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Article(id=1241064276270567754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741104000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773822381322, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773822381322, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773822381322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822381322, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241064275599479114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2025', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='201', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773822381162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773822785847, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241065973038501947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1241064275599479114, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241064276580946253, articleId=1241064276270567754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Impact of Faults on Open-Pit Slope Stability and Prediction of Unstable Slopes, columnId=1236276106018484431, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MINING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

There are well-developed faults in an open-pit molybdenum mine, which may lead to slope instability during open-pit mining. Three typical faults running through the ultimate boundary were selected to investigate progressive instability mechanism of the slopes in the open-pit mine under coupling effect of multiple faults by integrating Rhino+Griddle 3D geological modeling and FLAC3D multi-field coupling simulation. Furthermore, the safety factors of slopes under different working conditions were calculated, and relatively unstable slopes were also identified for addressing the subsequent safety of the ultimate boundary. The simulation results show that, plastic failure and tensile stress concentration will occur in the slope at the junction of Zone C and Zone D, while local plastic failure will occur in the faults, which, however, won't induce instability failure in the surrounding slopes; there won't be much displacement in the slope at the ultimate boundary, with the maximum displacement (2.44 cm) at the toe of slope; the safety factors of the ultimate boundary of open pit under natural working conditions and rainfall are 2.48 and 2.36 respectively, indicating that the slope is stable. However, slope at Zone E with F1 fault is considered to be with a relatively instability, for which comprehensive measures including real-time monitoring, prevention and reinforcement can be taken to ensure the safety.

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某露天钼矿区内断层构造十分发育，可能导致露天开采发生边坡失稳问题。选取贯穿终了境界的3条典型断层，通过融合Rhino+Griddle三维地质建模与FLAC3D多场耦合模拟技术，研究多断层耦合效应下露天矿边坡的渐进失稳机理，并针对终了境界后续的安全问题，进一步求解边坡在不同工况下的安全系数和搜索相对危险的边坡区域。模拟结果发现：C区和D区的交界处边坡会发生塑性破坏和拉应力集中，而断层发生局部塑性破坏但不会导致周围边坡发生失稳破坏；终了境界的边坡位移不大，最大值位于坡脚且仅2.44 cm；终了境界自然工况和降雨工况的安全系数分别为2.48和2.36，边坡处于稳定状态，相对危险边坡位于F1断层所在的E区，可采取实时监测、预防加固等综合措施，以保证边坡安全。

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王祥钦（1999—），男，广东湛江人，硕士，助理工程师，从事采矿与岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：
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黄毅（1988—），男，江西赣州人，硕士，高级工程师，从事采矿工艺与岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：

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黄毅（1988—），男，江西赣州人，硕士，高级工程师，从事采矿工艺与岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：

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黄毅（1988—），男，江西赣州人，硕士，高级工程师，从事采矿工艺与岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：

