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Article(id=1240648786263986379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.036, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773723320785, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1727712000000, pubDateStr=2024-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773723320785, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773723320785, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773723320785, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240648781595725960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, year='2024', volume='44', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773723319672, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773824608750, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241073618831078098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, issueId=1240648781595725960, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240648786519838938, articleId=1240648786263986379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, language=EN, title=Effect and Mechanism of Surface Nanonization on Corrosion Resistance of Low-Carbon Steel, columnId=1236276108207902848, journalTitle=Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, columnName=MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was adopted for low-carbon steel materials to achieve surface nanonization, and then the influence of surface nanonization on corrosion resistance of low-carbon steel was also discussed. The results show that due to surface nanonization, the low-carbon steel has a greater plastic deformation on the surface as the carbon content decreases, and the X-ray diffraction of its surface presents obviously wider peaks. It is found that after nanosizing treatment for the surface of low-carbon steel with different carbon content, the lower the carbon content, the rougher the surface and the worse the corrosion resistance.

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采用表面机械研磨（SMAT）处理低碳钢材料，实现表面纳米化，探讨了表面纳米化对低碳钢耐腐蚀性的影响。结果表明，表面纳米化作用下，碳含量较低的低碳钢材料表面塑性变形较强烈，表面X射线衍射峰宽化较明显；对不同碳含量低碳钢进行表面纳米化处理，碳含量越低，处理后表面粗糙度越大、耐腐蚀性能越差。

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魏江鹏（1990—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，工程师，主要从事动力工程及工程热物理的研究。E-mail：

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魏江鹏（1990—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，工程师，主要从事动力工程及工程热物理的研究。E-mail：

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魏江鹏（1990—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，工程师，主要从事动力工程及工程热物理的研究。E-mail：

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2020, 45: 35-43., articleTitle=The combined influence of grain size distribution and dislocation density on hardness of interstitial free steel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240648800012915691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=4, pageStart=20, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=杨庆, 徐文文, 周伟, journalName=表面技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨庆, 徐文文, 周伟, 等. 金属材料表面纳米化研究与进展[J]. 表面技术, 2024, 53(4): 20-33., articleTitle=金属材料表面纳米化研究与进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240648800126161909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=2, pageStart=235, pageEnd=242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=王秀, 刘嘉欣, 范馨月, journalName=有色金属科学与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王秀, 刘嘉欣, 范馨月, 等. 纳米晶Cu-Co合金在不同浓度H2SO4溶液中耐蚀性能研究[J]. 有色金属科学与工程, 2023, 14(2): 235-242., articleTitle=纳米晶Cu-Co合金在不同浓度H2SO4溶液中耐蚀性能研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240648790978384329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240648790982578634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, companyId=1240648790978384329, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240648790995161548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, companyId=1240648790978384329, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中石化（北京）化工研究院有限公司，北京　100029)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1240648792463168067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Bm2KT8ry4CQdMj4W+g0ApA==, figureFileBig=Y95K5JbR3nEd6G/dCTOSDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648792580608588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=图1, caption=表面纳米化实验装置示意图, figureFileSmall=Bm2KT8ry4CQdMj4W+g0ApA==, figureFileBig=Y95K5JbR3nEd6G/dCTOSDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648792874209892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ifXWxg3iX9xIjBqyAoeGtA==, figureFileBig=pYLCzbW3wYNwDXsFrPQdfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648792941318760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=图2, caption=低碳钢表面纳米化前后横截面的金相组织

（a）原始低碳钢0.08；（b）原始低碳钢0.117；（c）原始低碳钢0.3；（d）表面纳米化后低碳钢0.08；（e）表面纳米化后低碳钢0.117；（f）表面纳米化后低碳钢0.3

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（a）原始低碳钢0.08；（b）原始低碳钢0.117；（c）原始低碳钢0.3；（d）表面纳米化后低碳钢0.08；（e）表面纳米化后低碳钢0.117；（f）表面纳米化后低碳钢0.3

