Article(id=1240648796133192464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712073600000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723323138, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1727712000000, pubDateStr=2024-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723323138, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723323138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723323138, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240648781595725960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723319672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824608750, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=163, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240648796498096948, articleId=1240648796133192464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Characterization of Graphite Anodes for Preparation of Rare Earth Metals, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the main factors affecting the service life of graphite anodes used in preparation of rare earth metals, a range of analytical tools, including a digital microscope, an optical microscope, an SEM, XRD, a simultaneous thermal analyzer and a four-probe tester were employed for comparison and comprehensive evaluation of macroscopic and microscopic morphology, crystal structure, graphitization, thermal properties and resistances of graphite anodes with different service lives. The results indicate that the resistance, internal cracks and porosity of graphite anodes contribute mainly to the difference in the service life of graphite anodes. The research results can be of reference for selection of graphite anode in preparation of rare earth metals, thus providing technical assistance for enterprises to realize cost reduction and efficiency improvement.

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为探究影响稀土金属制备用石墨阳极使用寿命的主要因素,采用数码显微镜、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、同步热分析仪、四探针测试仪对不同使用寿命石墨阳极的宏观和微观形貌、晶体结构、石墨化度、热学性能、电阻率进行了比较和综合评估。结果表明,石墨阳极电阻率、内部裂纹及孔隙度是造成石墨阳极使用寿命差异的主要因素。研究结果可为稀土金属制备用石墨阳极的筛选提供参考,为企业降本增效提供技术支持。

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徐仰涛(1978—),男,甘肃会宁人,博士,教授,主要从事有色金属设计、制备及性能的研究。E-mail:
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贾宝玲(1986—),女,甘肃环县人,硕士,讲师,主要从事炭素材料相关研究。E-mail:

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贾宝玲(1986—),女,甘肃环县人,硕士,讲师,主要从事炭素材料相关研究。E-mail:

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贾宝玲(1986—),女,甘肃环县人,硕士,讲师,主要从事炭素材料相关研究。E-mail:

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(a,d)阳极表面数码显微镜照片;(b,e)阳极内部数码显微镜照片;(c,f)光学显微镜图片

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(a)空气中;(b)氩气中

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(a)空气中;(b)氩气中

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石墨阳极晶面间距d002/nm石墨化度G/%晶粒尺寸/nm
A0.336 958223.3
J0.336 718517.9
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2种石墨阳极晶格常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石墨阳极晶面间距d002/nm石墨化度G/%晶粒尺寸/nm
A0.336 958223.3
J0.336 718517.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240648808703521162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648796133192464, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石墨阳极内部形貌晶体结构热重分析电阻率使用48 h后情况
外观内部裂纹夹杂物结晶程度石墨化度晶粒尺寸氧化峰值质量残留量
A裂纹麻点较多长裂纹大块不规则相当损坏严重
J孔洞坑疤裂纹尺寸小小块分布均匀良好
), ArticleFig(id=1240648808799990158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648796133192464, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

稀土金属制备用石墨阳极使用寿命影响因素评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
石墨阳极内部形貌晶体结构热重分析电阻率使用48 h后情况
外观内部裂纹夹杂物结晶程度石墨化度晶粒尺寸氧化峰值质量残留量
A裂纹麻点较多长裂纹大块不规则相当损坏严重
J孔洞坑疤裂纹尺寸小小块分布均匀良好
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稀土金属制备用石墨阳极特性分析
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贾宝玲 1, 2 , 徐仰涛 1, 2 , 朱珍旭 3 , 孙伟 3 , 高鹏 3 , 李贝 2 , 李宗成 3
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(5): 163-167
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(5): 163-167
稀土金属制备用石墨阳极特性分析
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贾宝玲1, 2 , 徐仰涛1, 2 , 朱珍旭3, 孙伟3, 高鹏3, 李贝2, 李宗成3
作者信息
  • 1.兰州理工大学 白银新材料研究院,甘肃 白银 730900
  • 2.兰州理工大学 省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 3.甘肃稀土新材料股份有限公司,甘肃 白银 730922
  • 贾宝玲(1986—),女,甘肃环县人,硕士,讲师,主要从事炭素材料相关研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