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Coal Science and Technology, 2025, 53(2): 329-338., articleTitle=Monitoring and warning system and deformation rate threshold determining method for open-pit mine slopes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241064290413760575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, awardId=2022YFC2903905, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2903905), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241064280515203517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241064280527786430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, companyId=1241064280515203517, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=CINF Engineering Co, Ltd, Changsha 410019, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241064280536175039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Plastic failure nephogram, figureFileSmall=HdjQVwJ5ZHJFg55IGa1E0w==, figureFileBig=wiLup0bD+nogXqvsP0Sivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064285326070473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=图4, caption=塑性破坏云图, figureFileSmall=HdjQVwJ5ZHJFg55IGa1E0w==, figureFileBig=wiLup0bD+nogXqvsP0Sivw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064285502231251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Maximum displacement nephogram, figureFileSmall=uvPazZ+JJ81uqujuNWt7yg==, figureFileBig=zUgVu2RGldp8e8zPm/C2eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064285594505947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=图5, caption=最大位移云图, figureFileSmall=uvPazZ+JJ81uqujuNWt7yg==, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=图7, caption=拉应力云图, figureFileSmall=KukWuMFqyP/PGbg9UV7Y8Q==, figureFileBig=udbtoJM4y1P9Vyyy2LsZrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286219457305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Maximum displacement nephogram, figureFileSmall=7LnsF4zT850sutvfD09AWg==, figureFileBig=cuw/ROH1ksgrq00TkXsorg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286370452260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=图8, caption=最大位移云图, figureFileSmall=7LnsF4zT850sutvfD09AWg==, figureFileBig=cuw/ROH1ksgrq00TkXsorg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286479504176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Nephogram of maximum strain increment, figureFileSmall=YNBKeQV8ygXt7BBJjtRu0w==, figureFileBig=ELSS3Otxb+7OlZJ/3sV1wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286596944705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=图9, caption=最大应变增量云图, figureFileSmall=YNBKeQV8ygXt7BBJjtRu0w==, figureFileBig=ELSS3Otxb+7OlZJ/3sV1wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286697608014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Influence of F1 Fault on Zone-E slope, figureFileSmall=oEYCl8iwKpqEdISWn8r/pA==, figureFileBig=GEXUd3+pKSN4FLBrwFQ2Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286836020060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=图10, caption=断层F1对E区边坡的影响, figureFileSmall=oEYCl8iwKpqEdISWn8r/pA==, figureFileBig=GEXUd3+pKSN4FLBrwFQ2Iw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241064286932489065, 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Slope zoning

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边坡分区边坡设计高度/m整体设计边坡角/(°)
A15643
B15649
C38444～46
D27647
E32448
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289746866176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边坡分区信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
边坡分区边坡设计高度/m整体设计边坡角/(°)
A15643
B15649
C38444～46
D27647
E32448
), ArticleFig(id=1241064289910444050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mechanical properties of rock mass

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型密度/(kg·m-3)单轴抗压强度/MPa单轴抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比强度参数
C/MPaφ/(°)
第四系和强风化层2 4004.50.107.760.310.1032
矿体2 67021.20.5527.650.200.7238
围岩2 65018.50.5025.500.210.7037
断层散体1 8001.30.050.200.350.0428
), ArticleFig(id=1241064290011107357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型密度/(kg·m-3)单轴抗压强度/MPa单轴抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比强度参数
C/MPaφ/(°)
第四系和强风化层2 4004.50.107.760.310.1032
矿体2 67021.20.5527.650.200.7238
围岩2 65018.50.5025.500.210.7037
断层散体1 8001.30.050.200.350.0428
), ArticleFig(id=1241064290136936492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of seepage field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型渗透系数/[m2·(Pa·s)-1]孔隙率
第四系和强风化层1×10-60.35
围岩1×10-90.05
断层散体1×10-80.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241064290308902965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1241064276270567754, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

渗流场参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型渗透系数/[m2·(Pa·s)-1]孔隙率
第四系和强风化层1×10-60.35
围岩1×10-90.05
断层散体1×10-80.10
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断层构造对露天边坡稳定性的影响及危险边坡预测
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黄毅 , 王祥钦 , 徐海
矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025,45(5): 1-7
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矿冶工程杂志 | 采矿 2025, 45(5): 1-7
断层构造对露天边坡稳定性的影响及危险边坡预测
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黄毅 , 王祥钦 , 徐海
作者信息
  • 长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司，湖南　长沙　410019

    • 黄毅（1988—），男，江西赣州人，硕士，高级工程师，从事采矿工艺与岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：

通讯作者:

