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Article(id=1240648790017896833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1712332800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723321680, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1727712000000, pubDateStr=2024-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723321680, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723321680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723321680, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240648781595725960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723319672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824608750, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=153, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240648791523652059, articleId=1240648790017896833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect of Water Splat Cooling on Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy Joints, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The effect of water splat cooling assisted friction stir welding (WCaFSW) on the structure, texture and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy welding joints were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and a tensile testing machine. The results show that compared to normal friction stir welding (FSW), WCaFSW can lead to grains in weld nugget zone (WNZ) with significantly reduced size and grains in all regions of WNZ with more uniform size, and a higher percentage of high-angle grain boundaries. The WNZ of FSW joints have and B shear texture, while the WNZ of WCaFSW joints have and C shear texture. Compared to FSW joints, WCaFSW joints have higher tensile strength and lower elongation rate. And ductile fracture is the main failure mode in both WCaFSW and FSW joints.

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采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及拉伸试验机等手段研究了水溅冷却辅助搅拌摩擦焊（WCaFSW）对铝合金焊接接头组织、织构和力学性能的影响。结果表明：与正常的搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）相比，WCaFSW能够显著降低焊核区的晶粒尺寸，促进焊核区各区域晶粒尺寸的均匀性，提高大角度晶界占比；FSW接头焊核区织构类型为和B剪切织构，而WCaFSW接头焊核区织构类型为和C剪切织构。WCaFSW接头抗拉强度高于FSW接头，但延伸率低于FSW接头。WCaFSW和FSW接头的断裂形式均为韧性断裂。

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孙有平（1979—），男，吉林松原人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为金属材料先进成形理论。E-mail：
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罗章（1998—），男，湖北孝感人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为铝合金搅拌摩擦焊。E-mail：

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罗章（1998—），男，湖北孝感人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为铝合金搅拌摩擦焊。E-mail：

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罗章（1998—），男，湖北孝感人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为铝合金搅拌摩擦焊。E-mail：

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（a）FSW；（b）WCaFSW

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（a）母材；（b）FSW；（c）WCaFSW

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（a）FSW，AS-TMAZ；（b）FSW，NZ；（c）FSW，RS-TMAZ；（d）WCaFSW，AS-TMAZ；（e）WCaFSW，NZ；（f）WCaFSW，RS-TMAZ

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（a）FSW，AS-NZ；（b）FSW，M-NZ；（c）FSW，RS-NZ；（d）WCaFSW，AS-NZ；（e）WCaFSW，M-NZ；（f）WCaFSW，RS-NZ

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（a）FSW，AS-NZ；（b）FSW，M-NZ；（c）FSW，RS-NZ；（d）WCaFSW，AS-NZ；（e）WCaFSW，M-NZ；（f）WCaFSW，RS-NZ

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（a）母材；（b）FSW；（c）WCaFSW

, figureFileSmall=hKQ2v04zJg5/WLFiUeQpQw==, figureFileBig=hlr2Nmx27yrdVjjXLOTHBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648809517216163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648790017896833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域FSW平均晶粒尺寸/μmWCaFSW平均晶粒尺寸/μm
AS-NZ13.679.71
M-NZ13.039.01
RS-NZ11.138.45
), ArticleFig(id=1240648809613685159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648790017896833, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

焊核区各区域平均晶粒尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域FSW平均晶粒尺寸/μmWCaFSW平均晶粒尺寸/μm
AS-NZ13.679.71
M-NZ13.039.01
RS-NZ11.138.45
), ArticleFig(id=1240648809710154155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648790017896833, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类别抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%
BM320±412.6±1.2
FSW186±29.3±0.7
WCaFSW213±18.4±0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1240648809802428844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648790017896833, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常温下母材、FSW和WCaFSW接头的横向拉伸性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料类别抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%
BM320±412.6±1.2
FSW186±29.3±0.7
WCaFSW213±18.4±0.9
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水溅冷却对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织、织构及力学性能的影响
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罗章 1 , 孙有平 1, 2, 3 , 何江美 1 , 吴光庆 1 , 刘鑫雨 1
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(5): 153-158
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(5): 153-158
水溅冷却对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织、织构及力学性能的影响
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罗章1 , 孙有平1, 2, 3 , 何江美1, 吴光庆1, 刘鑫雨1
作者信息
  • 1.广西科技大学　机械与汽车工程学院，广西　柳州　545006
  • 2.广西土方机械协同创新中心，广西　柳州　545006
  • 3.广西汽车零部件与整车技术重点实验室，广西　柳州　545006