徐仰涛(1978—),男,甘肃会宁人,博士,教授,主要从事有色金属设计、制备及性能的研究。E-mail:
Characterization of Graphite Anodes for Preparation of Rare Earth Metals
Baoling JIA1, 2 , Yangtao XU1, 2 , Zhenxu ZHU3, Wei SUN3, Peng GAO3, Bei LI2, Zongcheng LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Baiyin New Materials Research Institute, Lanzhou University of Technology, Baiyin 730900, Gansu, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
  • 3.Gansu Rare Earth New Material Co., Ltd., Baiyin 730922, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2024-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.033
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为探究影响稀土金属制备用石墨阳极使用寿命的主要因素,采用数码显微镜、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、同步热分析仪、四探针测试仪对不同使用寿命石墨阳极的宏观和微观形貌、晶体结构、石墨化度、热学性能、电阻率进行了比较和综合评估。结果表明,石墨阳极电阻率、内部裂纹及孔隙度是造成石墨阳极使用寿命差异的主要因素。研究结果可为稀土金属制备用石墨阳极的筛选提供参考,为企业降本增效提供技术支持。

石墨阳极  /  稀土金属  /  石墨电极  /  稀土熔盐电解槽

In order to investigate the main factors affecting the service life of graphite anodes used in preparation of rare earth metals, a range of analytical tools, including a digital microscope, an optical microscope, an SEM, XRD, a simultaneous thermal analyzer and a four-probe tester were employed for comparison and comprehensive evaluation of macroscopic and microscopic morphology, crystal structure, graphitization, thermal properties and resistances of graphite anodes with different service lives. The results indicate that the resistance, internal cracks and porosity of graphite anodes contribute mainly to the difference in the service life of graphite anodes. The research results can be of reference for selection of graphite anode in preparation of rare earth metals, thus providing technical assistance for enterprises to realize cost reduction and efficiency improvement.