王祥钦（1999—），男，广东湛江人，硕士，助理工程师，从事采矿与岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：
Impact of Faults on Open-Pit Slope Stability and Prediction of Unstable Slopes
Yi HUANG , Xiangqin WANG , Hai XU
Affiliations
  • CINF Engineering Co, Ltd, Changsha 410019, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.001
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某露天钼矿区内断层构造十分发育，可能导致露天开采发生边坡失稳问题。选取贯穿终了境界的3条典型断层，通过融合Rhino+Griddle三维地质建模与FLAC3D多场耦合模拟技术，研究多断层耦合效应下露天矿边坡的渐进失稳机理，并针对终了境界后续的安全问题，进一步求解边坡在不同工况下的安全系数和搜索相对危险的边坡区域。模拟结果发现：C区和D区的交界处边坡会发生塑性破坏和拉应力集中，而断层发生局部塑性破坏但不会导致周围边坡发生失稳破坏；终了境界的边坡位移不大，最大值位于坡脚且仅2.44 cm；终了境界自然工况和降雨工况的安全系数分别为2.48和2.36，边坡处于稳定状态，相对危险边坡位于F1断层所在的E区，可采取实时监测、预防加固等综合措施，以保证边坡安全。

露天开采  /  断层  /  边坡稳定性  /  边坡位移  /  安全系数  /  危险边坡预测

There are well-developed faults in an open-pit molybdenum mine, which may lead to slope instability during open-pit mining. Three typical faults running through the ultimate boundary were selected to investigate progressive instability mechanism of the slopes in the open-pit mine under coupling effect of multiple faults by integrating Rhino+Griddle 3D geological modeling and FLAC3D multi-field coupling simulation. Furthermore, the safety factors of slopes under different working conditions were calculated, and relatively unstable slopes were also identified for addressing the subsequent safety of the ultimate boundary. The simulation results show that, plastic failure and tensile stress concentration will occur in the slope at the junction of Zone C and Zone D, while local plastic failure will occur in the faults, which, however, won't induce instability failure in the surrounding slopes; there won't be much displacement in the slope at the ultimate boundary, with the maximum displacement (2.44 cm) at the toe of slope; the safety factors of the ultimate boundary of open pit under natural working conditions and rainfall are 2.48 and 2.36 respectively, indicating that the slope is stable. However, slope at Zone E with F1 fault is considered to be with a relatively instability, for which comprehensive measures including real-time monitoring, prevention and reinforcement can be taken to ensure the safety.