    • 罗章（1998—），男，湖北孝感人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为铝合金搅拌摩擦焊。E-mail：

通讯作者:

孙有平（1979—），男，吉林松原人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为金属材料先进成形理论。E-mail：
Effect of Water Splat Cooling on Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy Joints
Zhang LUO1 , Youping SUN1, 2, 3 , Jiangmei HE1, Guangqing WU1, Xinyu LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
  • 2.Guangxi Earthmoving Machinery Collaborative Innovation Center, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
  • 3.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automobile Components and Vehicle Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2024-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.031
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摘要
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采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及拉伸试验机等手段研究了水溅冷却辅助搅拌摩擦焊（WCaFSW）对铝合金焊接接头组织、织构和力学性能的影响。结果表明：与正常的搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）相比，WCaFSW能够显著降低焊核区的晶粒尺寸，促进焊核区各区域晶粒尺寸的均匀性，提高大角度晶界占比；FSW接头焊核区织构类型为和B剪切织构，而WCaFSW接头焊核区织构类型为和C剪切织构。WCaFSW接头抗拉强度高于FSW接头，但延伸率低于FSW接头。WCaFSW和FSW接头的断裂形式均为韧性断裂。

水溅冷却  /  搅拌摩擦焊  /  接头组织  /  铝合金  /  织构  /  力学性能

The effect of water splat cooling assisted friction stir welding (WCaFSW) on the structure, texture and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy welding joints were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and a tensile testing machine. The results show that compared to normal friction stir welding (FSW), WCaFSW can lead to grains in weld nugget zone (WNZ) with significantly reduced size and grains in all regions of WNZ with more uniform size, and a higher percentage of high-angle grain boundaries. The WNZ of FSW joints have and B shear texture, while the WNZ of WCaFSW joints have and C shear texture. Compared to FSW joints, WCaFSW joints have higher tensile strength and lower elongation rate. And ductile fracture is the main failure mode in both WCaFSW and FSW joints.