graphite anodes  /  rare earth metals  /  graphite electrode  /  electrolytic cell of molten rare earth
贾宝玲, 徐仰涛, 朱珍旭, 孙伟, 高鹏, 李贝, 李宗成. 稀土金属制备用石墨阳极特性分析. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (5) : 163 -167 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.033
Baoling JIA, Yangtao XU, Zhenxu ZHU, Wei SUN, Peng GAO, Bei LI, Zongcheng LI. Characterization of Graphite Anodes for Preparation of Rare Earth Metals[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (5) : 163 -167 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.033
熔盐电解槽是熔盐电解法制备稀土金属至关重要的生产装备[1],它主要由石墨密封件、石墨阳极、石墨槽等部件构成。石墨阳极被称为熔盐电解槽的“心脏”,其消耗成本占电解稀土生产加工成本的1/5~1/4[2]。目前,使用稀土氧化物-氟化物体系电解时,由于氟化物熔盐在高温条件下会电离出氟离子,对设备有很强的腐蚀性,弧状石墨阳极容易发生结构损坏,使用寿命仅约48 h。频繁更换石墨阳极严重影响电解槽的生产稳定性,并增加生产成本和能源消耗,制约了稀土熔盐电解的发展。本文对生产应用中的2种石墨阳极的性能进行综合分析比较,旨在找出影响其使用寿命的关键因素,进而帮助企业筛选优质的石墨阳极,降低成本、提高效益并提供技术支持。
实验所用材料为某稀土公司熔盐电解槽用石墨阳极,分别标记为石墨阳极A和石墨阳极J。整块石墨阳极为弧状,其内圈半径约125 mm,外圈半径约215 mm,高度约500 mm,质量约13.5 kg。
石墨阳极招标要求如下:固定碳含量(质量分数)大于98.5%,密度大于1.65 g/cm3,铁含量(质量分数)小于0.1%,电阻率小于12×10-6 Ω·m,表面应平整光滑,不得出现裂纹、明显条纹或直径大于0.3 mm的密集孔洞,且不允许出现凹凸不平、扭曲、变形或异物夹杂现象。
现场生产情况显示,这2种石墨阳极在熔盐电解槽中的服役时间为48 h,工作温度为1 050 ℃。服役后,石墨阳极出现起皮、掉渣、炭粒松动、表面凹凸不平甚至开裂等现象。石墨阳极A的损坏程度明显高于石墨阳极J,并且制备的镨钕金属中碳含量也呈现较大差异。
使用瑞德姆数码显微镜观察石墨阳极原始加工表面和内部形貌。然后将阳极切割成10 mm×10 mm×5 mm大小的方块,用砂纸打磨光滑,并用清水冲洗干净,随后放入100 ℃干燥箱中干燥1 h,使用Zeiss Axio Scope A1金相显微镜和TESCAN MIRA 3扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察其微观形貌,并用BRUKER XFlash 6130能谱仪分析其内部主要元素。
使用粉末X射线衍射仪(D8 ADVANCE)测定粉状石墨阳极的XRD图谱,步长2 s,扫描速率0.01(°)/s,扫描角度为20°~80°。利用Bragg公式、Franklin方程、Scherrer公式计算晶面间距、石墨化度和晶粒尺寸[3]
利用同步热分析仪(STA 449 F3 Jupiter)在空气和氩气中测试粉状石墨阳极材料的质量变化。气体流量设定为30 mL/min,升温速度为20 ℃/min,测试温度范围为25~1 100 ℃。
将石墨阳极切割成20 mm×20 mm×10 mm大小的方块,使用双电测四探针测试仪(RTS-8型)测量其电阻率,测试过程中电流量程设定为100 mA,探针平均间距为1 mm。
图1为2种石墨阳极的形貌图。由图1可以看到:石墨阳极A表面较为平整,主要存在细裂纹和麻点等宏观缺陷,而石墨阳极J表面的缺陷主要为孔洞和坑疤;石墨阳极A内部骨料含有少量针状焦,分布较为分散,并且存在较多的长裂纹,最长的裂纹长度超过1 500 μm,而石墨阳极J内部裂纹长度较小,并呈现较均匀分布的多孔隙结构。
石墨阳极在熔盐电解池中的消耗主要是电化学消耗和氧化消耗等[4-5]。石墨阳极孔隙率越高,表面越粗糙,比表面积越大,导致电化学消耗和氧化消耗速率越高。从图1看到,石墨阳极表面宏观缺陷容易识别,但不能代表其整体形态。外观上,石墨阳极A符合采购标准,但检查其内部形貌发现存在1 500 μm以上的超长裂缝,是采购标准裂纹允许长度的5倍,内部的裂纹随着石墨阳极的消耗逐渐暴露在熔盐中,熔盐进一步通过裂纹进入石墨阳极内部,石墨和熔盐的热膨胀系数不同,因此会加速石墨阳极的消耗速率。
石墨阳极的孔隙率决定其致密度,孔隙率和致密度呈反比关系,孔隙率较高时,致密度就会相对较低,反之亦然。魏致慧等[5]研究发现,石墨阳极致密度必须在1.65 g/cm3以上,否则阳极掉渣严重,阳极消耗过快,同时也会影响稀土金属中的碳含量。如图1所示,石墨阳极A孔洞多、直径大、分布杂乱,石墨阳极J孔洞较小、分布较均匀。现场发现,石墨阳极A损坏程度明显高于石墨阳极J,这与两者孔隙率差异有关,因此有必要控制石墨阳极的孔隙率。
2种石墨阳极的SEM-EDS表征结果如图2图3所示。石墨阳极中主要存在C、Ca、O、S 4种元素。其中,石墨阳极A中C元素质量分数约88.71%,较石墨阳极J中C元素质量分数92.21%低了3.5个百分点,其余元素总含量约10%。