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（a）交流阻抗谱；（b）交流阻抗谱中低频放大部分

, figureFileSmall=UA0w92qXT8EFgpIwMQv0Cg==, figureFileBig=5qMQ1WKcTiF9ezFeGg1OhA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648795260768948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1HPEh0aUnAQozp7Hqzri7w==, figureFileBig=XjTh7/VK1GHdpTJxH30gjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648795399180992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=图7, caption=砂纸打磨和SMAT作用下低碳钢的动电位极化曲线, figureFileSmall=1HPEh0aUnAQozp7Hqzri7w==, figureFileBig=XjTh7/VK1GHdpTJxH30gjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648795516621514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8PhAd2T6nLcqrOLA7LqEig==, figureFileBig=WiF07t8CcftSTrkoqTXhzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648795663422166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=图8, caption=砂纸打磨和SMAT作用下低碳钢的电化学阻抗谱, figureFileSmall=8PhAd2T6nLcqrOLA7LqEig==, figureFileBig=WiF07t8CcftSTrkoqTXhzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240648795780862689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称CPCrNiCuSSi
低碳钢0.080.080.007 20.006 60.0160.0360.0220.04
低碳钢0.1170.1170.0280.1480.7400.1100.0300.22
低碳钢0.30.300.007 3———0.0230.304
), ArticleFig(id=1240648795889914602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种低碳钢的成分（质量分数）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称CPCrNiCuSSi
低碳钢0.080.080.007 20.006 60.0160.0360.0220.04
低碳钢0.1170.1170.0280.1480.7400.1100.0300.22
低碳钢0.30.300.007 3———0.0230.304
), ArticleFig(id=1240648795990577910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称处理方法
150#砂纸打磨1000#砂纸打磨2000#砂纸打磨SMAT 60 minSMAT 180 min
低碳钢0.080.370.290.142.053.78
低碳钢0.1170.350.280.131.973.42
低碳钢0.30.280.210.101.232.39
), ArticleFig(id=1240648796082852610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试样经不同表面处理后的粗糙度值Ra

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称处理方法
150#砂纸打磨1000#砂纸打磨2000#砂纸打磨SMAT 60 minSMAT 180 min
低碳钢0.080.370.290.142.053.78
低碳钢0.1170.350.280.131.973.42
低碳钢0.30.280.210.101.232.39
), ArticleFig(id=1240648796183515917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称腐蚀电流密度/（10-5 A·cm-2）
介质1介质2
低碳钢0.0840.305.730
低碳钢0.11739.348.634
低碳钢0.338.649.834
低碳钢0.08 SMAT912.00326.000
低碳钢0.117 SMAT237.0094.730
低碳钢0.3 SMT72.6434.730
), ArticleFig(id=1240648796275790611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

低碳钢试样在不同腐蚀介质中的腐蚀电流密度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称腐蚀电流密度/（10-5 A·cm-2）
介质1介质2
低碳钢0.0840.305.730
低碳钢0.11739.348.634
低碳钢0.338.649.834
低碳钢0.08 SMAT912.00326.000
低碳钢0.117 SMAT237.0094.730
低碳钢0.3 SMT72.6434.730
), ArticleFig(id=1240648796405814050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称Ra/μmEcorr/mVIcorr/（A·cm-2）
低碳钢0.3 SMAT 180 min2.39186.03.642×10-4
低碳钢0.08 SMAT 180 min3.78189.46.281×10-3
低碳钢0.08 SMAT 60 min2.05172.94.572×10-3
低碳钢0.08 2000#0.14181.58.315×10-5
低碳钢0.08 1000#0.29187.39.273×10-5
低碳钢0.08 150#0.37189.44.429×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1240648796527448875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980550691926019, articleId=1240648786263986379, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