water splat cooling  /  friction stir welding (FSW)  /  joint structure  /  aluminum alloy  /  texture  /  mechanical properties
罗章, 孙有平, 何江美, 吴光庆, 刘鑫雨. 水溅冷却对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织、织构及力学性能的影响. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (5) : 153 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.031
Zhang LUO, Youping SUN, Jiangmei HE, Guangqing WU, Xinyu LIU. Effect of Water Splat Cooling on Microstructure, Texture and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy Joints[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (5) : 153 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.031
正文
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Al-Mg-Si-Cu合金（6×××系铝合金）具有比强度高、焊接性能良好以及耐腐蚀性较高等优点，在建筑、汽车、航空航天等领域得到广泛应用[1-3]。传统熔焊（FW）工艺焊接铝合金时会产生裂纹、空洞、气孔和夹杂等焊接不连续现象，严重影响焊缝质量和力学性能[4]。搅拌摩擦焊（friction stir welding，FSW）在焊接过程中接头温度一直保持在固体熔解温度以下，该过程不会发生材料的熔化，因此，与FW工艺相关的各种缺陷在FSW工艺中较少存在，从而使接头获得出色的焊接强度和延展性[5]。
在FSW过程中，由于剧烈的塑性变形，焊核区发生了动态再结晶，形成细晶粒组织，导致大量的显微组织演变[6-7]，这种细晶粒组织能够提高接头强度。但对于可热处理合金而言，FSW过程中产生的热输入会导致强化相溶解或粗化，使接头力学性能降低[8]。因此，在FSW过程中可以采取降低峰值温度和提高冷却速率来抑制强化相的溶解和粗化，进而改善接头性能。由于水的循环流动性和特殊的吸热能力，在焊接6系可热处理铝合金时，可以通过水冷却的方法降低FSW过程中的热输入[9-11]。已有研究结果[12-14]表明，6系铝合金的峰值强化相为β″（Mg5Si6）相，而较为稳定的相为β（Mg2Si）过时效相。通过水冷却辅助搅拌摩擦焊能够抑制β″强化相的溶解和粗化[15-16]，但是对于不同成分、尺寸的铝合金进行水冷却辅助搅拌摩擦焊时，影响接头的机制并不相同。同时，目前大多数水冷却辅助搅拌摩擦焊都是采用水箱在水下进行焊接，很难应用到实际生产当中。本文固定焊接速度200 mm/min、旋转速度1 500 r/min，在搅拌摩擦焊过程中通过管道向焊接接头进行水溅冷却，研究水溅冷却对铝合金焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响，可为实际应用提供一定的理论基础。
1　实验材料与方法
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实验用材料为Al-0.75Mg-0.75Si-0.8Cu合金铸锭，由纯铝、纯镁、Al-10%Si和Al-10%Cu中间合金按照一定比例熔炼而来（以上成分均为质量分数，%；考虑纯镁的烧损，镁添加量高于理论计算值的10%）。采用SX-16-14Q型箱式电阻炉对铸锭进行560 ℃×24 h均匀化处理，随后空冷。通过铣床将铸锭加工成100 mm×80 mm×14 mm的板材，用420 mm×400 mm双辊热轧机将板材热轧到4 mm（第1道次下压量为4 mm，第2道次下压量为6 mm，轧制温度400 ℃），随后冷轧到2 mm，轧制速率均为10 s-1。最后进行510 ℃/80 min的固溶处理以及190 ℃/13 h的时效处理。