open-pit mining  /  fault  /  slope stability  /  slope displacement  /  safety factor  /  unstable slope prediction
黄毅, 王祥钦, 徐海. 断层构造对露天边坡稳定性的影响及危险边坡预测. 矿冶工程杂志, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.001
Yi HUANG, Xiangqin WANG, Hai XU. Impact of Faults on Open-Pit Slope Stability and Prediction of Unstable Slopes[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2025 , 45 (5) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.001
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露天开采过程中，长期爆破振动会导致高陡边坡岩体强度降低，而矿区的地下水、大降雨、复杂地质构造，尤其是断层、破碎带等可能会成为边坡失稳破坏的诱因。含结构面的边坡比其他边坡更容易发生失稳事故[1-2]。数值模拟是研究边坡稳定性及其影响因素的成熟方法，许多学者[3-10]利用多种数值模拟软件和强度折减法研究不同工况下的边坡稳定性，搜索相应的潜在滑移面，并提出边坡防治方案。既有研究已系统论证了断层对边坡稳定性的显著影响，但在多断层群动态响应与露天开采扰动耦合作用方面仍需深化，尤其针对断层密集发育的露天矿山，其群组化断层空间互馈机制、开挖卸荷与降雨入渗叠加效应下的潜在活化规律尚不明确。
某露天钼矿共有13条断裂构造，断裂构造十分发育，在露天开采过程中应着重考虑断层对边坡稳定性的影响。本文以该露天钼矿为背景，聚焦贯穿终了境界的3条典型断层，通过融合Rhino+Griddle三维地质建模与FLAC3D多场耦合模拟技术，研究多断层耦合效应下露天矿边坡的渐进失稳机理，并为断层群发育矿山的风险分区防控与扰动控制提供理论依据。
1　矿区工程地质和边坡分区
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某钼矿位于低山丘陵地区，海拔350～720 m，相对高差150～300 m，沟谷呈“U”形或“V”形，山坡坡度一般20°～30°。区内平均年降雨量1 637.9 mm，最大年降雨量2 488.7 mm，最小年降雨量1 028.5 mm，每年的4～6月为丰水期，最大月降雨量517.6 mm。矿区内发育有较多的山间沟谷溪流，流量一般为0.11～7.51 L/s，历史洪水位高于现水位约2 m（标高约392 m）。风化带主要为强至弱风化带，在不存在构造破碎带影响的情况下，风化带总厚度为2.22～43.50 m，最大可达62.62 m，平均厚度为21.12 m。
矿区的南华系上施组地层分布于西部，占矿区面积的55%～65%。岩性以白云石英片岩和灰绿色绿泥白云母长石石英岩为主，总体地层产状265°～295°，倾角10°～45°，岩层中褶皱、劈理、层间小构造发育。矿区内断裂构造十分发育，有13条断裂构造，其中F1、F5和F8断层的相对位置关系如图1所示，这3条断层贯穿终了境界，受露天开采扰动的影响最大。F1断层位于北部靠西侧，出露长度大于800 m，宽度1.0～2.5 m，走向85°～100°，倾角55°～75°；F5断层位于北部靠东侧，出露长度大于800 m，宽度1.0～3.0 m，走向85°～95°，倾角52°～78°；F8断层位于矿区中部，出露长度约2 200 m，宽度2.0～2.5 m，走向85°～100°，倾角55°～75°。
综合考虑设计边坡形态特征、岩体结构特征、工程地质岩组特征、构造发育特征、边坡地下水、边坡破坏类型、工程地质测绘工作程度等因素，对边坡进行工程地质分区，将矿区内要素基本相同或一致的区域划分为同一工程地质分区，包括A区、B区、C区、D区和E区，如图2所示。5个边坡分区的边坡高度及整体设计边坡角见表1。
2　数值模拟
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采用AutoCAD、3DMine以及Rhino等软件建立研究区域工程尺度级的三维地质模型。首先，利用当前高精度三维现状地表图得到地表模型，利用设计的最终境界图纸得到最终境界坑，再利用勘探线剖面图得到具体走向和倾角的断层模型。然后利用Rhino软件进行全面合并处理，并通过网格剖分工具Griddle对曲面模型进行精细化网格剖分和修复报错网格，进而构建全四面体的三维地质网格实体模型。最后导出该矿区的三维数值计算网格模型。