由图7中极化曲线所得的电化学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样名称Ra/μmEcorr/mVIcorr/（A·cm-2）
低碳钢0.3 SMAT 180 min2.39186.03.642×10-4
低碳钢0.08 SMAT 180 min3.78189.46.281×10-3
低碳钢0.08 SMAT 60 min2.05172.94.572×10-3
低碳钢0.08 2000#0.14181.58.315×10-5
低碳钢0.08 1000#0.29187.39.273×10-5
低碳钢0.08 150#0.37189.44.429×10-4
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表面纳米化对低碳钢耐腐蚀性能的影响及机制
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魏江鹏
矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024,44(5): 179-184
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矿冶工程杂志 | 材料 2024, 44(5): 179-184
表面纳米化对低碳钢耐腐蚀性能的影响及机制
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魏江鹏
作者信息
  • 中石化（北京）化工研究院有限公司，北京　100029

    • 魏江鹏（1990—），男，山东青岛人，硕士，工程师，主要从事动力工程及工程热物理的研究。E-mail：

Effect and Mechanism of Surface Nanonization on Corrosion Resistance of Low-Carbon Steel
Jiangpeng WEI
Affiliations
  • Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2024-10-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.036
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摘要
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采用表面机械研磨（SMAT）处理低碳钢材料，实现表面纳米化，探讨了表面纳米化对低碳钢耐腐蚀性的影响。结果表明，表面纳米化作用下，碳含量较低的低碳钢材料表面塑性变形较强烈，表面X射线衍射峰宽化较明显；对不同碳含量低碳钢进行表面纳米化处理，碳含量越低，处理后表面粗糙度越大、耐腐蚀性能越差。

低碳钢  /  表面机械研磨  /  电化学腐蚀  /  粗糙度  /  耐腐蚀性能

Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was adopted for low-carbon steel materials to achieve surface nanonization, and then the influence of surface nanonization on corrosion resistance of low-carbon steel was also discussed. The results show that due to surface nanonization, the low-carbon steel has a greater plastic deformation on the surface as the carbon content decreases, and the X-ray diffraction of its surface presents obviously wider peaks. It is found that after nanosizing treatment for the surface of low-carbon steel with different carbon content, the lower the carbon content, the rougher the surface and the worse the corrosion resistance.

