深灰色相。表5和图6进一步表明残余深灰色第二相为AlCuFeNi相，而绝大部分AlCuMgAg相和Al2Cu相在均匀化过程中发生溶解。定量统计结果表明，均匀化后3种合金残余第二相的面积分数依次为3.39%、3.10%和2.88%，即3种合金的残余第二相面积分数随着超声处理时间延长而减少。可见超声处理一定程度上促进了脆硬的AlCuFeNi相破碎溶解。
均匀化后的大块残余第二相会影响合金塑性，使合金在轧制过程中开裂风险增大[15-16]。图5中，合金1的残余AlCuFeNi相较为粗大、尖锐，且在晶界处大多呈连续分布，容易造成应力集中；合金2和合金3中残余第二相在晶界处呈不连续分布，将有助于改善合金的轧制性能。这主要是由于超声处理产生的空化气泡在尖锐的富Fe/Ni相表面内爆，富Fe/Ni相被分裂为更细小的颗粒，并在内爆产生的高温高压下发生部分重熔，使其在合金中不再连续分布。
3　结论
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1）熔体超声处理使铸态合金组织中的富Fe/Ni相分布更均匀，且合金经均匀化处理后富Fe/Ni相沿晶界不连续分布。
2）熔体超声处理2 min可细化铸态合金的晶粒组织，但超声处理6 min后晶粒组织发生粗化。
3）熔体超声处理促使铸态合金中Al2Cu相溶解，使更多Cu原子溶入基体，增大了固溶强化效应，提高了合金的硬度。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.031
  • 接收时间：2025-04-20
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-20
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    中南大学　材料科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　410083

通讯作者:

柏松（1984—），男，江苏盐城人，副教授，主要从事铝合金组织调控与强韧化研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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