数值模型包括第四系和强风化层、深部围岩、矿体以及F1、F5、F8断层。其中，第四系和强风化层厚21 m，F1、F5、F8断层各厚2.5 m，各岩体的力学参数见表2。模型共有5组，共630 074个单元、113 185个单元节点。模型尺寸为1 572 m×1 396 m。断层网格尺寸为2.5～200 m，其余网格尺寸为20～200 m，由地表到围岩底边界逐渐变大。模型如图3所示。
模拟采用节点速度作为模型约束条件，约束四周和底部边界，顶部边界为自由边界。先利用弹性本构模型模拟岩体自重，然后使用莫尔-库仑本构模型模拟矿岩的开采和剥离。通过命令流实现对每组的编号命名，例如将图3中境界内待剥离矿岩定义为矿岩组，为避免一次性采剥造成模拟结果失真以及多次采剥的繁琐，对该组矿岩从480 m标高开始往下至80 m标高每25 m垂高进行一次剥离，共进行16次采剥和模拟解算，通过塑性区、位移、应力三个角度综合分析露天开采结束后境界内边坡稳定性以及在开挖过程中断层对边坡稳定性的影响。
3　露天开采数值模拟结果分析
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3.1　塑性区分析
采剥完成的终了边坡塑性破坏云图如图4所示。为便于观察采剥矿岩导致的露天边坡塑性破坏，将在迭代过程中发生剪切破坏且模拟结束后处于稳定状态的区域更换为“None”的颜色。结合图2和图4可发现，边坡采剥模拟至355～330 m（第6次采剥）时，D区和C区的交界处边坡开始出现小范围的局部剪切破坏和张拉破坏。边坡采剥模拟至330～230 m标高（第7～10次采剥），剪切破坏和张拉破坏向露天境界底部以及两侧拓展。在发生剪切破坏的边坡处取剖面分析塑性区的贯通情况时发现，塑性区并未贯穿至地表，说明矿岩在采剥过程中应力重新分布，此处边坡发生了应力集中并造成局部破坏，但不会导致周围边坡发生破坏，边坡并不会发生局部失稳。在实际生产过程中，此处边坡的单次剥离量更小，但也需做好提前支护和预警监测。
3.2　位移变形分析
在自重阶段边坡位移通常较大，进而导致后续开挖扰动造成的位移不明显，边坡最大位移云图如图5所示。自重阶段边坡最大位移约11.7 cm，境界内边坡位移较小且看不出开挖扰动的影响。将自重阶段产生的位移清零后，仅露天开采活动导致的终了境界内边坡最大位移位于坡脚，约2.44 cm，边坡顶部的位移大部分在0.6～1.6 cm范围内。
为进一步观察终了境界边坡的位移方向，对X和Y方向位移进行分析，X方向和Y方向位移云图如图6所示。D区和C区边坡位移值较大，分别为10 mm和9.4 mm，但均朝着边坡内部。E区因断层F1的存在，局部边坡在X方向上朝着境界内自由面变形，但变形值不大，约6 mm。南北两侧边坡在Y方向位移均朝向边坡内部，且变形值不大，约5 mm。由图6可知，露天开挖扰动不会导致边坡发生大变形，边坡基本处于稳定状态。
3.3　应力分析
相较于塑性区，应力云图可以更直观看出由开采活动引起的临近破坏岩体。模拟发现采剥完成的终了边坡最大压应力约3.1 MPa，不会引起边坡压缩破坏。在云图中将压应力赋值为0，得到拉应力云图如图7所示。边坡最大范围的拉应力集中在D区和C区的交界处，包括了终了境界内的最大拉应力值（0.73 MPa）。另外E区F1断层以及E区和A区的交界处也有较大范围的拉应力集中，但数值不大，约0.25 MPa。在D区和C区的交界处取剖面，此处拉应力集中向边坡内部延伸，但内部拉应力不大，为0.3～0.4 MPa。临近破坏以及已经破坏的区域位于此处边坡的表层。
3.4　综合分析
结合塑性区、最大位移云图以及拉应力云图综合分析，D区和C区交界处有局部塑性破坏贯通，在实际生产中需采取控制措施，另外境界内边坡变形不大，虽然有局部范围的拉应力集中，但终了境界边坡整体上仍能保持稳定。
4　相对危险边坡预测
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借助FLAC3D以强度折减法进行边坡模拟，求解边坡安全系数，并搜索该矿区露天开采结束后终了境界边坡的相对危险区域，以便采取预防措施。
4.1　自然工况下的危险边坡预测
露天开采完毕后终了境界边坡在自然工况下模拟的最大位移和最大应变增量云图分别如图8和图9所示。
由图8～9可知，经过多次参数折减，边坡安全系数为2.48，仅从安全系数上看，终了境界可以保持边坡稳定。经过多次折减后，终了境界内最大位移位于E区边坡F1断层处，C区边坡也有较大位移。结合表1和图3分析，E区和C区都是超过300 m高的边坡，有断层穿过且边坡角度均较大。虽然C区边坡的边坡高度（384 m）大于E区的边坡高度（324 m），但E区的边坡角（48°）大于C区的边坡角（44°～46°），且断层F1的产状比断层F5和F8更易诱发边坡失稳，因此，E区边坡的失稳风险比C区边坡更大。断层F1对E区边坡稳定性的影响如图10所示。模拟结果显示，在多次强度折减后，强度较弱的F1断层产生的位移更大，该断层将率先发生失稳破坏并沿E区边坡向下滑动。