low-carbon steel  /  surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT)  /  electrochemical corrosion  /  roughness  /  corrosion resistance
魏江鹏. 表面纳米化对低碳钢耐腐蚀性能的影响及机制. 矿冶工程杂志, 2024 , 44 (5) : 179 -184 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.036
Jiangpeng WEI. Effect and Mechanism of Surface Nanonization on Corrosion Resistance of Low-Carbon Steel[J]. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, 2024 , 44 (5) : 179 -184 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.036
正文
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低碳钢因具有良好的焊接性、强度、韧性，在工业中得到了广泛应用[1-3]。然而，低碳钢较差的耐腐蚀性使其应用受到限制[4-5]。表面纳米化作为表面改性技术之一，是一种常用的塑性变形技术[6]。表面纳米化将材料表面晶粒细化至纳米尺寸，从而改善材料的表面性能，如机械性能、耐腐蚀性等[7-9]。作为表面纳米化的一种具体实现方式，表面机械研磨（SMAT）通过机械作用改变材料的表面组织结构，可以显著提高材料的表面硬度，机械作用产生的晶界在腐蚀过程中充当形成稳定钝化膜的成核位，可以提高材料的耐腐蚀性[10-11]。然而，由于SMAT会导致材料表面产生裂纹和表面缺陷，某种程度上可能会影响材料的耐腐蚀性能[12-14]。因此，目前关于表面纳米化对金属材料耐腐蚀性的影响尚未形成统一认识，其影响机制需要进一步阐明。本文采用SMAT技术对不同碳含量（0.08%、0.117%、0.30%，质量分数，下同）低碳钢进行表面纳米化处理，旨在阐明表面纳米化对低碳钢耐腐蚀性能的影响及其作用机制。
1　实验材料与方法
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以低碳钢10F、低碳钢Q235B、低碳钢Q275作为低碳钢材料，其含碳量依次为0.08%、0.117%、0.30%，分别用低碳钢0.08、低碳钢0.117以及低碳钢0.3进行标记。3种低碳钢的成分见表1。
SMAT实验装置示意图见图1。其参数设置如下：容器振动频率50 Hz，采用的弹丸材料为GCr15、弹丸直径8 mm。由于长时间剧烈碰撞会使低碳钢表面温度升高，SMAT装置每运行30 min便暂停10 min，以减小温度变化对低碳钢表面塑性变形的影响。此外，本文采用不同型号砂纸（150#、1000#、2000#）对低碳钢试样进行手工打磨，作为对照组。为了确保实验结果的可靠性，每次打磨均采用新砂纸。
釆用光学显微镜（OM，Olympus BX53，日本）观察表面纳米化前后低碳钢试样横截面金相组织。釆用射线衍射仪（XRD，SmartLab-SE，日本）分析低碳钢晶体结构。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM，TESCAN MIRA LMS，捷克）观察表面纳米化前后低碳钢表面形貌。采用粗糙度仪（MMD-H50，粤丰精密仪器有限公司）测试纳米化前后低碳钢表面粗糙度，测试长度为10 mm。
电化学测试均在辰华电化学工作站CHI660E上完成，分别在2种腐蚀介质（介质1为0.05 mol/L H2SO4+0.05 mol/L Na2SO4+0.5 mol/L NaCl；介质2为0.05 mol/L H2SO4+0.05 mol/L Na2SO4）中得到了动电位极化曲线，目的是研究腐蚀介质中氯离子对其极化曲线的影响。极化曲线的测试扫描速度为2 mV/s，扫描范围为-2～2 V。电化学阻抗谱（EIS）在介质2中测得，测试频率范围10-5～10-2 Hz。
2　实验结果及分析
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2.1　低碳钢试样的表征分析
