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Article(id=1241064277323346054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744646400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822381572, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822381572, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822381572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822381572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241064275599479114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='201', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822381162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822785847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=154, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241064277621141640, articleId=1241064277323346054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Exploration of HPAL Process Conditions and Analysis of Particle Behavior at High Temperatures, columnId=1236276106727321817, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=METALLURGY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With nickel laterite ore from Morowali of Indonesia as the raw material, effects of various factors, including reaction time and temperature, stirring speed, acid-to-ore ratio, and slurry concentration, on the leaching rate were systematically investigated. Additionally, the leaching mechanism was explored by using the PHREEQC, a thermodynamic calculation software. The results show that after one hour reaction at 250 ℃, with acid-to-ore ratio of 300 kg/t and slurry concentration of 25%, the leaching rates of Ni and Co can reach 98.40% and 99.90%, respectively, while the leaching rates of Fe and Al are just 3.84% and 40.25%, respectively. The high selectivity of high pressure acid leaching (HPAL) is attributed by the factor that at high temperatures, not only the hydrolysis reaction of Fe and Al can be promoted, but also the pOH can be decreased from 14 to 10, which thereby inhibits leaching of Fe and Al. As the temperature rises to above 200 ℃, the number of H+ increases, which can ensure a sufficient amount of H+ for leaching of nickel and cobalt metals.

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以印度尼西亚莫罗瓦利红土镍矿为原料，考察了反应时间、反应温度、搅拌转速、酸矿比以及矿浆浓度等参数对浸出效果的影响，同时借助热力学计算软件PHREEQC阐明浸出机理。结果表明，反应时间1 h、反应温度250 ℃、酸矿比300 kg/t、矿浆浓度（质量分数）25%条件下，镍和钴浸出率分别为98.40%和99.90%，铁和铝浸出率仅分别为3.84%和40.25%；高压浸出具有高选择性的原因是：高温不仅能促进铁铝水解反应，同时也使pOH值从14降到10，抑制了铁、铝的浸出；随着温度升至200 ℃以上，H+数量增加，保证有足够的H+浸出镍钴金属。

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肖德超（1997—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，主要研究方向为镍的湿法冶炼。E-mail：

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肖德超（1997—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，主要研究方向为镍的湿法冶炼。E-mail：

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肖德超（1997—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，主要研究方向为镍的湿法冶炼。E-mail：

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Laterite Nickel Ore Smelting[M]. 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Chemical composition of raw material

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NiCoMnFeMgAlCrSi
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原料化学成分分析结果（质量分数）

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NiCoMnFeMgAlCrSi
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高压酸浸工艺条件探索及高温粒子行为研究
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肖德超 1 , 韦连军 1 , 王世军 1 , 杨宏 1 , 邓金平 1 , 马玄同 1 , 蔡星 2
矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025,45(5): 154-158
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矿冶工程杂志 | 冶金 2025, 45(5): 154-158
高压酸浸工艺条件探索及高温粒子行为研究
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肖德超1 , 韦连军1, 王世军1, 杨宏1, 邓金平1, 马玄同1, 蔡星2
作者信息
  • 1.宁波普勤时代有限公司广东分公司，广东　佛山　528000
  • 2.广东邦普循环科技有限公司，广东　佛山　528000

    • 肖德超（1997—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，主要研究方向为镍的湿法冶炼。E-mail：

Exploration of HPAL Process Conditions and Analysis of Particle Behavior at High Temperatures
Dechao XIAO1 , Lianjun WEI1, Shijun WANG1, Hong YANG1, Jinping DENG1, Xuantong MA1, Xing CAI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Branch of Ningbo Contemporary Brunp Lygend Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Guangdong Brunp Recycling Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.027
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摘要
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以印度尼西亚莫罗瓦利红土镍矿为原料，考察了反应时间、反应温度、搅拌转速、酸矿比以及矿浆浓度等参数对浸出效果的影响，同时借助热力学计算软件PHREEQC阐明浸出机理。结果表明，反应时间1 h、反应温度250 ℃、酸矿比300 kg/t、矿浆浓度（质量分数）25%条件下，镍和钴浸出率分别为98.40%和99.90%，铁和铝浸出率仅分别为3.84%和40.25%；高压浸出具有高选择性的原因是：高温不仅能促进铁铝水解反应，同时也使pOH值从14降到10，抑制了铁、铝的浸出；随着温度升至200 ℃以上，H+数量增加，保证有足够的H+浸出镍钴金属。