搅拌摩擦焊所用设备为JK-5型多功能焊接铣床，水溅冷却辅助搅拌摩擦焊（WCaFSW）原理示意图如图1所示，在焊接过程中通过喷嘴向焊接接头喷射水以达到快速冷却的效果。焊接前用砂纸对所有板材进行打磨去除氧化层以及油脂。焊接所用搅拌头轴肩直径12 mm，搅拌针长度1.85 mm，形状为锥形，搅拌针大径3.6 mm、小径2.5 mm，焊接方向（WD）垂直于轧制方向（TD）。在焊接接头上取样对横截面（ND）进行打磨抛光，用70%硝酸和30%甲醇对试样进行电化学抛光，抛光电压15 V，抛光液采用液氮冷却，控制温度-35 ℃、抛光时间40 s。采用ETM105D型电子万能试验机进行力学性能测试（拉伸速率为2 mm/min），每组拉伸试样测试3次求平均值。采用SIGMA扫描电子显微镜观察焊接接头断口形貌。采用带有EBSD探头（Aztec-Max80）场发射扫描电子显微镜（SIGMA）进行EBSD实验。采用HVS-1000A硬度计在200g载荷作用10 s情况下在垂直于焊接方向的横截面沿着板材的中间每隔0.5 mm测量显微硬度。
2　实验结果与讨论
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2.1　接头微观组织
图2为FSW和WCaFSW接头的宏观形貌。从图2可以看出，接头无焊接缺陷。根据搅拌头的旋转方向和前进方向，可将接头分为前进侧（advancing side，AS）和后退侧（receding side，RS），由于两侧的组织流动和热循环不均匀，前进侧和后退侧的组织形貌并不对称。接头在不同的温度和应变梯度下，被划为了4个区域，分别为母材（base material，BM）、热影响区（heat affected zone，HAZ）、热机影响区（thermo-mechanical affected zone，TMAZ）和焊核区（nugget zone，NZ）。WCaFSW接头的焊核区和热机影响区有明显的分界线，这是由于组织有很大差异性。正常的搅拌摩擦焊在较高温度和应变下，焊核区和热机影响区发生动态再结晶和动态回复的能力较强，同时材料流动性也更好，因此焊核区和热机影响区边界上的晶粒差异并不明显，腐蚀后接头的分界线比较模糊。水溅冷却辅助搅拌摩擦焊接头温度降低严重，使得动态回复和材料流动受到严重抑制，因此热机影响区和焊核区边界上的组织差异明显。
图3为母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头热影响区的微观组织。可以发现母材经过T6热处理后发生了再结晶，晶粒主要以等轴晶为主，部分晶粒呈现拉长的纤维状。FSW和WCaFSW接头热影响区组织由于只受到温度的作用，晶粒形貌与母材基本一致。
图4为不同处理状态下焊缝横截面热机影响区和焊核区的微观组织。从图4可以看出：焊核区发生了动态再结晶，且WCaFSW接头的焊核区晶粒尺寸更小；FSW的热机影响区发生了部分再结晶，颗粒类似于等轴状，后退侧受到的塑性变形小于前进侧，因此再结晶程度低于前进侧热机影响区；在WCaFSW中，热机影响区未发生再结晶部分的晶粒呈现被搅拌针拉长的细纤维状。
分析了水溅冷却对焊核区前进侧、中间位置（middle，M）和后退侧的中间区域晶粒尺寸的影响，转速为1 500 r/min时FSW和WCaFSW中不同区域的反向极形图如图5所示。图中白色（2°～15°）粗线条代表小角度晶界，黑色（15°～65°）粗线条代表大角度晶界。从图5可以看出，FSW和WCaFSW接头的焊核区经历了剧烈的塑性变形和高温热循环，因此发生了动态再结晶和动态回复。但WCaFSW接头散热更快，因此晶粒比FSW更细小。
FSW和WCaFSW中焊核区的平均晶粒尺寸如表1所示。由表1可知，FSW中焊核区前进侧区域平均晶粒尺寸13.67 μm，后退侧区域平均晶粒尺寸11.13 μm。这是前进侧受到了更大的塑性变形，产生了更多热量，使得前进侧峰值温度高于后退侧，因此再结晶晶粒长大更严重。但通过水溅冷却的方式可以降低焊接过程中接头的峰值温度以及高温停留时间，从而抑制焊核区晶粒的生长。结果表明，WCaFSW接头焊核区后退侧的平均晶粒尺寸减小到8.45 μm，而前进侧和中间区域平均晶粒尺寸分别降至9.71 μm和9.01 μm。WCaFSW使得焊核区晶粒尺寸更为均匀。
图6比较了转速为1 500 r/min时FSW和WCaFSW中的错位角分布。从图6可以看出，FSW中3个区域的大角度晶界占比相差不大，前进侧的大角度晶界占比最高，为52.4%，中间区域占比最低，为49.4%。取向差分布受到动态再结晶和动态回复的共同作用，动态再结晶过程中大角度晶界占比上升，而动态回复过程中小角度晶界占比上升。在WCaFSW中，动态再结晶和动态回复过程都受到了抑制，且动态回复过程受到的抑制更大，因此焊核区前进侧和中间区域的大角度晶界占比明显上升；而对于焊核区后退侧，在焊接过程中材料在这个区域发生堆积，水冷导致温度降低，因此材料流动性能变差，后退侧受到更大的挤压力，位错更容易产生，因此动态回复阶段小角度晶界更容易产生，后退侧区域大角度晶界占比低。