采用光学显微镜对表面纳米化前后低碳钢的横截面进行观察，结果如图2所示。表面纳米化对低碳钢0.08、低碳钢0.117以及低碳钢0.3的界面形貌产生了明显影响，表面塑性变形均较明显，样品表层晶粒明显细化。但是，难以对低碳钢晶粒粒度和晶界形状进行辨别。此外，碳含量不同，表面纳米化导致的塑性变形程度也存在差异。
表面纳米化处理后低碳钢表面X射线衍射图谱如图3所示。其中，44.7°和64.2°处的峰分别对应低碳钢的（110）和（200）晶面。通过与原始低碳钢的标准XRD峰进行对比，发现表面纳米化对低碳钢的粗晶组织产生了显著影响，主要体现在其衍射峰发生了明显宽化。衍射峰宽化是材料表层晶格发生了畸变和破坏[15]，是SMAT作用下低碳钢发生塑性变形导致的，归因于晶粒细化和微观应变的共同作用。但是，对于碳含量不同的低碳钢，表面纳米化引发的塑性变形程度是有差异的，进而导致衍射峰宽化程度的差异。
表面纳米化前后低碳钢表面形貌如图4所示。3种低碳钢经SMAT处理后，表面形貌发生了较大变化。原始低碳钢材料表面较光滑，且平整，表面纳米化处理后低碳钢表面褶皱较多，更加密集。此外，碳含量0.08%的低碳钢团絮程度大于碳含量0.117%和0.30%的低碳钢，表明表面纳米化后含碳量低的低碳钢具有更差的耐腐蚀性能。分析其原因，主要是含碳量低的低碳钢质软，SMAT处理过程中其表面更容易发生变形，增大表面粗糙度，进而使材料表面的钝化膜容易被破坏。
粗糙度是评价金属材料表面性能的重要参数，对其电化学腐蚀行为、应力腐蚀行为均有重要影响。本文对10 mm长度范围内低碳钢轮廓偏距进行了测量，取其绝对值计算得到平均算术偏差，即粗糙度，用Ra表示。本文测试了砂纸手工打磨和SMAT 2种工艺处理后的低碳钢试样粗糙度，结果如表2所示。
从表2可见，砂纸打磨处理后低碳钢的表面粗糙度远远小于SMAT试样的粗糙度。同时，SMAT处理时间越长，其粗糙度越大。对于不同碳含量的低碳钢，采用同一砂纸打磨后，低碳钢表面粗糙度随着碳含量增大而减小。与砂纸打磨相比，低碳钢经过表面纳米化后Ra值显著增大。表面纳米化处理相同时间，碳含量越低的低碳钢表面粗糙度越大。
2.2　电化学腐蚀行为
表面纳米化前后低碳钢试样在2种腐蚀介质中的动电位极化曲线如图5所示。
由图5可见，相对于原始低碳钢0.08，SMAT试样的腐蚀电流密度显著增大；相对原始低碳钢0.117、原始低碳钢0.3，SMAT试样的腐蚀电流密度也有较大提高。极化曲线的明显变化表明表面纳米化对材料电化学腐蚀行为产生了较大影响。采用Tafel曲线外推法对极化曲线进行进一步分析，得到低碳钢试样在不同腐蚀介质中的腐蚀电流密度如表3所示。
结合图5和表3可以发现，3种低碳钢试样表面纳米化前后在2种腐蚀介质中的电流变化规律基本一致。在2种腐蚀介质中，低碳钢0.08经表面纳米化处理后腐蚀电流密度显著提高，低碳钢0.117试样经表面纳米化处理后腐蚀电流密度大幅提高，低碳钢0.3试样经表面纳米化处理后腐蚀电流密度小幅提高。上述结果表明，表面纳米化对低碳钢耐腐蚀性能的影响随着低碳钢碳含量增大而减弱。一般来说，表面机械研磨处理后样品的耐腐蚀性变差，这可能是碰撞后样品表面粗糙度增加，导致样品表面出现凹坑和杂质。此外，无论是否进行表面纳米化处理，3种低碳钢在含氯离子腐蚀介质1中的腐蚀电流密度均明显大于其在不含氯离子的腐蚀介质2中的腐蚀电流密度。
鉴于腐蚀介质中氯离子会影响低碳钢的耐腐蚀性能，选用介质2测试电化学阻抗谱，结果如图6所示。与原始试样不同的是，经表面纳米化后的试样阻抗谱低频实部均出现了收缩，这可能是孔蚀造成的[9]。低碳钢0.08试样容抗弧半径变得非常小；低碳钢0.117和低碳钢0.3试样容抗弧半径在表面纳米化后反而变大，这表明材料的电阻增大，电容减小，材料对腐蚀介质的抵抗能力增强，具有更好的耐腐蚀性能。
结合图5、表3和图6进行分析，低碳钢0.08试样在极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱中均表现为表面纳米化后腐蚀性能大幅降低；而低碳钢0.117和低碳钢0.3试样的表现较为复杂，表面纳米化后的腐蚀电流密度增大，表明材料腐蚀速率增加，而容抗弧半径变大，意味着材料耐腐蚀性能有所提高。出现这种现象可能与材料表面纳米化处理后微观结构和化学性质变化有关：表面纳米化处理可能引入更多的活性位点，这些位点在腐蚀过程中可能成为优先腐蚀的位置，从而导致腐蚀电流密度增大；同时，纳米化处理可能改善了材料的电绝缘性能，使得电荷传递电阻增大，表现为容抗弧半径增大；这种变化对材料的耐蚀性有复杂的影响，既有可能提高某些条件下的耐蚀性，也有可能在某些条件下加速腐蚀过程。因此，评估材料表面纳米化处理后的耐蚀性时，需要综合考虑多种因素，包括材料化学成分、微观结构、处理条件以及使用环境等。