红土镍矿  /  高压浸出  /  高温  /  镍  /  钴

With nickel laterite ore from Morowali of Indonesia as the raw material, effects of various factors, including reaction time and temperature, stirring speed, acid-to-ore ratio, and slurry concentration, on the leaching rate were systematically investigated. Additionally, the leaching mechanism was explored by using the PHREEQC, a thermodynamic calculation software. The results show that after one hour reaction at 250 ℃, with acid-to-ore ratio of 300 kg/t and slurry concentration of 25%, the leaching rates of Ni and Co can reach 98.40% and 99.90%, respectively, while the leaching rates of Fe and Al are just 3.84% and 40.25%, respectively. The high selectivity of high pressure acid leaching (HPAL) is attributed by the factor that at high temperatures, not only the hydrolysis reaction of Fe and Al can be promoted, but also the pOH can be decreased from 14 to 10, which thereby inhibits leaching of Fe and Al. As the temperature rises to above 200 ℃, the number of H+ increases, which can ensure a sufficient amount of H+ for leaching of nickel and cobalt metals.

nickel laterite ore  /  high pressure acid leach (HPAL)  /  high temperature  /  nicke  /  cobalt
肖德超, 韦连军, 王世军, 杨宏, 邓金平, 马玄同, 蔡星. 高压酸浸工艺条件探索及高温粒子行为研究. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 154 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.027
Dechao XIAO, Lianjun WEI, Shijun WANG, Hong YANG, Jinping DENG, Xuantong MA, Xing CAI. Exploration of HPAL Process Conditions and Analysis of Particle Behavior at High Temperatures[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 154 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.027
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镍是重要的战略储备资源，应用领域广泛。近年来，随着新能源产业快速发展，电池正极材料用镍进一步增加[1]。当前，已探明的镍资源中硫化镍矿约占40%，红土镍矿占比达到60%[2]。随着高品位硫化镍矿逐渐减少，红土镍矿成为镍冶炼的重要原料。红土镍矿冶炼主要分为火法和湿法冶炼[3-5]。随着环境保护要求逐渐提高，迫切需求更加绿色的镍冶炼工艺[6-7]。高压酸浸工艺比火法冶炼工艺更绿色环保、成本更低、后续工艺衔接性更好[8]；高压酸浸工艺比常压浸出工艺浸出效率更高、成本相对较低[9]，因此，高压酸浸工艺成为研究重点。
印度尼西亚红土镍矿资源丰富，镍年产量位居世界首位[10]。本文以印度尼西亚莫罗瓦利红土镍矿为实验原料，研究了酸矿比、反应温度、反应时间、矿浆浓度等因素对镍浸出率的影响，并借用热力学计算软件PHREEQC分析高温对水相中H+、OH-以及SO42-行为的影响，从新的角度分析高压浸出工艺浸出有价金属的机理，以期为红土镍矿的开发提供技术依据。
1　实验
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1.1　实验原料
实验所用原料为印尼莫罗瓦利红土镍矿（褐铁矿型红土镍矿），原料化学成分分析结果如表1所示。
1.2　实验设备及试剂
实验设备包括小型高压釜、SHZ-D（Ⅲ）循环水式真空泵、725 ICP-OES型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、电热恒温鼓风干燥箱等。实验试剂为98%浓硫酸（分析纯）。
1.3　实验原理
褐铁矿型红土镍矿主要为金属氧化物，根据当前研究，在高压酸浸过程中主要的浸出反应[11-12]为：
1.4　实验方法
取300 g矿物，加入去离子水，配制成不同浓度（质量分数，下同）的矿浆。充分混匀后置于小型高压釜中，加入适量浓硫酸，密封高压釜后，打开搅拌，升温至设定温度后开始计时，达到设定的保温时间后，反应结束。将高压釜冷却至室温后，采用真空过滤机抽滤，使用725 ICP-OES型电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪分析溶液成分。