通过FSW和WCaFSW接头焊核区中间区域的极图进行织构分析，如图7所示。搅拌头旋转过程中，会产生大量的热和塑性变形，因此焊核区主要会形成再结晶织构和剪切织构。在塑性变形过程中，铝合金的{111}滑移面与剪切面对齐，<110>滑移方向与剪切方向平行[17]，因此和剪切织构容易在剪切力的作用下产生。而再结晶织构会在轴肩的挤压力下形成C织构[18]。许多关于FCC金属在塑性变形过程中产生织构的研究[19-20]表明，剪切织构的产生与转换与等效应变有关，在等效应变小于3时，铝合金中以剪切织构为主；等效应变3～5时，剪切织构会被C织构取代。随着等效应变增加，剪切织构会取代C织构。在FSW中，焊核区主要存在剪切织构，同时还有少量剪切织构，其织构密度为12.69。在WCaFSW中，和剪切织构为焊核区的主要织构，同时还有少量织构。织构发生变化的原因是水溅冷却降低了材料的流动性，使得接头组织受到的剪切力更大。与FSW相比，WCaFSW的织构密度仅7.73，剪切织构转换成了B和两种剪切织构，导致织构密度降低。
2.2　力学性能
FSW和WCaFSW接头沿横截面中间方向的显微硬度如图8所示。硬度曲线呈现“W”形状，但是不对称，这是由于前进侧的峰值温度高于后退侧温度。母材的硬度明显高于另外3个区域。FSW和WCaFSW接头都是在热影响区硬度最低，这是热影响区的晶粒大、强化相粗化和溶解以及位错密度低所致[21-22]。在焊核区中，再结晶晶粒比较细小，因此硬度略有上升。热机影响区中存在大量位错，导致硬度和焊核区基本一致。对比FSW和WCaFSW可以发现，WCaFSW接头硬度比FSW的高，同时软化区更窄，这是由于水溅冷却不仅降低了在焊接过程中的峰值温度，还缩短了高温停留时间，抑制了晶粒的粗化以及强化相的粗化。
母材、FSW和WCaFSW接头的横向拉伸性能如图9所示，具体数值见表2。WCaFSW接头的抗拉强度高于FSW接头，但延伸率略低；FSW和WCaFSW接头的抗拉强度低于母材，这是强化相溶解和粗化导致的；尽管水溅冷却降低了接头的峰值温度和高温停留时间，但仅仅只是减弱了析出相的粗化。同时，WCaFSW接头的晶粒尺寸比FSW的更细小，因此其抗拉强度比FSW的抗拉强度提高了27 MPa。
图10为接头的拉伸断口形貌。从图10可以看出，母材、FSW和WCaFSW接头的断裂形式均为韧性断裂。在母材中，存在大而深的韧窝，韧窝中分布着第二相粒子，同时还有部分小韧窝交叉在其中。FSW和WCaFSW接头存在小而浅的韧窝，部分区域出现解理面。因此，母材的延伸率高于FSW和WCaFSW接头，这与表2结果一致。
3　结论
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1）与FSW相比，WCaFSW能够获得尺寸更小的再结晶晶粒，同时焊核区前进侧、中间区域和后退侧的平均晶粒尺寸更均匀，其中后退侧的平均晶粒尺寸最小，为8.45 μm。WCaFSW能够显著提高焊核区前进侧和中间区域的大角度晶界占比。FSW焊核区中间区域主要织构类型为和B剪切织构；WCaFSW焊核区中间区域主要织构类型为和C剪切织构。
2）FSW和WCaFSW接头硬度的最低值均位于热影响区，但WCaFSW降低了接头的峰值温度和高温停留时间，因此各个区域的硬度值都高于FSW。FSW和WCaFSW接头的抗拉强度均低于母材；WCaFSW抗拉强度高于FSW，但延伸率略低于FSW。
3）FSW和WCaFSW接头的断裂形式均为韧性断裂。
基金
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  • 广西重点研发计划(桂科AB23026104)
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2024年第44卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.031
  • 接收时间：2024-04-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2024-10-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-06
基金
广西重点研发计划(桂科AB23026104)
作者信息
    1.广西科技大学　机械与汽车工程学院，广西　柳州　545006
    2.广西土方机械协同创新中心，广西　柳州　545006
    3.广西汽车零部件与整车技术重点实验室，广西　柳州　545006

通讯作者:

孙有平（1979—），男，吉林松原人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为金属材料先进成形理论。E-mail：
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kygczz/CN/10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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