总体而言，表面纳米化对低碳钢材料的耐腐蚀性能产生一定程度的负面影响，而且这一影响会随着低碳钢碳含量增加而减弱。
2.3　表面纳米化影响低碳钢耐腐蚀性的机理
低碳钢耐腐蚀性能的影响因素[16-17]有晶粒尺寸、表面粗糙度、微观应力等，SMAT过程对这3个因素都会产生作用，但作用强弱各不相同。本文通过采用砂纸打磨和SMAT 2种工艺，从极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱两个方面推断表面纳米化影响低碳钢耐腐蚀性能的机理。
对低碳钢样品退火处理之后测试其电化学性能，结果如图7所示。SMAT处理180 min时，低碳钢0.08 SMAT试样的腐蚀电流密度大于低碳钢0.3 SMAT试样，表明即使采用退火处理去除了微观应力，这2种低碳钢SMAT试样的耐腐蚀性能还是存在差异，因此可以排除微观应力的影响，碳含量是主要影响因素。
由图7中极化曲线所得的电化学参数见表4。从表4可见，采用砂纸打磨时，砂纸型号对低碳钢0.08的表面粗糙度和腐蚀电流密度均有一定影响。采用SMAT处理时，处理时间对低碳钢0.08的表面粗糙度和腐蚀电流密度有一定影响：随着处理时间从60 min延长到180 min，其Ra值由2.05 μm增大至3.78 μm；腐蚀电流密度（绝对值）由4.572×10-3 A/cm2增大至6.281×10-3 A/cm2；表明低碳钢的耐腐蚀性能随着SMAT处理时间增加而降低。此外，低碳钢0.3 SMAT处理180 min后的粗糙度（Ra值2.39 μm）小于低碳钢0.08 SMAT处理180 min后的粗糙度（Ra值3.78 μm），且前者的耐腐蚀性能好于后者。
分析不同表面纳米化处理时间下低碳钢0.08试样的电化学阻抗谱以及相同处理时间下低碳钢0.08和低碳钢0.3电化学阻抗谱，并与砂纸打磨的低碳钢0.08试样的阻抗谱进行了对比，结果如图8所示。低碳钢0.08试样分别表面纳米化处理60 min和180 min时，2种试样的低频实部均有收缩，同时存在感抗弧。也就是说，低碳钢0.08 SMAT试样在腐蚀过程中易出现点蚀现象。此外，低碳钢0.08 SMAT试样的容抗弧明显小于其他试样。综上所述，表面纳米化显著影响低碳钢0.08试样的耐腐蚀性能。同时，低碳钢0.08 SMAT试样仍具有很大的容抗弧半径，表明其耐腐蚀性能良好。但是，低碳钢0.3试样在表面纳米化处理180 min后粗糙度（Ra值2.39 μm）明显大于低碳钢0.08经过表面纳米化处理60 min的试样（Ra值2.05 μm）。该结果再次表明，对于不同种类低碳钢，粗糙度不是影响其耐腐蚀性能的决定性因素。也就是说，虽然低碳钢0.08 SMAT试样和低碳钢0.3 SMAT试样在腐蚀过程中均出现了点蚀，但两者耐腐蚀性能存在显著差异，这主要是含碳量高的低碳钢在表面纳米化之后仍存在表面纳米晶的优良特性，使其具有更好的耐腐蚀性能[18-19]。
3　结论
收起
1）机械研磨使低碳钢表面发生了塑性变形，生成了表面纳米化层。表面纳米化使低碳钢表面XRD峰发生了明显宽化，碳含量越低，宽化越明显。
2）表面纳米化处理使低碳钢表面粗糙度增大，而且碳含量越低，粗糙度越大。
3）对不同含碳量的低碳钢进行表面纳米化处理后，碳含量越低，材料耐腐蚀性能越差。
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-6099.2024.05.036
  • 接收时间：2024-04-26
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2024-10-01
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    中石化（北京）化工研究院有限公司，北京　100029
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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