根据图8～10，在发生最大位移和最大应变增量的E区取边坡剖面分析边坡破坏模式，该剖面最大位移云图如图11所示，最大应变增量云图如图12所示。该边坡可能发生的破坏模式为圆弧滑动破坏，在受到大降雨、风化、爆破以及其他扰动因素影响时，将很可能以F1断层为诱因，先是F1断层发生失稳破坏向下滑落，然后牵引上部边坡岩体向下滑落，最终导致E区边坡整体失稳。
4.2　降雨工况下的危险边坡预测
该矿区每年的4～6月为丰水期，降雨会弱化边坡强度甚至进一步激活断层，进而导致边坡失稳，需考虑终了境界在降雨工况下的稳定性并进行流固耦合模拟。降雨工况下渗流场参数见表3。
为了更贴合实际的降雨工况，通过编写fish命令提取该矿区地表的顶点，标记为降雨面顶点，继而通过降雨面添加孔隙压力边界条件，实现降雨模拟。模拟中有少许顶点因模型的缺陷和fish命令的不足，导致未被识别，但基本上可以达到模拟目的，不影响降雨入渗和降雨工况安全系数的模拟结果。
以30 cm积水深的压力作为孔隙压力边界条件，模拟经历24 h降雨的终了境界降雨渗流，模拟结果如图13所示，沿C-E区边坡取降雨渗流剖面，可以发现降雨完全浸透台阶边坡并往下渗透10～20 m。
关闭流体计算并开启力学计算后得到流固耦合的模拟结果，关闭降雨使用的大变形状态，以该结果进一步以强度折减法进行安全系数求解。沿图13所示的剖面取E区边坡的最大位移云图和应变增量云图，如图14和图15所示。因降雨模拟中启用了大变形，在断层F1处有局部岩体滑落的趋势，破坏模式和自然工况下的模拟结果一致，但在降雨工况下，断层的诱发迹象更明显。另外，从图15可更明显看出降雨渗流对断层的影响。模拟结果显示，降雨工况下边坡的安全系数为2.36，说明边坡仍处于稳定状态，但是断层对边坡具有潜在危害。
4.3　防范措施
受地质资料和数值模拟的限制，模拟并未考虑地下水位、可能存在的诱发边坡失稳的未探明弱带和节理或其他隐蔽致灾等因素以及地震工况和爆破工况，实际的安全系数和极端工况的安全系数很可能会更低。但根据现有露天开采的塑性区、变形值以及较大安全裕度的安全系数，基本可以确定终了境界在常规工况下处于稳定状态。根据已有的模拟结果，并参考E区的边坡高度、边坡角以及F1断层，E区边坡确定是当前相对危险的边坡，其次为C区边坡。在实际生产中，应提前安装边坡雷达、GNSS接收器等边坡监测设备或者利用三维激光扫描、INSAR、分布式光纤等技术[11-12]，借助多种设备或技术手段综合提高边坡监测的准确性，以保证该矿山安全生产和终了境界的边坡安全。
5　结论
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1）露天开采至355～230 m（模型高度）时，D区和C区的交界处边坡开始出现小范围的局部剪切破坏和张拉破坏，在生产过程中需加以预防。此外，F1、F5、F8断层发生了局部塑性破坏，但并不会导致周围边坡发生破坏。
2）露天开采产生的最大位移位于坡脚，其中，Z方向位移约2.44 cm，X方向位移不超过1 cm，Y方向位移约0.5 cm。需要注意的是，F1断层在X方向上有朝终了境界内部自由面移动的趋势。
3）终了境界自然工况下的安全系数为2.48，降雨工况下的安全系数为2.36，均有较大的安全裕度，表明终了境界在常规工况下处于稳定状态。相对危险边坡位于F1断层所处的E区，C区边坡危险性次之。
4）针对断层渗透性强、岩体风化等隐蔽致灾因素以及持续强降雨、地震等极端工况，建议采取实时监测、预防性加固及风险预警阈值设定等综合措施，以提升边坡抗风险能力。
基金
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  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2903905)
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2025年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间：2025-03-05
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-05
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2903905)
作者信息
    长沙有色冶金设计研究院有限公司，湖南　长沙　410019

通讯作者:

王祥钦（1999—），男，广东湛江人，硕士，助理工程师，从事采矿与岩石力学方面研究。E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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