采用热力学计算软件PHREEQC进行模拟实验，使用的数据库为phreeqc.dat，模拟参数根据实验确定的优化浸出条件下所得滤液成分进行设定。
2　结果与讨论
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2.1　反应时间对高压浸出的影响
反应温度250 ℃、矿浆浓度25%，搅拌转速130 r/min、酸矿比300 kg/t，反应时间对浸出率的影响如图1所示。随着反应时间延长，镍、钴等金属浸出率增加。浸出时间50 min时，镍、钴浸出率分别为95.01%、99.89%，可满足镍、钴浸出率大于95%的生产要求。继续延长反应时间，镍、钴浸出率增加不明显。鉴于生产实践和实验研究之间的差异，反应时间确定为60 min。
2.2　矿浆浓度对高压浸出的影响
反应时间60 min，其他条件不变，矿浆浓度对浸出率的影响如图2所示。在实验研究的矿浆浓度范围内，镍、钴浸出率都在95%以上。矿浆浓度增加，Ni、Al、Mg等金属浸出率都有不同程度地增加，其中铝浸出率增加得更明显，表明保持高浓度矿浆有利于金属的浸出。考虑到矿浆运输条件的限制，矿浆浓度确定为25%。
2.3　搅拌速度对高压浸出的影响
矿浆浓度25%，其他条件不变，搅拌速度对浸出率的影响如图3所示。搅拌速度90～200 r/min范围内，镍、钴有价金属的浸出率都在95%以上，表明搅拌速度90 r/min就可以充分混匀矿物颗粒和溶液。选择搅拌速度130 r/min进行后续实验。工业生产的搅拌转速需通过放大实验、流体模拟计算以及生产调试最终确定。
2.4　酸矿比对高压浸出浸出的影响
搅拌转速130 r/min，其他条件不变，酸矿比对浸出率的影响如图4所示。随着酸矿比增加，镍、钴、铁、铝浸出率均增大。为了保证生产的浸出效果，同时降低铁、铝等杂质金属的浸出，酸矿比确定为300 kg/t。
2.5　反应温度对高压浸出的影响
酸矿比300 kg/t，其他条件不变，反应温度对浸出率的影响如图5所示。随着反应温度升高，镍、钴浸出率增加，铝浸出率明显下降，铁浸出率基本维持在3%以下。
提高温度有利于铁、铝的脱除，这是因为高温促进了铁、铝水解反应[13]的发生：
温度升高，越负，有利于水解反应的发生。使用热力学计算软件计算水解反应的lgK（离子积常数），结果如图6所示。沉淀反应的lgK随着温度升高而降低。这说明随着温度升高，铁、铝更容易转变为固相从溶液中脱离。
综上所述，升高温度有利于有价金属的浸出和铁、铝的脱出。鉴于经济成本以及设备等因素的影响，在保证镍钴浸出效果的条件下，高压酸浸生产温度250 ℃为宜。
2.6　优化条件下的镍钴浸出
根据单因素实验的结果，获得优化工艺条件为：反应时间60 min，矿浆浓度25%，搅拌转速130 r/min，酸矿比300 kg/t，温度250 ℃。在该条件下进行浸出综合实验，镍和钴浸出率分别为98.43%和99.90%，铁和铝浸出率分别为3.84%和40.25%。
2.7　高温下粒子行为对浸出选择性的影响
高压浸出具有较高的选择性，镍和钴浸出率分别为98.43%和99.90%，铁、铝浸出率相对较低。高压浸出高选择性的原因不仅是铁、铝水解的增加，水相中其他粒子行为也会影响浸出效果。借助热力学计算软件PHREEQC预测高温高压环境对各粒子行为的影响。考虑到高压环境仅仅是为了保证高压釜内的沸腾，这里只研究温度对高压浸出的影响。水相中粒子性质随着温度的变化规律如图7所示。
H+浓度随着温度增加先减小后增大。分析水相中各种粒子与H+的相互作用，推测可能硫酸根离子的存在形式影响了H+浓度的变化。随着温度增加，SO42-分布率逐渐趋近0，基本以HSO4-形式存在。这意味着在高温高压环境中，H2SO4电离出来的H+减少。这是H+浓度随着温度增加而减小的原因。水的离子积常数KW随着温度升高而增大。这是水相中H+浓度在200 ℃以后逐渐增加的原因。在高温高压环境下，H+浓度反而有一定程度上升，保证足够H+与金属氧化物发生浸出反应，这是镍、钴浸出率保持在95%以上的原因之一。
随着温度升高，OH-浓度增大，pOH值从14降到10，原因是KW随着温度升高而增大。H+浓度降低以及OH-浓度增加有利于铁、铝水解。这是高压浸出工艺可以高选择性浸出镍、钴等有价金属的原因。
3　结论
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1）高温高压酸浸的优化工艺条件为：反应时间60 min，反应温度250 ℃，酸矿比300 kg/t，矿浆浓度25%。在此条件下，镍、钴浸出率分别为98.40%、99.90%，铁、铝浸出率分别为3.84%、40.25%。
2）高压酸浸工艺能高选择性地浸出有价金属的原因是：高温条件下，受SO42-影响，H+浓度随着温度升高而减小，但随着离子积常数增加，温度继续升高到200 ℃以上时，H+浓度反而增加，这保证了镍、钴的浸出。
3）铁铝浸出率较低的原因是：离子积常数随着温度升高而增大，导致pOH值从14降到10，促进了铁、铝的水解，减少了杂质元素铁、铝的浸出。
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.027
  • 接收时间：2025-04-15
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-04-15
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    1.宁波普勤时代有限公司广东分公司，广东　佛山　528000
    2.广东邦普循环科技有限公司，广东　佛山　528000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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