在石墨阳极中观察到不规则分布的具有白色光泽的大块夹杂物,如图4所示。对夹杂物进行EDS分析后发现,这些杂质中C元素质量分数59.18%,含有较高比例的Ca、O、S元素,推测是石墨阳极制备过程中形成的碳酸钙等杂质。阳极中的S杂质是其在煅烧温度不高时硫化物未有效排除残留在石墨阳极中形成的。这些夹杂物不仅会影响石墨阳极的电阻率、增加石墨阳极的消耗量,还会通过熔盐电解反应带入稀土金属中,进一步影响稀土金属产品的纯度。
图5为2种石墨阳极的XRD图谱。2种石墨阳极的衍射峰基本一致,均在26.5°、44.4°、54.5°和77.4°显示突出的衍射峰,分别对应于石墨碳的(002)、(101)、(004)和(110)晶面,衍射峰角度与编号PDF# 00-041-1487的石墨光谱的2θ角度一致。由图5可见,2种石墨阳极的衍射峰相对强度和半高宽存在差异,石墨阳极A的(002)峰更加尖锐,说明石墨阳极A结晶化程度更高[6]。XRD图谱中没有发现其他晶体的衍射峰,表明石墨纯度较高。
利用Bragg公式、Franklin方程[7]、Scherrer公式计算了石墨阳极晶面间距、石墨化度和晶粒尺寸,结果见表1。石墨的石墨化度和结晶化度并不一致,这在文献[6]已有阐述。经比较石墨阳极的晶面间距d002与理想状态六方晶系石墨的d002,计算得到2种石墨阳极的石墨化度G分别为82%和85%,这个结果与EDS测试结果相互对应。石墨化度越高,阳极内的石墨晶体结构越趋于完整,缺陷和活性位点越少,从而可以排除杂质、提高阳极纯度,并降低比电阻,提高导电性能和真密度。
晶粒尺寸大小会影响石墨阳极的导电能力和力学性能,计算后发现,石墨阳极J的晶粒尺寸略小。
稀土电解槽的工作温度为(1 050±20)℃,因此采用热重分析对石墨阳极的热稳定性进行表征,结果如图6图7所示。2种石墨阳极均具有较好的热稳定性,在空气中时,约在400 ℃开始氧化分解,在445 ℃前后出现DTG峰值,质量变化速度最大,至1 100 ℃时,石墨阳极A的质量保持率约40%,而石墨阳极J质量保持率约45%,略高于石墨阳极A。在氩气中时,石墨阳极A在400~1 000 ℃之间质量损失呈线性分布,最终质量保持率约88%,石墨阳极J在400~800 ℃之间质量损失速度较高,800 ℃左右出现DTG峰值,最终质量保持率高达93.5%,明显高于石墨阳极A。
石墨阳极的电阻率测试结果如图8所示。石墨阳极A和J的电阻率分别为17.2 μΩ·m和10.4 μΩ·m。石墨阳极J的电阻率达到了普通石墨电极功率的标准,而石墨阳极A电阻率较高,达不到普通石墨电极功率的基本要求。石墨阳极的消耗中,电化学消耗可占到石墨阳极总消耗量的60%,高电阻率引起的高能耗会缩短阳极的使用寿命。因此建议用户采购时将电阻率测试项纳入采购要求中。
稀土金属制备用石墨阳极的使用寿命与阳极材料本身质量有关,也与其在熔盐电解槽中的使用工况相关,如熔盐种类、电解温度、阳极安装方式等。这里主要讨论石墨阳极自身相关特性对阳极寿命的影响,2种石墨阳极性能对比结果如表2所示。
从用户的角度考虑,除了严格执行招标要求外,还需重点借助电镜、超声波仪、四探针测试仪等设备检测石墨阳极的内部裂纹、孔隙率、电阻率。此外,用户在进行石墨阳极XRD和TG分析时,所需样本量为十几到二十几微克,与石墨电极体积庞大且在电解过程中石墨阳极消耗量为7.2~7.9 kg相比,测试样品量非常微小。为了更具代表性,需要科学地选择取样区域和取样量。
选择更高品质的石墨阳极有利于提高生产效率,相应地会增加购买成本,用户有必要在石墨阳极品质和成本之间进行有效平衡,优选适合企业自身产品工艺特点的石墨阳极产品。
对供给方而言,需要根据用户需求优化石墨阳极制备原料和工艺路线,稳定控制产品质量,如反复焙烧和浸渍[8];采用浸渍法使硼盐浸渍液填充于石墨孔隙中,以隔绝氧化和熔盐化学侵蚀作用[9];TiO2/SiC/SiO2涂层、C-(Ti)-PTFE涂层也能有效优化石墨电极消耗[10-11];提高石墨化温度[12]或使用添加剂Pr6O11有助于改善阳极石墨化度[13]
1)稀土金属制备用石墨阳极的电阻率是影响其使用寿命极关键的因素。
2)石墨阳极内部缺陷,如超长裂纹、大块夹杂物是影响其使用寿命的次要因素。选购石墨阳极时,不仅要关注其表面形态,更需要关注其内部缺陷。
3)石墨阳极结晶程度、石墨化度、晶粒大小、热稳定性对其使用寿命影响程度相对较小。
  • 甘肃省白银市科技计划项目(2022-2-29G; 2023-1-22G)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.033
  • 接收时间:2024-04-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2024-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-03
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甘肃省白银市科技计划项目(2022-2-29G; 2023-1-22G)
作者信息
    1.兰州理工大学 白银新材料研究院,甘肃 白银 730900
    2.兰州理工大学 省部共建有色金属先进加工与再利用国家重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730050
    3.甘肃稀土新材料股份有限公司,甘肃 白银 730922

通讯作者:

徐仰涛(1978—),男,甘肃会宁人,博士,教授,主要从事有色金属设计、制备及性能的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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